ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mendeskripsikan penyelarasan dalam realisasi fonologis (RF) satuan leksikal Indonesia yang disalin dari bahasa Inggris. Satuan leksikal salinan (SLS) itu digunakan dalam bahasa Indonesia ragam tulis berlaras ilmiah, yakni disertasi yang dipertahankan oleh mahasiswa program doktor sebuah perguruan tinggi terkemuka di Jakarta. RF SLS itu adalah tuturan para akademisi di perguruan tinggi tempat disertasi itu dipertahankan.Penyelarasan, yang merupakan perbedaan RF antara satuan leksikal asal (SLA) dan SLS-nya, berupa pemecahan bunyi, penambahan bunyi, penggabungan bunyi, penghilangan bunyi, perbedaan realisasi bunyi, pengenduran bunyi, pelemahan bunyi, penguatan bunyi, asimilasi, disimilasi, metatesis, dan realisasi prosodi sebagai bunyi segmental. Kaidah fonotaktis memengaruhi penyelarasan itu. Probabilitas fonotaktis (PF) dalam struktur silabis (SS) berkait dengan kelewahan ortografis (KO) dalam SLS. Kaitan antara PF dan KO itu berkait dengan kaidah korespondensi grafem-fonem (KGF) dalam pembentukan SLS.SLS didapati berbentuk (1) kata salinan, (2) paduan salinan, dan (3) frasa salinan. Asimilasi dalam SLS menunjukkan (1) keproduktifan vokal kendur dan (2) realisasi konsonan dalam prefiks yang berhomorgan dengan konsonan awal pada suku kata awal bentuk dasar paduan salinan. Perbedaan realisasi konsonan menunjukkan dominasi konsonan fortis dalam SLS. Disimilasi dalam SLS terjadi beriringan dengan (1) pemecahan serta penambahan bunyi, (2) penggabungan serta penghilangan bunyi, dan (3) perbedaan realisasi bunyi. Ketiga perihal tersebut terakhir pada umumnya menyebabkan perbedaan SS antara SLS dan SLA. Terjadi monoftongisasi dalam penggabungan bunyi dan penghilangan bunyi. Berkontras dengan itu, diftongisasi terjadi dalam pemecahan bunyi dan penambahan bunyi. Terdapat perbedaan antara tipe diftong dalam SLS dan SLA. KGF dalam SLS lebih ajek daripada KFG dalam SLA. Penyelarasan dalam RF SLS menunjukkan pola tertentu. Selain itu, analogi dan ketaklaziman juga terjadi dalam RF SLS.
ABSTRACTThis research describes adaptations found in phonological realizations (PR) of Indonesian lexical items copied from English. The copied lexical items (CLI-s) were used in Indonesian academic writings, i.e. dissertations defended by doctorate-program students of a reputable university in Jakarta. The PR of the CLI-s were the utterances of academicians in the university where the dissertations were defended.The adaptations, i.e. the PR differences between the CLI-s and their English equivalents, were in forms of sound fission, sound additions, sound fusions, sound deletions, replacements, sound laxings, lenitions, fortitions, assimilations, dissimilations, metatheses, and the realization of prosody as a segmental sound. Phonotactic rules governed the adaptations. Phonotactic probabilities (PP) in syllabic structures (SS) were found to be related to orthographic redundancies (OR) in the CLI-s. The relations between the PP and the OR were found to be related to the rules of grapheme-phoneme correspondences (GPC) in CLI constructions.CLI-s were found to be in forms of (1) copied words, (2) loan blends, and (3) copied phrases. Assimilations in CLI-s showed (1) productivity of lax vowels and (2) realization of consonants in prefixes being homorganic with the initial consonants occurring in the initial syllable of the base forms of loan blends. Consonant replacements showed the dominance of fortis consonants in CLI-s. Dissimilations in CLI-s happened along with (1) sound fissions and additions, (2) sound fusions and deletions, and (3) sound replacements. The three points last-mentioned normally caused differences between SS of CLI-s and their English equivalents. Monophthongizations happened in sound fusions and sound deletions. In contrast, diphthongizations happened in sound fissions and sound additions. Differences were found between diphthong types in CLI-s and the ones in their English equivalents. GPC in CLI-s were found to be more consistent than CPC their English equivalents. The adaptations in the PR of CLI-s showed certain patterns. Meanwhile, analogies and irregularities also happened in the PR of CLI-s. |
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