Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengukur nilai kualitas hidup kota berdasarkan besarnya kompensasi yang bersedia dibayarkan rumah tangga terhadap kenyamanan fasilitas publik kota. Pengukuran kenyamanan dilakukan dengan menggunakan model Hedonik Berger-Blomquist-Hoehn yang dikembangkan. Hasil pengukuran tersebut digunakan untuk Menganalisis perkembangan nilai kualitas hidup kota, mengidentifikasi sektor-sektor publik yang menjadi sumber perubahan kenyamanan kota serta menganalisis variasi kenyamanan antar kota. Pengukuran dilakukan terhadap 28 kota di Pulau Jawa tahun 2002 dan 2005. Pengukuran indeks kualitas hidup menggunakan basis data Survei Ekonomi Nasional (susenas) core dan Potensi Desa (podes). Jumlah total individu yang libatkan pada estimasi model hedonik upah adalaha sebesar 30.007 individu tahun 2002 dan 34.760 individu tahun 2005. Adapun otal rumah tangga ang dilibatkan adalah sebesar 21.439 rumah tangga pada tahun 2002 da 24.530 rumah tangga pada tahun 2005. Hasil pengukuran IKH menunjukkan bahwa kualitas hidup kota di Pulau Jawa pada tahun 2002 dan tahun 2005 sangat bervariasi. Beberapa kota mengalami peningkatan kualitas hidup seperti Kota Tangerang, Magelang, Surakarta, Salatiga dan Semarang. Penurunan kualitas hidup hampir terjadi di semua kota besar diantaranya kota-kota di DKI Jakarta, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Bandung, dan Malang mengalami penurunan kualitas hidup. Perbedaan kualitas hidup antar kota berpotensi mendorong terjadinya migrasi. Rumah tangga cenderung pindah menuju kota yang kualitas hidupnya tinggi. Guna membatasi masuknya migran, pemerintah kota dapat mengenakan kebijakan (sejenis pajak) kepada migran maksimum senilai perbedaan kualitas hidup antar kota tujuan dan asal migrasi. Sebaliknya jika beniat mendorong masuknya migran, pemerintah dapat mengenakan kebijakan (sejenis subsidi), minimun sebesar perbedaan kualitas hidup antar kota tujuan dan asal migrasi. Selain mengetahui nilai kenyamanan kota secara total, analisis dekomposisi memungkinkan pemerintah mengidentifikasi sektor-sektor apa saja yang memberikan kontribusi signifikan terhadap perubahan kualitas hidup suatu kota, baik secara menyeluruh maupun parsial. Analisis tersebut juga mampu menunjukkan pergeseran peranan masing-masing sektor publik antara waktu. Sebagai studi aplikasi pertama yang mengukur nilai kualitas hidup atau kenyamana kota di Indonesia, penulis berharap studi-studi lanjutan dapat dikembangkan di masa akan datang guna menganalisis hubungan antara kualitas hidup dengan variabel-variabel ekonomi lainnya, seperti migrasi, investasi daerah, pertumbuhan kota.
The objective of the study is to measure the quality of life according to the amount a household is willing to pay as a compensation for the public facilities in their cities. The level of amenities is measured by using Hedonic Model developed by Berger-Blomquist-Hoehn. The result will be used in analyzing the progress of the quality of life in each town, identifying certain public sectors which drive changes in amenities level as well as analyzing the amenities variation among the cities. The study, which measures the quality of life of 28 cities in Java during 2002 and 2005, is making use of data from National Social Economic Survey (susenas) and Village Potential Statistics (podes). In total, thc number of individual observation involved in hedonic wage model estimation was 30,007 in 2002 and 34,760 in 2005. ln addition, the number of households being involved in 2002 and 2005 amounted to 21,439 and 24,530 households respectively. The result of the quality of life index measurement shows that quality of life in cities in Java both in 2002 and 2005 quite vary. Among the cities which experienced an improved quality of life including Tangerang, Magelang, Surakarta, Salatiga and Semarang. In the contrary, a decrease in quality of life almost took place in all other big cities such as Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Bandung, Malang and all cities in Jakarta Provinces. In fact, the difference level of quality of life among the cities may potentially drive migration in which people tend to move to other city with higher quality of life. ln order to restrict migration to their town, the local government CBI) apply certain policy (such as tax) to the migrants as much as maximum the quality of life?s difference between the migrants? city and the destination city. However if local government wants to attract migrants coming to their towns, they can apply a favorable policy such as certain subsidy to the migrants at least as much as the quality of life?s difference between the migrants? city and the destination city. Through decomposition analysis, the government may not only able to know the city?s quality of life in total but also able to identify each sector?s contribution to the quality of life?s changes within the city. The analysis can show any changes in each public sector's role every year. As the first study which measures quality of life index in Indonesia, the author is expecting some relevant studies which take in to account other variables such as migration, regional investment and city?s growth to be done in the near fiiture. |
