ABSTRACT
Seiring dengan berkembangnya zaman, ancaman keamanan nasional pun juga mengalami perubahan. Memasuki abad ke-21, isu keamanan nontradisional menjadi sorotan salah satunya adalah keamanan siber. Saking mengancamnya, konflik di ranah siber dianggap sebagai ancaman keamanan nasional paling serius yang dihadapi negara semenjak dikembangkannya senjata nuklir pada tahun 1940an. Tidak heran jika AS, yang merasa menjadi korban serangan spionase siber ekonomi Cina, kemudian melakukan berbagai cara untuk menghentikan permasalahan ini. Setelah sekian lama menyangkal tuduhan AS, Cina dan AS akhirnya membuat kesepakatan kerja sama di bidang keamanan siber pada tahun 2015. Akan tetapi, kesepakatan ini nampak lebih menguntungkan bagi AS. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan third image, tulisan ini mengkaji kapabilitas Cina militer dan ekonomi dan posisi Cina dalam sistem internasional untuk melihat faktor dari level sistemik yang mendorong keputusan Cina tersebut. Tulisan ini mendapati dua faktor yakni 1 kepentingan keamanan Cina untuk membangun kapabilitas pertahanan militernya di bidang siber dan 2 mencegah kemungkinan tindakan AS, seperti sanksi ekonomi atau litigasi di WTO, yang dapat mengganggu upaya peningkatan kekuatan ekonomi Cina. Kesepakatan ini dimanfaatkan sebagai sarana Confidence-Building Measure CBM di bidang militer sekaligus upaya untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan Made in China 2025 yang penting bagi kapabilitas Cina secara keseluruhan.
ABSTRACT
As time goes by, the threats to national security also evolve. At the dawn of the 21st century, nontraditional security issues gradually started to be the center of attention one of them is cybersecurity. The potential fatality of its attack drives conflicts in the cyber realm as the most serious nasional security threat since the development of nuclear weapon in the 1940s. No wonder, the United States, which claimed to be the victim of numerous economic cyber espionage that can be attributed to China, then tried its hands on various possible method to stop that. After a period of denying the charges, China and US reached an agreement on cybersecurity in 2015. However, at least on the surface, the agreement seemed to be more advantegous for the United States. Using the third image approach, this writing tries to analyze Chinas capability both in military and economy mdash and Chinas position in the current international system to see what factors from the systemic level that drove China to this particular decision. There are at least two factors, which are 1 Chinas security interest to develop its military defensive capability in the cyber dimension and 2 to prevent possible US conducts, such as economic sanction and a litigation in WTO, which can disrupt Chinas effort in modernizing its economy. This agreement can be seen as Confidence Building Measure CBM platform for China with US in the military sector whilst also maintaining the sustainability of the Made in China 2025 program that is vital for Chinas overall capability that is somehow directly related to its survival in the future. |
