Negara-negara Nordik adalah sekelompok negara yang dianggap sukses membangunnegaranya. Di tiga area kajian ilmu Hubungan Internasional, yakni Politik-Keamanan,Ekonomi-Politik, dan Sosial-Budaya, negara-negara Nordik tidak luput dari posisipuncak indikator keberhasilan. Dalam praktiknya, negara-negara Nordik ini menganutgagasan pembangunan welfare state model Nordik. Meski welfare state model Nordiksudah berhasil memajukan negara-negara Nordik, gagasan ini belum mendapat perhatianserius dalam literatur-literatur ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Tulisan ini mengkajibagaimana literatur melihat faktor-faktor penunjang kesuksesan gagasan pembangunanwelfare state model Nordik. Literatur berpendapat bahwa kesuksesan welfare state model Nordik didukung oleh dua faktor yang berbeda, yakni karakteristik masyarakat yangmuncul secara alamiah dari masyarakat, dan kebijakan institusional yang dipengaruhisecara signifikan oleh negara. Dalam praktiknya, kedua faktor ini tidak terpisah secara eksklusif, melainkan memengaruhi satu sama lain memperkuat keunikan welfare statemodel Nordik itu sendiri. Menggunakan metode taksonomi, pemetaan literatur dilakukanberdasarkan dua faktor tersebut. Kajian literatur menemukan adanya lima karakteristikmasyarakat Nordik dan empat kebijakan institusional khas negara Nordik yangmenunjang kesuksesan welfare state model Nordik. Lima karakteristik masyarakatNordik tersebut adalah solider, percaya pada negara sebagai solusi masalah sosial,memiliki kesamaan pandangan ideasional, dan egaliter. Sedangkan empat faktorkebijakan institusional khas negara Nordik yang ditemukan dalam literatur adalahdekomodifikasi hak sosial, pajak progresif, collective bargaining antar aktor, dan aktifmengadvokasi perdamaian dan pembangunan di tingkat internasional. Berdasarkan kajianliteratur, perspektif literatur tampak masih kuat akan bias Barat. Hal ini menjadi salahsatu celah riset utama, selain celah riset lainnya seperti kajian mendalam tiap-tiap faktor dan kajian komparatif penerapan gagasan welfare state model Nordik di negara-negaranon-Nordik.
Nordic countries are considered successful in their developmental programs. In the three areas of International Relations studies, namely Political-Security, Political Economy, and Socio-Cultural, the Nordic countries oftenly gets better scores than the rest of the world. In practice, these Nordic countries adhere to the Nordic model of Welfare State development ideas. Although the Nordic model of Welfare State has succeeded inadvancing Nordic countries, this idea has not received serious attention in the International Relations literature. This paper examines how the literature captures thefactors supporting the success of the Nordic model Welfare State development ideas.Literature argues that the success of the Nordic model of Welfare State is supported bytwo different factors, namely the characteristics of society that arise naturally from the people, and institutional policies that are significantly influenced by the state. In practice, these two factors are not exclusively separated, but instead influencing one another to strengthen the uniqueness of the welfare state of the Nordic model itself. Using the taxonomic method, literature mapping is based on these two factors. Literature finds five characteristics of the people of Nordic and four unique Nordic states institutional policies that support the Nordic model of Welfare State. The five characteristics of the people of Nordic are solidarity, trusting the state as a solution to societal problems, having similar ideational views, and egalitarian. Whereas the four Nordic institutional policies factorsfound in the literature are decommodification of social rights, progressive taxes,collective bargaining between actors, and actively advocating for peace and developmentat the international level. Based on the literature examined, the literature perspective seems to be still strong in Western bias. This has become one of the main research gaps, in addition to other research gaps such as an in-depth study of each factor and a comparative study of the application of Nordic model of Welfare State ideas in non-Nordic countries. |
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