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Indonesia menghadapi risiko yang signifikan terhadap perubahan iklim, yang dampaknya dapat dikurangi dengan partisipasi aktor negara dan aktor bukan negara baik skala nasional, internasional, regional dan lokal. Upaya menanggulangi perubahan iklim membutuhkan sumber daya yang signifikan yang perlu dipersiapkan dengan cermat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (i) menganalisis bagaimana aliran pendanaan iklim menggunakan pendekatan Social Network Analysis (SNA); (ii) menjelaskan urgensi rekonstruksi kebijakan pendanaan perubahan iklim; (iii) mengembangkan desain model kebijakan pendanaan perubahan iklim. Paradigma yang digunakan adalah konstruktivisme dengan pendekatan multi metode, menggunakan tools SNA dan modelling System Dynamics (SD). SD digunakan untuk menentukan proporsi kebijakan fiskal pembiayaan dan kebijakan non fiskal hingga 2030. Informan terdiri dari aktor, pejabat pemerintah, profesional, aktor perbankan, dan individu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beban APBN sangat tinggi mencapai 92% hingga 2030 untuk membiayai kegiatan perubahan iklim, ada urgensi untuk mendesak share pendanaan dari negara maju, diperlukan layer pembagian peran dan tanggung. Fakta empiris menunjukan aliran dana iklim sejak 2007-2017 didominasi oleh sektor publik dan masih menjadi tantangan bagi keterlibatan sektor swasta. Pendapatan pajak mendominasi dan sebagai sumber pendanaan terbesar untuk membiayai kegiatan mitigasi dan adaptasi iklim selama periode penelitian. Model desain kebijakan pendanaan perubahan iklim terdiri dari kluster kebijakan pendanaan fiskal dan kluster kebijakan pendanaan non fiskal.Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi bahwa harus ada keseimbangan kebijakan pendanaan antara kebijakan pendanaan fiskal dan kebijakan pendanaan non fiskal, shifting burden dari APBN perlu dilakukan sehingga tidak membebani APBN terutama dari sektor swasta dan secara berkelanjutan memperjuangkan kontribusi pendanaan dari negara yang memberikan share kenaikan emisi tinggi. Penelitian juga mengusulkan desain model kebijakan pendanaan perubahan iklim meliputi mitigasi dan adaptasi, serta kerangka kerja Allocative Efficiency untuk perubahan iklim pada belanja publik.
Indonesia presents significant risks to the climate change by increased variability and intensity of rainfall and to sea level rise. The impact of climate change can be reduced by participating state actor and non state actor both national and international efforts to reduce GHG emissions and by investing in adaptation to climate change to protect against loss and damage to the country's natural resources. Reducing emissions and building resilience will require significant financial resources which needs to be prepared carefully. The research aims to (i) analyse how is the climate finance flow using Social network Analysis (SNA) approach; (ii) analyse the urgency of climate finance policy reconstruction; (iii) develop design model of climate finance policy using System Dynamics approach. The research using constructivism paradigm with multi methode method using Social Network Analysis and System Dynamics Model to determine the proportion of financing fiscal policy and non fiscal policy up to 2030 as well as construct the climate finance policy. Informan consist of actors, governemnt officials, professional, banking actor, and individual.The result shows that there is urgent to reconstruct the climate finance policy in Indonesia due to high burdern of APBN reached 92% until 2030 for financing climate change activities in Indonesia. It is also proven that with empirical evidence that the flow of climate fund since 2007 until 2017 dominated by public sectors and still challenges for private sectors involvement. Tax revenue is found as the most funding resources to finance the climate activities of mitigation and adaptation during period of research. Design model of climate finance policy consist of cluster fiscal policy and non fiscal policy.The research provide recommendation due to the externalites of climate change and as global public goods there should be balanced of climate finance policy between climate fiscal policy and non fiscal policy, shifting burden from APBN need to be conducted especially financing form private sector and fighting continously on the contribution from countries that share high emission increases. The research also propose the model of climate finance policy framework and framework of climate allocative efficiency in public spending. |
D2716-Liliek Sofitri.pdf :: Unduh