Perdebatan konseptual keamanan maritim diawali oleh perdebatan konseptual mengenai sea power. Konsepsi keamanan maritim itu sendiri pertama kali muncul di Barat pada tahun 1990-an akibat dari mencuatnya kasus-kasus kejahatan maritim, seperti terorisme maritim, pembajakan dan perampokan bersenjata, penangkapan ikan ilegal, perdagangan manusia, dan pencemaran laut. Tinjauan pustaka ini menggunakan kerangka matriks keamanan maritim Bueger untuk mendefinisikan konsep keamanan maritim Indonesia yang berusaha melihat hubungan antara keamanan maritim dengan konsep lain yang berkaitan. Setidaknya terdapat empat konsep yang berkaitan dengan keamanan maritim, yaitu (1) keamanan nasional, (2) keamanan laut, (3) ekonomi biru, dan (4) keamanan insani. Tinjauan pustaka ini menyajikan perkembangan keamanan maritim Indonesia melalui keempat perspektif tersebut, serta bahasan minor yang kemudian muncul dalam literatur-literatur keamanan maritim Indonesia. Melalui keempat perspektif tersebut, penulis mencermati bahwa cakupan bahasan dalam literatur keamanan maritim Indonesia adalah bahasan mengenai keamanan laut, penanggulangan isu dan ancaman maritim, pengaturan kebijakan dan regulasi maritim, serta strategi maritim. Tinjauan pustaka ini juga memperlihatkan area konsensus berupa konsep keamanan maritim dapat ditelusuri maknanya dengan melihat korelasinya pada tema lain yang berkaitan, tumpang tindih kewenangan antar institusi maritim, TNI AL sebagai kekuatan utama maritim, dan ancaman keamanan maritim. Area perdebatan berupa keamanan maritim dalam studi keamanan, tradisional vs non-tradisional; perspektif keamanan nasional dalam diplomasi maritim Indonesia sebagai Poros Maritim Dunia, memudar vs tidak memudar; komando keamanan maritim, multi-agen vs single-agen; serta keamanan maritim Indonesia dalam rule-based order vs realpolitik. Kesenjangan literatur yang ditemukan berupa minimnya jumlah literatur dalam bentuk buku (monograf) maupun bab dalam buku mengenai perdebatan konseptual keamanan maritim yang ditulis oleh penulis Indonesia dan masih sedikit literatur yang berisi pembahasan menyeluruh mengenai peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur tugas pokok dan fungsi (Tupoksi) 12 instansi keamanan laut, yang menyebabkan tumpang tindihnya kewenangan antara instansi maritim. Selain itu, tinjauan pustaka ini juga menunjukkan persebaran asal penulis literatur keamanan maritim Indonesia dan paradigma ilmu hubungan internasional yang digunakan dalam literaturnya masing-masing. Tinjauan pustaka ini kemudian juga merekomendasikan penelitian lanjutan perdebatan konseptual keamanan maritim Indonesia menggunakan dua kerangka lainnya dari Bueger, yaitu (1) kerangka sekuritisasi maritim dan (2) Praktik Keamanan dan Komunitas Praktik.
The conceptual debate on maritime security was preceded by a conceptual debate regarding sea power. The concept of maritime security itself first appeared in the West in the 1990s as a result of the emergence of cases of maritime crimes, such as maritime terrorism, piracy and armed robbery, illegal fishing, human trafficking, and marine pollution. This literature review uses the Bueger maritime security matrix framework to define the concept of Indonesian maritime security which seeks to see the relationship between maritime security and other related concepts. There are at least four concepts related to maritime security, namely (1) national security, (2) maritime security, (3) blue economy, and (4) human security. This literature review presents the development of Indonesia’s maritime security through these four perspectives, as well as minor discussions that have subsequently appeared in the Indonesia’s maritime security literature. Through these four perspectives, the authors observe that the scope of discussion in the Indonesian maritime security literature is the discussion of maritime security, overcoming maritime issues and threats, setting maritime policies and regulations, and maritime strategy. This literature review also shows consensus area in Indonesia’s maritime security can be traced by looking at its correlation to other related themes, overlapping authority between maritime institutions, the Indonesian Navy as the main maritime power, and maritime security threats. The area of debate are: maritime security in security studies, traditional vs non-traditional; the perspective of national security in Indonesia’s maritime diplomacy as the Global Maritime Fulcrum, fades vs does not fade; maritime security commando, multi-agent vs single-agent; and Indonesia’s maritime security in rule-based order vs realpolitik. Literature gaps found are: lack of literature in the form of books (monographs) and chapters in books that discussed the conceptual debate of maritime security written by Indonesian authors and there is only a small amount of literature that contains a comprehensive discussion of the laws and regulations governing main tasks and functions (Tupoksi), which causes overlapping authority between maritime agencies. In addition, this literature review also shows the distribution of authors’ origins of Indonesian maritime security literature and the paradigm of international relations used in their respective literature. This literature review then also recommends further research into the conceptual debate of Indonesia’s maritime security using two other frameworks from Bueger, namely (1) maritime securitization framework and (2) Security Practices and Community of Practice. |
TA-Rahmah Citra Vebria.pdf :: Unduh