Kementerian Keuangan mulai mengalokasikan Tambahan Penghasilan bagi Guru tahun 2009 dan Tunjangan Profesi Guru tahun 2010. Tujuannya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan, kompetensi dan profesionalitas sehingga dapat meningkatkan kinerja siswanya. Namun, dalam tiga tahun terakhir, rata-rata hasil ujian nasional berbasis komputer (UNBK) siswa sekolah menengah pertama negeri sebagain besar masih mendapat nilai dalam kategori buruk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh tunjangan guru terhadap kinerja siswa sekolah menengah pertama. Variabel dependen penelitian menggunakan data UNBK siswa SMP kabupaten/kota di Indonesia dari tahun 2018 hingga 2019. Sedangkan variabel independen utama adalah tunjangan profesi guru dan tambahan penhasilan guru diambil dua tahun sebelumnya untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran. Variabel kontrol independen menggunakan karakteristik sekolah dan sosial ekonomi, dimana karakteristik sekolah direpresentasikan oleh rasio siswa terhadap guru, rasio siswa terhadap rombongan belajar dan presentase guru yang berpendidikan minimal S1. Sedangkan karakteristik sosial ekonomi oleh persentase penduduk miskin, produk domestik regional bruto perkapita, dan angka harapan hidup. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan variabel dummy regional yaitu Jawa dan Bali. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis data panel dengan estimasi Fixed Effect Model (FEM) untuk regresi pada variabel independen utama saja dan Random Effect Model (REM) jika ditambah variabel independen kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa realisasi tunjangan profesi guru PNS SMP berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap hasil UNBK siswa SMP negeri. Di mana peningkatan 1% realisasi tunjangan profesi guru akan meningkatkan hasil UNBK siswa SMP negeri sebesar 0,03%. Sedangkan realisasi tambahan penghasilan guru tidak signifikan berpengaruh terhadap hasil UNBK siswa SMP negeri. Variabel independen kontrol yang berpengaruh signifikan yaitu rasio siswa terhadap guru, persentase guru berpendidikan minimal S1, PDRB perkapita dan angka harapan hidup. Sedangkan variabel independen kontrol yang tidak signifikan yaitu rasio siswa terhadap rombongan belajar dan presentase penduduk miskin. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh tidak langsung antara tunjangan profesi guru terhadap kinerja siswa melalui kompetensi dan kinerja guru.
The Ministry of Finance has allocated additional income for teacher and professional teacher allowance since 2009 and 2010, respectively. The additional income and allowances are expected to improve welfare, competence, and professionalism to improve student performance. However, in the last three years, the average result of the computer-based national examination (CBNE) of state junior high school students, the majority of them still scored lower than adequate. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of teacher allowances on the performance of junior high school students. The research dependent variable uses CBNE data for district junior high school students in Indonesia from 2018 to 2019. At the same time, the main independent variable is professional teacher allowances and additional teacher income taken two years earlier to determine the effect of learning. The independent control variable uses school and socio-economic characteristics, where school characteristics are represented by the ratio of students to teachers, the ratio of students to classes, and the percentage of teachers with a minimum education of bachelor. Meanwhile, the socio-economic characteristics consist of the percentage of poor people, gross regional domestic product per capita, and life expectancy. This study also uses regional dummy variables, namely Java and Bali. The analysis technique used is panel data analysis with Fixed Effect Model (FEM) estimation for regression on the main independent variable only and Random Effect Model (REM) if the independent control variable is added. The results showed that the realization of the professional junior high school civil servant teacher allowances had a positive and significant effect on the CBNE results of state junior high school students. An increase of 1% of the realization of the professional teacher allowance will increase the CBNE results of state junior high school students by 0.03%. Meanwhile, the realization of additional teacher income did not significantly affect the CBNE results of state junior high school students. The independent control variables that significantly affect the ratio of students to teachers, the percentage of teachers with a minimum education of bachelor, GRDP per capita, and life expectancy. Meanwhile, the independent control variables that were not significant were the ratio of students to classes and the percentage of poor people. These results indicate an indirect effect between professional teacher allowances on student performance through teacher competence and performance. |
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