Penelitian ini berfokus pada terjemahan istilah biologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan prosedur penerjemahan yang digunakan dan membandingkan prosedur mana yang paling tepat. Istilah biologi berupa kata dan frasa dalam bab “Cell” pada buku Biology Eighth Edition Volume 1 dan terjemahannya divalidasi dan dianalisis berdasarkan prosedur penerjemahannya. Ketepatan penyampaian makna istilah biologi dianalisis berdasarkan kebakuan ejaan menggunakan KBBI daring; kesesuaian penulisan unsur serapan menggunakan kaidah PUEBI (2016); dan/atau analisis komponen makna Nida (1975). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 10 prosedur digunakan untuk menerjemahkan 530 istilah biologi, yakni, dari yang paling banyak hingga paling sedikit digunakan, penerjemahan fonologis, penerjemahan harfiah, transferensi, kuplet atau triplet, transposisi, pemadanan berkonteks, generalisasi, penambahan, penerjemahan deskriptif, dan partikularisasi. Penerjemahan fonologis paling banyak digunakan karena sebagian besar istilah merupakan nama bagian sel, senyawa biokimia, enzim, proses biologi, dan proses biokimia. Penerjemahan harfiah, kuplet atau triplet, dan generalisasi lebih rentan menimbulkan ketidaktepatan berdampak fatal, sedangkan penerjemahan fonologis dan transferensi tidak. Selain itu, ada lima kecenderungan penerjemahan istilah biologi yang perlu diatur dalam kaidah khusus, yakni penerjemahan akhiran -ide :: -ida, -ose :: -osa, dan -ate :: -at pada nama senyawa biokimia; akhiran -ase :: -ase pada sebagian besar nama enzim; dan akhiran -ate :: -ata pada istilah nama biologi.
This study focuses on the translation of biological terms. The aims were to explain the translation procedures used and to compare which procedures are the most precise. The biological terms, i.e. words and phrases, in the “Cell” chapter in Biology Eighth Edition Volume 1 and its translation were validated and analyzed based on the translation procedures. The precision in delivering the meanings of biological terms was analyzed based on the standard spelling using the online KBBI; their conformance to adopted word’s element writing rules using the PUEBI rules (2016); and/or the componential analysis of meaning by Nida (1975). The results indicated that 10 translation procedures were used to translate 530 biological terms, i.e., from the most used to the least, phonological translation, literal translation, transference, couplets or triplets, transposition, contextual conditioning, generalization, addition, descriptive translation, and particularization. Phonological translation procedure was the most used because the terms were mostly the names of cell parts, biochemical compounds, enzymes, biological processes, and biochemical processes. Literal translation, couplets or triplets, and generalization procedures were more prone to causing imprecision with fatal consequences, while phonological translation and transference procedures were not. In addition, there were 5 tendencies found in the translation of biological terms, and special rules are necessary to regulate them. They were the translation of the suffix -ide :: -ida, -ose :: -osa, and -ate :: -at for biochemical compound names; -ase :: -ase for most enzyme names; and -ate :: -ata for biological names. |
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