Perdagangan narkotika di Asia Tenggara merupakan salah satu ancaman keamanan regional yang mempengaruhi aspek kesehatan, ekonomi, dan politik. Kehadiran produk narkotika di Asia Tenggara berawal dari perdagangan, kemudian dikembangkan menjadi pertanian dan sampai pada produksi secara mandiri. Aktivitas perdagangan narkotika di Asia Tenggara terpusat pada kawasan Segitiga Emas yang meliputi Myanmar, Thailand, dan Laos. Meskipun perdagangan narkotika di Asia Tenggara telah berlangsung sejak abad ke-16, peraturan larangan baru hadir di akhir tahun 1870. Menandai awal mulanya dinamika narkotika sebagai masalah keamanan baik secara nasional, regional, maupun internasional. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk meninjau sejauh mana literatur hubungan internasional membahas problematika perdagangan narkotika di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Dengan melakukan peninjauan pada 29 literatur yang membahas narkotika di Asia Tenggara, ditemukan empat tema besar sebagai kerangka berpikir yaitu (1) fondasi relevan perdagangan narkotika, (2) jaringan dan distribusi narkotika di Asia Tenggara, (3) kebijakan narkotika di Asia Tenggara, dan (4) kerja sama internasional dalam perdagangan narkotika di Asia Tenggara. Berdasarkan empat tema tersebut ditemukan konsensus yaitu (1) fenomena narkotika di Asia Tenggara dilatarbelakangi kolonialisme, kapitalisme, dan konflik; (2) distribusi jaringan narkotika secara umum tersebar di Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Tiongkok; (3) kebijakan narkotika di Asia Tenggara masih bersifat koersif. Serta ditemukan perdebatan bahwa kerja sama internasional Asia Tenggara tidak merefleksikan kesepakatan internasional. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk melihat sejauh mana kajian narkotika dalam hubungan internasional dibahas.
The drug trafficking in Southeast Asia is a regional security threat that affects health, economic and political aspects. The presence of narcotics in Southeast Asia started from trade, then developed into cultivation until become drugs producer. Drug trafficking activities in Southeast Asia are concentrated in the Golden Triangle area which includes Myanmar, Thailand and Laos. Although the drug trafficking in Southeast Asia has been going on since the 16th century, drug prohibition regulations were introduced at the end of 1870. This marked the beginning of the dynamics of narcotics as a security problem nationally, regionally, and internationally. This paper aims to review the extent of the international relations literature discusses the problems of drug trafficking in the Southeast Asian region. The drug trafficking is a new phenomenon that needs to be further developed in line with the progress of international relations theory. By reviewing 29 literatures discussing drug in Southeast Asia, four major themes were found as frameworks of thought, namely (1) the relevant foundations of drug trafficking, (2) the network and distribution of drugs in Southeast Asia, (3) drug policy in Southeast Asia, and (4) ASEAN cooperation on drug trafficking in Southeast Asia. Based on these four themes, consensus was found, namely (1) the narcotics phenomenon in Southeast Asia was motivated by colonialism, capitalism, and conflict; (2) distribution of narcotics networks in general spread across Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, China; (3) drug policy in Southeast Asia is still coercive. It was also found that there was a debate that Southeast Asia's international cooperation did not reflect international agreements. This paper aims to see how far the study of narcotics in international relations is discussed. |
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