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This study investigated the use or the strategies or the speech act of criticizing by learners of English as a foreign language using a modified discourse completion. The purpose of this study was to know the realization of the speech act of criticizing by learners of English in four given speech situations. The speech situations differed in three contextual variables, i.e. power, solidarity, and the presence of a third party in every speech situation.The subjects of this study were the students of the English Department, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, sitting in semesters 2, 4, 6, and 8. This was a case study. The subjects consisted in 128 respondents. They were grouped by sex, class of semester, duration of stay in English speaking countries, duration of learning English in an English course, and their TOEFL score in the last one or two years, all of which were treated as independent variables in this study. However, as only a few respondents stayed in an English speaking country, the duration of stay in the English speaking country was not analyzed in this study.This study revealed that the strategies of criticizing performed by learners of English as a second language, especially by students of the English Department, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, differed in terms of the categories, such as sex, class of semester, duration of stay in English speaking countries, duration of learning English in an English course, and their TOEFL score in the last one or two years. The differences were caused by power and solidarity in the four speech situations. However, the public parameter investigated by the presence of a third party in every speech situation did not affect the realization of the speech act of criticizing in the four given situations. There was a tendency that the respondents used solidarity parameter when expressing criticism. In a speech situation where the hearer was superior to the respondent and they had close relationship, the respondents tended to express criticism baldly and off record. On the contrary, in the circumstances where the hearers were superior to the respondents and they did not have close relationship, the respondents tended to choose the strategy of criticizing by using negative politeness. Sub-strategies of negative politeness the respondents often used included the use of hedges, terms of deference, conventionally indirect utterance, and apologizing expression.By using the T-test, this study revealed that there was no significant difference in four given speech situation between semester 2/4 respondents and semester 6/8 respondents. The same is true in the four speech situations between male and female respondents. By using ANOVA, this study found out that there was no significant difference in the four given speech situations between the respondents that learned English in an English course for 1 year, 1 until 3 years, and more than 3 years. In addition, ANOVA revealed that there was no significant difference in the four speech situations between the respondents with TOEFL score of 400-450, 451-500, and 501-550. Furthermore, although there were no substantial differences between respondents in terms of dependent variables, the performance of criticizing reflected communicative styles and interference of Indonesian as L1 socio-cultural strategies in their second language behavior. In other words, the respondents failed to use communicative competence in interaction. |
T 11590-Tindak tutur.pdf :: Unduh