ABSTRAKSejak Pelita I (1969) pemerintah melaksanakan pembaharuan di sektor pertanian dengan Panca Usaha Tani melalui Bimas dan Inmas. Kabupaten Tingkat II Bangli sebagai salah satu Kabupaten di Bali, juga tidak terlepas dari pelaksanaan program tesebut. Tujuan dari program ini untuk meningkatkan hasil pertanian sehingga swasembada pangan tercapai. Sistem Subak merupakan institusi yang bergerak dan mengatur segala aktivitas pertanian sawah dengan cara-cara yang bersifat tradisional dan turun-temurun. Ajaran Tri Hita Karana merupakan landasan filsafat kerja mereka untuk mencapai kemakmuran hidup. Dengan proses modernisasi dalam bidang pertanian, menyebabkan terjadi perubahan pada sektor usaha produksi pertanian. Fenomena ini menarik untuk dikaji. Studi ini akan berusaha mencari jawaban atas masalah pokok: bagaimana keberadaan institusi subak di Kabupaten Tingkat II Bangli dengan ditanamnya pada varietas unggul?. Dari masalah pokok ini dapat dijabarkan menjadi dua sub-masalah yaitu: (1) sejauh manakah pengaruh ditanamnya padi varietas unggul terhadap cara kerja Krama Subak?, dan (2) bagaimanakah pengaruh ditanamnya padi varietas unggul terhadap ekonomi pertanian?.Secara temporal kajian ini dari tahun 1969-1998. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian sejarah. Karena itu langkah yang dilakukan secara kronologis sesuai dengan tuntutan metode sejarah. Adapun langkah-langkah tersebut adalah; heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Data yang tekumpul bersifat deskriptif, dengan sumber data arsip (nasional dan daerah), hasil wawancara, surat kabar, artikel dan buku.Panca Usaha Tani adalah lima langkah yang harus dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produksi pertanian. Kelima langkah tersebut adalah; (1) irigasi, (2) pengolahan tanah, (3) pemilihan bibit unggul, (4) pemupukan, dan (5) pemberantasan hama. Ini menjadi pedoman bagi petani dalam aktivitasnya di sawah. Sejak itu juga petani mulai mengenal berbagai macam jenis pada baru seperti PB5, PB6, IR28 dan sebagainya, jenis pupuk seperti KCl, TSP dan berbagai jenis obat-obat pembasmi hama. Kebijakan ini mempunyai kelebihan diantaranya; (1) panen dapat dilakukan lebih dari dua kali setahun, (2) nasi beras bukan lagi menjadi makanan istimewa yang hanya dapat dikonsumsi oleh golongan tertentu, (3) proses penyuburan tanah tidak memerlukan waktu lama, karena menggunakan pupuk anorganik, (4) pemberantasan hama dapat dilakukan secara spontan, (5) lahan dapat dimanfaatkan dalam waktu seefektif mungkin.Melalui peranan PPL, dalam dasa warsa pertama akibat dari semua itu sudah mulai nampak. Para petani mulai merasa tergantung dengan cara-cara mempercepat proses produksi pertanian yang bersifat non-alami dan non-tradisional. Diantaranya, (1) proses penyuburan tanah selalu menggunakan pupuk anorganik, memanfaatkan jerami dan sisa-sisa gulma sebagai bahan penyubur mulai ditinggalkan, (2) tergesernya cara-cara pemberantasan hama yang bersifat niskala, (3) mulai menghilangnya penanaman jenis padi lokal, (4) semakin menipisnya sifat gotong royong dalam aktivitas di sawah.Sistem Subak dengan segala aktivitasnya mulai berubah. Fatelikan sebagai salah satu fungsionaris subak yang sangat sentral, karena bertanggung jawab terhadap pendistribusian air, mulai tidak nampak. Pengaturan air lebih banyak dilakukan oleh setiap petani yang membutuhkan saja. Penggantian tembukuan dari bahan kayu dengan beton tidak akan menjamin lagi proses pembagian air secara merata. Begitu juga dengan sistem religi, tidak berlakunya sistem penanggalan secara absolut dalam aktivitas petani di sawah. Pelaksanaan upacara dilakukan lebih bersifat individu sesuai dengan tingkat aktivitas masing-masing petani.Dengan segala upaya yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah, ekonomi pertanian belum mampu memberikan daya tarik terutama golongan pemuda untuk berprofesi menjadi petani. Bermata pencaharian sebagai petani dimata masyarakat dianggap masih berstatus rendah. Apalagi dengan naiknya harga-harga pupuk, pestisida yang sudah menjadi kebutuhan pokok petani, menyebabkan profesi petani semakin terpuruk sehingga petani tetap hidup subsistem.
ABSTRACTSubak System, The Five Agricultural Effort and Agricultural Developement in the Regent of BangliSince Five Years Plan I (1969) the Indonesia government has carried out new method in the agricultural sector by using Five Agricultural Effort through Bimas (Mass Guidance in Agricultural) an Inmas. Bangli, as one of the regencies in Bali, has also a part of the program. The goal of the program is to increase the agricultural product/agricultural fields for reaching self-fulfillment of food. Subak system is the institution operating conducting all the agricultural activities in the traditional ways that has been going on and continually for hundred of years. The Tri Nita Karana doctrine is the philosophical basic working by which they can live prosperity. This phenomena is very interesting to be studied. This Study is an endeavor to look for an answer to the main problem, that is: how this agricultural institution in Subak in the regency of Bangli have to use cultivate the superior rice seed. From this main problem can be sub-divided into two sub-divisions, those are: (1) how is the effect of cultivating superior rice seed on by using Krama Subak method?, and (2) how is the effect of superior seeds cultivation being used to the farmers economically?.Temporarily this research has been done in the year of 1969-1998. This research is considered to be a research of history, within the steps taken here are carrying in a chronological ways in order to meet the requirement as a history method. The step mentioned are heuristic, criticism, interpretations and historiography. The datas being collected have descript character, with the sources taken the national archive, personal interview, news paper, articles and books.The Five Agricultural Plan are those of five steps that has to be done for increasing the agricultural fields. Those five step are: (1) Irrigation, (2) land cultivating, (3) the choice of superior rice seeds, (4) fertilization, and (5) eradiation of pests. These five guidance have become the guidelines for the farmers in their activities in the rice fields. Since the farmers have known of new rice seeds like PB5, PB6, 1828 etc. Beside the kind of fertilizer -like KCl, TSP, and many other plant pests killer. This policy have many advantages, among them are: (1) harvests can be more than twice a year, (2) rice is not the very special food that can be consumed by the upper class in the society, (3) land fertilizing does not take long time, because of using an organic fertilizer, (4) plant pests killing can be done spontaneously, (5) land can be planned effectively in order to reach the most benefit.In the first decade through the effort of Agricultural Field Tutors (PPL), the promoting result of realization of all those five guidance can be seen. The farmers were getting to feel dependent for quickening the production process by using methods that are no longer natural, using non-traditional techniques. Among them are: (1) the process of fertilizing the land by using an organic or chemical fertilizer, did not use straw and other gulma anymore as land fertilizer, (2) putting away all ancient techniques of getting rid of plan pests that was considered niskala, (3) their did not use the local seeds to cultivate they land, (4) individual mutual cooperation among those people were getting less, especially when they worked in flids.Subak system with all its activities had changed. Patelikan: a man whose function as a leader in the farmer Subak system, supervised water distribution, is not longer seen. Water distribution has been done by the farmers in the individual way only by those who need it. The modification of tembukuan which was formerly made of wood and replaced by reinforced concrete will no longer guarantee the water distribution as smooth as well. And so with the religious system, the calendar system is no longer used absolutely in the fields by the farmers. Religious ceremony is no carried out individually, according to the farmers personal activities.With all efforts endeavored by the government, agricultural economy has not been able to give much interests to younger farmers to become farmer. Job's farmer is considered lower in the social status. The higher pesticides price of fertilizer and pesticides which become farmer's basic need, has caused the profession as farmers has gone further down, so, that living as farmers, has made them lower in their status and they lived still sub-systemly. |
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