ABSTRAKDalam waktu cukup lama, penelitian arkeologi di Jawa Barat terasa tidak terlalu marak sebagaimana penelitian-penelitian di Jawa Tengah maupun Jawa Timur, khususnya penelitian terhadap sisa-sisa peninggalan dari masa Hindu-Buda. Dalam hal ini, bukti-bukti peninggalan dari masa itu pun terasa memiliki tingkat kesulitan berbeda dibanding kedua bagian pulau Jawa tadi; kendatipun dalam banyak hal situs-situs tersebut diduga masih disitu.Demikian pula halnya dengan penyebutan tempat-tempat suci keagamaan di Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur yang dikenal dengan nama candi, patirthan dan patapan. Lebih lanjut, menurut kitab Nagarakertagama dan kakawin Arjunawijaya yang berasal dari jaman kerajaan Majapahit di Jawa Timur, tempat-tempat suci keagamaan itu terbagi tiga, yaitu dharma hap, dharma Ipas, dan sekelompok tempat suci yang belum jelas statusnya, antara lain tempat suci karesyan. Sementara sumber tertulis berupa prasasti dan karya sastra Sunda menyebut sejumlah tempat suci dengan nama lemah dewasasana, kabuyutan, kawikwan, mandala, dan parahiyangan. Penyebutan tempat-tempat suci di Jawa Barat sedikit banyak mempunyai persamaan dengan sebutan tempat-tempat suci di Jawa Timur, yang sebagian besar mengacu pada tempat-tempat suci karesyan, terutama kawikwan dan mandala yang berlatar keagamaan Hindu (Saiwa). Dalam pada itu, penyebutan terhadap tempat-tempat suci secara umum dikenal dengan nama kabuyutan. Umumnya berbentuk bangunan batur tunggal, bangunan teras berundak, dan altar, yang sedikit banyak masih dipengaruhi oleh budaya tradisi megalitik.Dengan keterbatasan-keterbatasan demikian, penelitian Penempatan Situs Upacara Masa Hindu-Buda: Kajian Lingkungan Fisik Kabuyutan di Jawa Barat ini merupakan sebuah kajian testing-hipotesa yang mengajukan pendekatan ekologi untuk mengerti hubungan antara situs dengan sumberdaya sebagai faktor lingkungan fisiknya. Lingkungan fisik yang mendasari penelitian ini dengan lima variabel utama terdiri dari letak, geomorfologi, ketinggian tempat, kemiringan lereng, jenis tanah, serta sumber air, sampai pada kesimpulan bahwa penempatan situs-situs itu berada pada lima pilihan lahan. Situs upacara yang diduga sebagai tempat dilakukannya tapa berada pada tempat lebih tinggi dan curam dibanding tempat-tempat untuk melakukan pemujaan pada Zat Tertinggi. Demikiaan pula situs-situs yang diduga sebagai tempat pengajaran ajaran-ajaran rahasia --dalam hal ini disebut kawikwan--, sudah barang tentu pemilihan lahan dilatarbelakangi oleh putusan-putusan para shtapaka dan sthapati. Sebagai contoh, lahan harus berada dekat pada sumber air dan tanahnya harus subur.
ABSTRACTIn many time, the archaeological research in West Java is not so brightness as well as in Central Java or East Java, especially in study of the Hindu-Buddha remains on the same termination, such as Candi, Patirthan, and Patapan. Archaeological re-searches generally are based on the termination of the prehistoric ceremonial site. Many of the Hindu-Buddha's ceremonial site are the prehistoric ceremonial site too which usually signed on Hinduism or Buddhism symbolic, such as pseudo-lingga, a statue or some statues -- at least in very simple-- of the Hinduism or Buddhism pantheon, or a fragment or some fragment of ceremonial tool kit.Perhaps, the limitation on the archaeological research in West Java cause of the archaeological data itself; many of them have been destroy by the time or tophonomy process and suggest abandoned in-situ. To identify site like that as a Hindu-Buddha's ceremonial site which could be placed as sample is one of this research goals. According to Central Java and East Java, the archaeological remains such as Candi, PathW tan, and Patapa as ceremonial site more refer to dharma haji, dharma !pas, and several of holy-place which could not be identify yet, such as karesyan. By the way, they could not be found in West Java's history resources. There are many different to the other one, both by the name or by form. In the ancient literature, especially in West Java's ancient manuscript or inscriptions, ceremonial remains are called by lemah dewasasana, kabuyutan, kawikwan, mandala, and parahiyangan. Kawikwan and mandala could be similarity with the ceremonial site in East Java who called by karesyan, especially in Hinduism (Saiva). Today's, all of archaeological remains, holy-place as area to hold an ceremonial event, or be a holy-place by some reasons, such as a grave of ancestor, Islamic religionist, or a place regarded has supra-natural, are called kabuyutan. Usually they are single sanctuary, terrace, and altarRest on this constraint as long as the inclination of the archaeological research today's, the placement of Hindu-Buddha's ceremonial site: study of physical environment of kabuyutan in West Java is a testing hypothesis to carry on the ecological determinants approach to understand the relationship between the archaeological site with the resource space as its physical environment. In this case, the resource space are restriction at lay, elevated place, slope steepness, soil, geomorphology, and distance to water-resources. The main goals of this research succeed five inclinations clustering of kabuyutan which in basically show that the placement of the ceremonial site consider the resource space in the own restriction. The ceremonial site as area to hold live as an ascetic more higher and steepness than the ceremonial site as area to hold an worship to Supreme Being. And so that the placement of a ceremonial site as a place to learning the secret doctrine --in some case called by kawikwan--, there are some consideration behind the siha`paka's (and sthapati's) decision. For a sample, they are must be near by a water-resources and the soil must be a fertile soil. |
T9025-Etty Saringendyanti.pdf :: Unduh