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A deictic expression is an expression in a language, which has an indefinite referent. The indefinite nature of that referent is due to the situation of the encoder. The referent of a deictic expression will change if the speaker and the spatio-temporal reference of the deictic expression change. Thus, deictic expressions can be divided in three groups, person deixis, spatial deixis and time deixis.The interesting thing in Javanese deixis is the effect of speech levels. A speaker must choose speech level appropriate to his or her social level and that of the other participant in the conversation. Basically, Javanese speech levels can be grouped into three levels, ngoko (low level), madya (mid level) and krama (high level). Most Javanese deictic expressions are lexicalized in those three speech levels. For example, the demonstrative pronoun iki 'this', is lexicalized in three lexemes, iki, niki and menika in the levels ngoko, madya and krama respectively.Javanese has many personal pronoun lexemes, which are related to the three speech levels mentioned above, and which vary according to whether, the pronoun is in the first person, second person or third person. There are eight lexemes, which refer to the first person (singular and plural), forteen lexemes for the second person (singular and plural) and five lexemes for the third person (singular). All of those lexemes can be grouped according to its speech level. Any personal pronoun lexeme will imply the social status of the speaker using it.Spatial deixis in Javanese distinguishes between local deictic domains which are in the speaker's vicinity, outside the speaker's vicinity and remote from the 'speaker. In the time deixis can be found lexemes which refer to the time of speaking, the past time and future time. There are lexemes which be used only to convey a time point, a time period or both.In the Javanese deixis we find deixis neutralization. This term may be illustrated by an example the word menika 'this', from the high speech level, corresponds to the words iki, kuwi and kae from the low speech level. Iki 'this' (to refer to the vicinity of the speaker), kuwi 'that' (to refer to domains outside the vicinity of the speaker) and kae 'that' (to refer to domains remote from the speaker). The' fact that the word menika has three equivalents, iki, kuwi, kae shows that there is no deictic distinction of demonstrative pronouns in the high speech level. However, neutralization of this type only occurs in the spatial deixis.This investigation of invariant meanings of deictic expressions can find the appropriate referent of the deictic words and their constraints of the acceptability in the practice. Furthermore, we can also know the application's rule of the non-deixis words used as deictic words.The most important conclusion of this investigation is that Javanese speech levels are a semantics problem, particularly in the case of social deixis. The three speech levels refer to the referent, which in turn implies different social status. |
T6001-FX Rahyono.pdf :: Unduh