ABSTRAK
Angka kematian ibu dan angka kematian bayi di masih tinggi yaitu 4,21 dan 60 per 1000kelahiran hidup pada-tahun 1992. Berbagai faktor risiko telah diketahui sebagai penyebablangsung dan tidak langsung dari kematian ibu dan bayi. Pelayanan antenatal atauAntenatal Care yang baik diyakini merupakan salah satu upaya yang mempunyai dayaungkit besar dalam usaha menurunkan angka kematian ibu dan bayi.Secara kuantitas cakupan pemeriksaan kehamilan di Puskesmas menunjukkan peningkatan dari tahun ke tahun. Sampai tahun 1991 sebanyak 81.9 % ibu hamil telah tercakup peiayanan antenatal Puskesmas, namun bam 55 % ibu hamil yang memperoleh pelayanan antenatal 4 kali atau lebih (Depkes,1992).Suatu peneUtian cosas-sect tonal dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Cianjur pada bulan Mei -# Juni 1995, bertujuan unluk mengetahui faktor-faktor risiko kehamilan yang berhubungandengan kualilas (adekuasi) pemanfaatan pelayanan antenatal serta faktor lain yang mempengaruhi hubungan tersebut, dilihal dari sudut pengguna pelayanan yaitu ibu hamil pengunjung Puskesmas. Data diperoleh dari hasil wavvancara, pemeriksaan fisik umum, pemeriksaan kebidanan dan 1 fb ( mctoda Sahli) terhadap 210 orang rcsponden- Pemanfaatan pelayanan dikatakan adckuat bifa ibu memeriksakan kehamilannya kepada pclugas kesehatan pada umur kehamilan trimester pcrtama, paling scdtkil satu kali pada trimcsler-2 dan 2 kali pada trimcster-3.Hasit penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 68.1 % responden memeriksakan kehamilannyapada umur kehamilan trimester pertama, namun hanya 45.2 % ibu yang tergolong memanfaatkan pelayanan secara adekuat. Dari 17 variabel yang diteliti rata-rata tiap ibu memiliki 3 jenis variabel risiko, 17.3 % ibu termasuk kelompok risiko tinggi. Anemia (Hb Analisis label silang dan regresi logistik menyimpulkan adanya hubungan asosiasi bermakna antara risiko tinggi dengan adekuasi pemanfaatan antenatal (Rasio Odds = 3.06, nilai p = 0-0264). Tujuh variabel penting berhubungan secara bermakna dengan adekuasipemanfaatan pelayanan antenatal. Variabel risiko umur, jarak kehamilan, pengetahuan dan pendidikan berhubungan negatif dengan adekuasi pemanfaatan petayanan antenatal ( Rasio Odds = 0.34 - 0.44, nilai p = 0.0003 - 0.0230 ), sedangkan hubungan antara variabel persepsi kesehatan, Hb dan riwayat obstetrik jelek dengan adekuasi pemanfaatan antenatal merupakan hubungan asosiasi Rasio Odds berturut-turut = 2.52, 3.14, dan 3.49; nilai p = 0.0323, 0.0355, dan 0.0309). Diantara empat variabe! kontrol, variabel jarak tidak terbukti secara bermaknamempengaruhi hubungan variabel risiko kehamilan dengan adekuasi pemanfaatan pelayanan antenatal, sedang variabel jenis peiayanan, ongkos pelayanan serta rencana persalinan secara bermakna mempengaruhi hubungan tersebut terutama terhadap hubungan variabel pengetahuan dengan adekuasi pemanfaatan pelayanan antenatal.Guna meningkatkan kualitas pemanfaatan oleh ibu hamil, upaya-upaya yang perlu dilaksanakan anrata lain : inlensifikasi penyuluhan mengenai pelayanan antenatal dan risiko kehamilan, meningkatkan kemampuan tenaga bidan, dukun bayi dan kader dalam menentukan faktor risiko ibu pada ibu hamil yang berhubungan secara negatif dengan adekuasi pemanfaatan pelayanan antenatal. Pemantauan terhadap dislribusi tablet Fe, dan K.IE tentang manfaat Fe perlu lebih ditingkatkan dengan melibatkan pelugas gizi, bidan dan dukun serta kadcr. Penelitian ini mendukung upaya-upaya program KIA dalam meningkatkan cakupan persalinan oleh bidan, supervisi terhadap pertoiongan persalinan olch dukun serta pengcmbangan dana sehat untuk ibu hamil.
Abstract
Maternal and infant mortality rates are still high in Indonesia, i.e. 4.21 and 60 per 1000 livebirths respectively in 1992. Various risk factors are known as direct and indirect causes of maternal and infant deaths. A good antenatal care (ANC) is believed as one of the effort that has great impact in lowering both maternal and infant mortality rates. The coverage of ANC at the health centres in Indonesia tends to increase quantitatively. Until 1992 it was reported that 81.9 % of expecting mothers were covered by health centres, but only 55 % had had four times or more visits ( Ministry of Health, 1992 ).A cross sectional study has been conducted in Cianjur Regency in May-June 1995, identifying the pregnancy risk factors which were related to the quality (adequacy) ofutilization of ANC from the view of users, i.e. expecting mothers attending health centres,* and to find oui other factors which influence the relationship. Utilization of ANC is difinedas adequate if the expecting mother had her first ANC visit to health personnel during the first trimester, at least once in the second trimester and two consecitive visits in the third trimester of her gestational age. The data were collected from 210 respondent through direct interviews, general physical and obstetric examinations, and Sahli's method for determination oi'hemogobin concentration.The study revealed that 68.1 % of expecting mothers visited health personnel for the first ANC during the first trimester of gestational age, but only 45 % of them had utilized ANC adequately. Among the 17 variables of the risk factors included in this study, averagely every expecting mother possesed 3 kinds of risk variables and 17.3 % of the mothers were high risk group. Anemia (HbCross-tables and logistic regresion analysis concluded that there was a significant association between high risk factors and the adequacy of ANC utilization ( Odds ratio = 3.06, p value = 0.0264 ). Seven important variables had been identified were significantly related to the adequacy of utilization of ANC. Age, length of spacing, knowledge and education variables were negatively related to utilization of ANC ( Odds ratios = 0.34-0.44 , p values = 0.0003-0.0230 ). In the other hands the variables of health perception, hemoglobin and history of previous delivery were proved having positive association with the adequacy of ANC ( Odds ratios = 2.52, 3.14 and 3.49 respectively, p values = 0.0323, 0.0355 and 0.0309 ). Amongs the four control variables, the distance between mother's homes and the location of ANC facilities was statistically not significant influencing the relationship between the risk factors and utilization of ANC, while the variables of antenatal service (known as 45T), service cost and planning of safe delivery were found affecting the relationship significantly, especially to the relationship between knowledge variable and the adequacy of ANC utilization.To improve the quality of ANC utilization, health education dealings with ANC and risk factors of pregnancy should be intensified. Knowledge and capability of midwives, traditional midwives and voluntary cadres should be improved in identifying pregnancy risk factors especially those which arc related negatively lo the adequacy ofANC utilization. Monitoring of distribution of Ferrous tablets as well as its communication -information & educational aspects should be more intensified, involving the nutririon staff, midwives, traditional midwives and cadres. The study supports the efforts of MCH program in increasing the coverage of home-deliveries by midwives, supervision of high risk home-deliveries attended by traditional midwives and development of health insurance for expecting mothers. |
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