Di balik perannya dalam meningkatkan perekonomian dunia, perdagangan internasional dianggap berkontribusi pada kerusakan lingkungan, kelangkaan sumber daya, hingga ketimpangan sosial. Kritik-kritik ilmu lingkungan atas perdagangan internasional kemudian berevolusi menjadi konsep perdagangan berkelanjutan yang menggabungkan motif ekonomi manusia dengan batasan-batasan tertentu guna mengurangi risiko terhadap kehidupan manusia, kerusakan lingkungan, serta ketersediaan sumber daya di masa depan. Meskipun topik ini memiliki prospek yang sangat baik, topik ini masih belum banyak dibahas dan terdisintegrasi dalam berbagai disiplin ilmu yang berbeda. Tinjauan literatur ini memetakan dan menggambarkan ragam pandangan dalam perdagangan berkelanjutan dari 26 literatur yang berbeda. Tinjauan literatur ini dibuat dengan metode taksonomi yang mengategorisasikan topik bahasan menjadi tiga tema besar, yakni konseptualisasi, norma dan tata kelola, serta pandangan dan kritik terhadap perdagangan berkelanjutan. Penulis memiliki temuan bahwa: (1) meskipun poin keberlanjutan berhasil disepakati Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB), adopsi isu perdagangan di dalam World Trade Organization (WTO) masih terhambat. Alih-alih, aktor-aktor tertentu menggunakan kesepakatan dagang sebagai instrumen mendorong keberlanjutan; (2) terdapat pandangan yang berseberangan terkait peran, kontribusi, dan prospek adopsi konsep keberlanjutan dalam perdagangan internasional oleh WTO. Adapun, celah penelitian yang penulis identifikasi berkaitan dengan kajian perdagangan berkelanjutan yang masih harus lebih spesifik, terutama dalam menggambarkan interaksi antar aktor dalam sistem internasional. Penelitian selanjutnya harus ditujukan kepada isu yang spesifik, seperti difusi norma dan politik domestik.
Behind its role in improving the world economy, international trade is considered to have contributed to environmental damage, resource scarcity, and social inequality. Environmental critics of international trade then evolved into the concept of sustainable trade, which combines human economic motives with certain limitations to reduce risks to human life, environmental damage, and the availability of resources in the future. Scholars from various academic disciplines began to research the concept of sustainability to reduce the negative excesses of trade on the environment and human life. Even though this topic has very good prospects, it is still not widely discussed and has disintegrated in many different academic disciplines. This literature review maps and describes the various views on sustainable trade from 26 different works of literature. This literature review was made using a taxonomic method that categorizes the discussion topics into three major themes: conceptualization, norms and governance, and views and criticism of sustainable trade. The author argues that: (1) even though sustainability provisions have been agreed by the United Nations, the adoption of sustainability in trade- related issues is still hampered in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Instead, certain actors use preferential trade agreements as instruments to promote sustainability in the trade context; (2) there are opposing views regarding the role, contribution, and prospects for sustainable trade concept adoption by the WTO. Meanwhile, the author reflects that the study of sustainable trade in the context of international relations needs to be more specific, especially in describing interactions between actors in the international system. Further research must be directed to specific IR issues, such as norms diffusion and domestic politics. |
TA-Abdillah Bimo.pdf :: Unduh