Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Staphylococcus aureus merupakan dua bakteri umum penyebab penyakit infeksi di masyarakat. Pencarian senyawa dari tanaman sebagai antibakteri banyak dilakukan karena meningkatnya kasus resistensi antibiotik. Diospyros nigra atau buah kesemek hitam mengandung senyawa fenol, flavonoid, dan karotenoid yang telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Pada buah tua D. nigra terjadi penurunan kadar fenol dan peningkatan kadar karotenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa fitokimia; kadar fenol, flavonoid, dan karotenoid total; aktivitas antibakteri terhadap ekstrak etanol 70% buah muda dan tua D. nigra yang diekstraksi dengan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) dan Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE). Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi, buah D. nigra mengandung fenol, tanin, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, antrakuinon, dan glikosida. Penetapan kadar fenol total dilakukan menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu dengan hasil pada buah muda sebesar 24,22 mgEAG/g (MAE) dan 21,79 mgEAG/g (UAE), serta buah tua sebesar 19,83 mgEAG/g (MAE) dan 18,36 mgEAG/g (UAE). Penetapan kadar flavonoid total dilakukan menggunakan metode kolorimetri AlCl3 dengan hasil pada buah muda sebesar 6,85 mgEK/g (MAE) dan 5,73 mgEK/g (UAE), serta buah tua sebesar 2,65 mgEK/g (MAE) dan 1,84 mgEK/g (UAE). Penetapan kadar karotenoid total dilakukan menggunakan metode fraksinasi dengan hasil pada buah muda sebesar 45,59 mg/g (MAE) dan 43,67 mg/g (UAE), serta buah tua sebesar 55,71 mg/g (MAE) dan 51,10 mg/g (UAE). Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode mikrodilusi. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri paling potensial dihasilkan oleh ekstrak buah tua D. nigra metode MAE pada konsentrasi 16 mg/mL dengan persentase penghambatan pada P. aeruginosa sebesar 94% dan S. aureus sebesar 86,11%.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are two common bacteria that cause infectious diseases in the community. The search for compounds from plants as antibacterials is widely conducted due to the increasing cases of antibiotic resistance. Diospyros nigra (black persimmon fruit) contains phenol, flavonoid, and carotenoid compounds which have been shown to have antibacterial activity. In ripe D. nigra fruit there is a decrease in phenol compounds and an increase in carotenoids levels. This study aims to determine the phytochemical compounds; total phenol, flavonoid, and carotenoid content; as well as the antibacterial activity of the 70% ethanol extract of unripe and ripe D. nigra fruit using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) methods. Based on the identification, D. nigra fruit contains phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, anthraquinones, and glycosides. Determination of total phenol content was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with results in unripe fruit is 24,22 mgGAE/g (MAE) and 21,79 mgGAE/g (UAE), while in ripe fruit is 19,83 mgGAE/g (MAE) and 18,36 mgGAE/g (UAE). Determination of total flavonoid content was carried out using the colorimetric AlCl3 method with results in unripe fruit is 6,85 mgQE/g (MAE) and 5.73 mgQE/g (UAE), while in ripe fruit is 2,65 mgQE/g (MAE) and 1,84 mgQE/g (UAE). Determination of total carotenoid content was carried out using the fractionation method with results in unripe fruit 45,59 mg/g (MAE) and 43,67 mg/g (UAE), while in ripe fruit is 55,71 mg/g (MAE) and 51,10 mg/g (UAE). Antibacterial activity testing was carried out using the microdilution method. The results showed that the most potential antibacterial activity was produced by ripe D. nigra fruit extract using the MAE method at a concentration of 16 mg/mL with an inhibition percentage of 94% for P. aeruginosa and 86,11% for S. aureus. |
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