Beg, M.A.J.
Social mobility in Islamic civilization : the classical period / M.A.J. Beg
Malaysia Press, 1981
 Buku Teks
Ansari, Tamim
Destiny disrupted : a history of the world through Islamic eyes
PublicAffairs, 2009
 Buku Teks
Jurnal Kajian Timur Tengah dan Islam
Pusat Kajian Timur Tengah dan Islam (PKTTI) Universitas Indonesia, 1997
 Majalah, Jurnal, Buletin
Goldschmidt, Arthur
A concise history of the Middle East
Westview Press, 1983
 Buku Teks
Hanioglu, M. Sükrü
A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire
Princeton univ. press, 2010
 Buku Teks