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"Anemia has long been recognized as a serious public health problem in many developing countries. WHO reported at an INACG meeting and estimated that 2 billion people were anemic. Based on the public health viewpoint, most cases of anemia are nutritional anemia and defined in the year 1968 WHO technical report as a condition in which the hemoglobin content of the blood is lower than normal as a result of a deficiency of one or more essential nutrients, regardless ofthe cause of such deficiency.The causal relationship between iron deficiency and physical work capacity is evaluated through a systematic review of research literature, including animal and human studies. The presumed mechanism for this effect is the reduced oxygen transport associated with anemia; tissue iron deficiency may also play a role through reduced cellular oxidative capacity.The effects of anemia on physical activities and work performance have been studied in several countries such as Indonesia and China. A study in Indonesia found a significantly lower output of anemic Indonesian rubber plantation workers than the non-anemic workers. The Vietnam national survey in anemia l995 revealed that the prevalence of anemia was 40.2 % among non-pregnant women; it was also high among males around 20 %), whereas the prevalence of iron deficiency among non pregnant women was not very high (33.3 %). Therefore, multivitamin supplementation may reduce the anemia prevalence among Vietnamese non pregnant workers. Some main problems of an anemia control program (in scale of 113 districts of Vietnam) were side effects and the unpleasant taste of iron tablets; it caused the low compliance of iron tablet consumption. On the other hand, multi vitamin tablets have no side effect and have a palatable taste, thus it may be well accepted."

"ABSTRAKThe present study investigated the relationship of nutritional status and work productivity of Indonesian female industrial workers who engaged in light activity. Anthropometrics, hemoglobin (Hb), work productivity, physical activity and several socioeconomic data were collected from 230 female cigarette industrial workers. Nutritional assessment of studied population showed that the average body mass index of studied population was 19.55 ± 2.33 kg/mz, which 41.3% of the workers were under nutrition which indicated by BMI below 18.5 kg/m2 and 40.4% were anemic while 13.9% of them were under nutrition and anemic. BMI showed a significant quadratic regression with work productivity (p<0.05). A classification for chronic energy deficiency (CED) using BMI of 18.5 as a cutoff point was related to the functional parameter of work productivity. Workers whose BMI below 18.5 kg/m2 had work productivity about four percent lower than those whose BMI above 18.5. Female workers whose BMI ranged of 18.5 --22.5 kg/re had the highest work productivity among others. Analysis of variance showed that anemic workers had significantly lower work productivity than the non-anemic workers (p<0.01). The anemic workers produced about five percent less output than the non-anemic workers. There was a linear regression between work productivity and hemoglobin level. Multiple regression analysis showed that increases in Hb levels, lean body mass and experience were significantly associated with increased work productivity (p<0.01). This study concluded that Hb, BMI and LBM were significantly related with work productivity. The better nourished workers as determined by BMI, LBM, and Hb levels were more productive than under-nourished workers also the more experienced workers had higher work productivity than the less-experienced workers."

"ABSTRACTThe overall objectives of this study were to determine and compare the efficacy of daily vs weekly supplementation with iron, vitamin A, and zinc in children. Furthermore, the impact of supplementation on disease incidence (Diarrhea, Acute Respiratory Infection) and growth performance was investigated Subjects was children aged 6-24 months from rural households in Chi Lang Bac commune of Thanh Mien district, Hai Duong province, Vietnam.The research was designed as a randomized double-blind placebo-control trial. A total of 168 children were divided into 3 groups: daily, weekly, and placebo treatment lasted 12 weeks. Data on biochemical were collected at start and the end of supplementation. Data on growth were collected at start, end, and 3 months after the supplementation ended Supplements contained 333 lug retinol (1100 IU), 8 mg el. iron, 5 mg el. zinc for the daily dose (DD); 1700 pg retinol (5600 IU), 20 mg el. iron, 17.4 mg el. Zinc for the weekly dose (WLD); and the last group was the placebo (PL).After 12-week supplementation, increase for Hb, retinol, and zinc concentrations in the supplemented DD and WLD were similar (P>0.05) and significant higher (P<0.01) from those in the PL. The improvement of all anthropometric indices were similar between supplemented DD, and WLD with PL at the end, and at 3 months after the supplementation (P>0.05). In stunted children at baseline, changes for HAZ in the supplemented DD and WLD were similar (P>0.05) and significant higher (P<0.05) from those in the PL at 3 months after the supplementation. Incidence of Diarrhea and ARI in supplemented DD and WLD groups were similar (P> 0.05) and significant lower (P<0.01) compared with those in the PL at the end of 12-week supplementation.The WLD multi-nutrient supplementation for 12 weeks can be a possible preventive strategy to improve the iron, vitamin A, and zinc status of children aged 6-24 months."

"Probiotics, product containing viable, defined and sufficient microorganisms that beneficially alfects the host, has shown cholesterol-lowering effect in in vitro, animal and human studies. However, studies in human showed inconclusive findings.

A randomized double-blind two-way cross-over study was conducted to investigate whether daily supplementation of yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus improves lipid profile in hypercholesterolemic Indonesian adult males. Each period of treatment was 4 wk, separated by a 2 wk washout period. During both treatment periods, subjects consumed daily either yoghurt enriched with Lacidophilus FNCCI I6 (test yoghurt) or traditional yoghurt (control yoghurt).

By the end of the first period, serum total cholesterol concentration of subjects in test group was significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to those in control group (21 0.4 kurang lebih 8.3 vs 226.8 kurang lebih 4.5 mg/dL); and the concentration in both groups was significantly lower compared to baseline. The reduction, however, was not significantly different between groups (-6.0 kurang lebih 2.0 vs -5.9 kurang lebih 2.1 %). There were no significant differences between groups on other lipid profile variables i.e serum LDL-C, HDL-C, tryglicerides, and LDL/HDL ratio, after supplementation. No significant differences on all lipid profile variables between groups were observed after supplementation at the second treatment period and when the treatment period was combined. However, there was a tendency that test group had better lipid profile, except for triglycerides, than control group (p<0.05 for LDL/HDL ratio; p=0.053 for LDL-C).

This cross-over study showed that daily supplementation of yoghurt enriched with Lacidophilus FNCCI 16 showed hypocholesterolemic effect only at the first period, but not at the second and the combined periods."

"Iron deficiency anemia among under live children is highly prevalent in Indonesia and is considered as a public health problem. Iron supplementation seems to be the most appropriate way to control iron deficiency in relatively short period of time. Children consume less food than adult and their diet often consists of foods with little iron content and poor iron bioavailability. Additional iron to food for children is therefore necessary. One possible food chosen as alternative vehicle to prevent iron deficiency among children is bread. This study gave iron supplementation using bread as vehicle which provided 25% of daily iron requirement of preschoolers to address iron deficiency problem in relatively short period of time.The study report is arranged and divided into three parts- Part I includes the background of the study, problem statement, rationale of the study, literature review, hypotheses, objectives and variable-indicator matrix.Part 2 is the manuscripts for publication. The manuscript ?The efficacy of iron supplementation using bread as vehicle of preschoolers in Surabaya, East Java? is written for submission to Asia Pasific Journal. This pan consists of abstract, introduction, materials and methods including study and subjects, sample size, study design, data collection, statistical analysis, ethical consideration, results, discussion, conclusion and references.Part 3 describes the questionnaire used for 'the data collection, detailed methodology and important results that have not been presented in the manuscript, ethical consideration, grant approval, references and curriculum vitae."

"Uji klinis paralel alokasi acak tersamar ganda ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kreatin monohidrat sebesar 20 gram/hari selama 7 hari berturut-turut terhadap kadar malondialdehida (MDA) plasma pasca latihan lari sprint pada atlet laki-laki lari jarak pendek (100 dan 200 meter), usia 18-25 tahun. Sejumlah 20 subyek dipilih dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dengan randomisasi blok, 10 subyek kelompok perlakuan (KP) dan 10 subyek kelompok kontrol (KK). Subyek KP mendapat kreatin monohidrat 20 gram/hari + maltodekstrin 50 gram/hari, sedangkan subyek KK mendapat maltodekstrin 50 gram/hari. Data yang diambil meliputi usia, indeks massa tubuh (IMT), massa lemak (ML), massa bebas lemak (MBL), cairan tubuh total (CTT), asupan energi, karbohidrat, protein, kreatin, karotenoid, vitamin C, vitamin E, dan kadar MDA plasma. Pemeriksaan kadar MDA plasma dilakukan sebelum dan setelah periode perlakuan. Analisis data menggunakan uji t tidak berpasangan dan uji Mann-Whitney dengan batas kemaknaan 5%. Analisis lengkap dilakukan pada 20 subyek yaitu 10 subyek KP [usia 18,50 (18,00-19,00 tahun)] dan 10 subyek KK [usia 18,00 (18,00-24,00 tahun)]. Kadar MDA plasma sebelum perlakuan pada KP dan KK adalah 0,32 ± 0,11 μM dan 0,33 ± 0,10 μM (p = 0,95). Kadar MDA plasma setelah perlakuan lebih rendah pada KP dibandingkan KK, yaitu KP 0,32 ± 0,11 μM dan KK 0,34 ± 0,13 μM (p = 0,66). Perbedaan perubahan kadar MDA plasma pada KP 0,00 ± 0,16 μM dan KK 0,01 ± 0,17 μM (p = 0,83). Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan perubahan kadar MDA plasma setelah pemberian kreatin monohidrat 20 gram/hari pada KP dibandingkan KK. Penelitian ini belum dapat membuktikan pengaruh pemberian kreatin monohidrat 20 gram/hari selama 7 hari berturut-turut dalam menurunkan kadar MDA plasma pasca latihan lari sprint pada atlet laki-laki lari jarak pendek.

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This parallel double-blind randomized clinical trial aims to investigate the effect of 20 gram/day creatine monohydrate supplementation for 7 days on plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) level after sprint running in male short-distance runner (100 and 200 meter) aged 18-25 years. A total of 20 subjects were selected and randomly allocated to one of two groups using block randomization, 10 subjects for treatment group (TG) and 10 subjects for control group (CG). The TG received 20 gram/day creatine monohydrate + maltodextrin 50 gram/day, and the CG received 50 gram/day maltodextrin. Data were collected in this study included age, body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW), intake of energy, carbohydrate, protein, creatine, carotenoid, vitamin C, vitamin E, and plasma MDA level. Assessment of plasma MDA level was carried out before and after supplementation.

Statistical analyses included independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test with significance level was 5%. Twenty subjects completed this study, 10 subjects in TG [aged 18.50 (18.00-19.00) years] and 10 subjects in CG [aged 18.00 (18.00-24.00) years]. Plasma MDA levels before treatment were 0.32 ± 0.11 μM for TG and 0.33 ± 0.10 μM for CG (p = 0.95), respectively plasma MDA levels after treatment for TG was lower than CG; 0.32 ± 0.11 μM and 0.34 ± 0.13 μM (p = 0.66). The difference of plasma MDA level for TG was 0.00 ± 0.16 μM and CG was 0.01 ± 0.17 μM (p = 0.83). No statistically significant difference was found after 20 gram/day creatine monohydrate supplementation between 2 groups. This study has not proven yet the effect of 20 gram/day creatine monohydrate for 7 days in decreasing plasma MDA level after sprint running in male short-distance runner."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor dominan terhadap kecukupan asupan zat besi pada mahasiswa S-1 Reguler Angkatan 2013 Rumpun Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Indonesia Tahun 2014. Desain yang digunakan adalah cross sectional, melibatkan 290 (perempuan=214; laki-laki=76) mahasiswa S-1 Reguler Angkatan 2013 RIK UI yang berusia 17-20 tahun pada April-Mei 2014. Metode pengambilan sampel adalah proporsional cluster random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui pengisian kuesioner dan wawancara asupan makanan 2x24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa 83.8% responden tidak tercukupi kebutuhan zat besinya. Rata-rata asupan zat besi pada perempuan dan laki-laki adalah 12.3 mg/hari dan 16.0 mg/hari. Uji chi square menunjukan terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara jenis kelamin (OR=7.56), perilaku konsumsi heme dan non heme (OR=2.86), konsumsi suplemen zat besi (OR=4.73), persepsi citra tubuh (OR=2.38), dan keterpaparan media massa (OR=3.01) terhadap kecukupan asupan zat besi. Analisis regresi logistik ganda menunjukan bahwa jenis kelamin (OR=19.17) dan konsumsi suplemen zat besi (OR=11.28) merupakan faktor dominan kecukupan asupan zat besi pada mahasiswa S-1 Reguler Angkatan 2013 RIK UI Tahun 2014.

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The objective of this study is to identify iron sufficiency's dominant factor among College Students of Health Sciences Program Batch 2013, Universitas Indonesia in 2014. This study used cross sectional design which conducted on 290 respondents (female=214; male=76) of college students of Health Sciences Program batch 2013, Universitas Indonesia, April-May 2014. Subjects aged in 17-20 years old and was performed by Proporsionate Cluster Random Sampling. Data were collected through the questionnaire and iron intake was obtained by 2x24 hours food recall. This study showed that 83.8% respondents who consumed iron unsufficient. Iron intake among female respondent was 12.3 mg/day and male was 16.0 mg/day. Chi Square Analysis showed significant relation between sex (OR=7.56), heme and non heme consumption (OR=2.86), iron supplement consumption (OR=4.73), body image (OR=2.38), and mass media (OR=3.01) with iron sufficiency. Regression Binary Logistic Analysis also showed that sex (OR=19.17) and iron supplement consumption (OR=11.28) as iron sufficiency's dominant factor among college students of Health Sciences Program Batch 2013, Universitas Indonesia in 2014."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan perubahan kadarmalondialdehida plasma pada perawat dan pegawai administrasi yang telahbekerja selama 7 jam berturut-turut dan mendapatkan modifikasi makanan berupamakanan dengan kandungan makronutrien sebesar 65% dari kebutuhan sehari danasupan mikronutrien antioksidan (β-karoten, vitamin C, vitamin E, Cu, Zn, danSe) sebesar 65% dari AKG/DRI. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu penelitianpotong lintang berulang dengan rentang jangka waktu pemeriksaan pertamadengan pemeriksaan kedua adalah satu shift kerja (7 jam). Pengambilan datadilakukan di RSUD Tarakan, Jakarta pada bulan Januari sampai Februari 2013.Sebanyak 39 orang subyek bersedia ikut serta dalam penelitian ini dan sebanyak31 orang subyek (15 perawat dan 16 pegawai administrasi) memenuhi kriteriapenelitian. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi karakteristik demografi, dataantropometri (berat badan dan tinggi badan), pola asupan makronutrien danmikronutrien antioksidan, serta pemeriksaan kadar malondialdehida plasma.Rerata persentase asupan lemak terhadap energi pada kelompok perawat (37 +5,79 %) dan kelompok pegawai administrasi (36,57 + 6,72 %) melebihi asupanlemak total yang dianjurkan. Sebesar 42,86% subyek pada kelompok perawat danpegawai administrasi memiliki asupan β-karoten yang kurang berdasarkan DRI,14,29% subyek pada kelompok perawat dan 35,71% subyek pada kelompokpegawai administrasi memiliki asupan vitamin C yang kurang berdasarkan AKG.Sebagian besar subyek pada kedua kelompok memiliki asupan vitamin E, Cu, Zndan Se yang kurang dibandingkan AKG/DRI. Terdapat peningkatan bermaknakadar MDA plasma kelompok perawat setelah bekerja dan mendapatkan asupanmakanan (p = 0,001) tetapi tidak pada kelompok pegawai administrasi (p =0,063). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara rerata perubahan kadar MDAplasma sebelum dan setelah bekerja serta mendapatkan asupan makanan padakelompok perawat dan pegawai administrasi. Dari penelitian ini dapatdisimpulkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan bermakna kadar MDA plasma setelahbekerja dan mendapatkan asupan makanan pada kelompok perawat yangmenunjukkan peningkatan kerusakan oksidatif setelah bekerja.

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ABSTRACTThe aim of study is to find out the differences of plasma malondialdehydeconcentration in nurses and administrative workers after 7 hours of work and hadmeal modifications which contain 65% of total daily needs macronutrient and65% of AKG/DRI antioxidant (β-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, Cu, Zn, and Se).This is a repeated cross-sectional study. The range from first examination tosecond examination is one work shift (7 hours). The data were obtained inTarakan District General Hospital, Jakarta from January to February 2013. Outof 39 people whom signed the consents, 31 people matched the study criteria. Thedata taken in this study include demographic characteristic, anthropometric(weight and height), assessment of macronutrient and antioxidant micronutrientintake, and plasma malondialdehyde. The mean of percentage fat intake perenergy in nurses group were 37 + 5,79 % and in administrative workers groupwere 36,57 + 6,72 %, both of them exceed the recommendation of fat intake. Asmuch as 42,86% subjects in both group had a low β-carotene intake according toDRI, 14,29% subjects in nurses group and 35,71% in administrative workersgroup had a low vitamin C intake according to AKG. Most subjects in both grouphad a low vitamin C, Cu, Zn, and Se intake according to AKG/DRI. There was asignificant increase of plasma MDA concentration after work and mealmodification within nurses group (p = 0,001), but not on administrative workers?(p = 0,063). There were no significant increases of plasma MDA concentrationafter work and meal modification between nurses group and administrativeworkers group. The conclusion of this study is there was a significant increase ofplasma MDA concentration after work and had meal modification within nursesgroup, which implicates an increase of oxidative damage after work."

"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Gizi merupakan salah satu penunjang bagi pemeliharaan dan peningkatan kesehatan yang pada gilirannya ikut meningkatkan kemampuan dan produktivitas kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian makanan tambahan, besi dan pyrantel pamoate terhadap peningkatan gizi tenaga kerja wanita. Untuk tujuan ini telah dilakukan penelitian selama satu bulan terhadap 40 orang tenaga kerja wanita yang diambil secara acak dan dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok studi dan satu kelompok kelola; yaitu kelompok intervensi makanan tambahan, besi dan pyrantel pamoate (kelompok I); kelompok besi dan pyrantel pamoate kelompok II); kelompok makanan tambahan dan pyrantel pamoate (kelompok III). (Besi: sulfas ferrosus 3 x 100 mg/hari, makanan tambahan 193,4 kalori, pyramtel pamoate 10 mg/kg berat badan). Penelitian yang dilaksanakan meliputi: pengukuran berat badan, lingkar lengan, kadar hemoglobin, hematokrit dan tes Schneider; pengukuran pola konsumsi makanan dan pemeriksaan kesehatan. Keadaan gizi ditentukan oleh pengukuran tersebut di atas. (Berat badan, lingkar lengan, pola konsumsi makanan, pemeriksaan darah dan kesehatan). Hasil dan kesimpulan: Pada semua kelompok intervensi menunjukkan kecenderungan peningkatan parameter yang digunakan. Pada kelompok intervensi ganda zat besi, makanan tambahan dan pyrantel pamoate menunjukkan kenaikan bermakna terhadap kelompok kelola pada berat badan dan tes Schneider (p < 0,0S). Pada semua kelompok intervensi menunjukkan perbaikan keluhan-keluhan subyektif sesudah intervensi. Dengan demikian maka pemberian intervensi gabungan zat besi, makanan tambahan dan pyrantel pamoate(kelompok I) dalam waktu satu bulan terlihat lebih berdaya guna dalam perbaikan keadaan gizi daripada intervensi lainnya.

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Scope of Study: The study was carried out on 40 women workers at a batik factory in Jakarta. The study consist of a field study on physical, hematological examination, anthropometric measurement, dietary intake study; to evaluate the effect of iron supplementation, snack and pyrantel pamoate on nutritional status (group I); the effect of iron supplementation and pyrantel pamoate on nutritional status (group II); the effect of snack and pyrantel pamoate on nutritional status (group III). (The nutritional status was determined by anthropometric measurement, physical examination, dietary study and hematological status). In this study iron was given 100 mg three times a day, snack of 193,4 calories and single dose pyrantel pamoate 10 mg/kg body weight.

Findings and Conclusions: The nutritional status of groups I, II and III showed improvement; body weight and Schneider test found significant increase (p < 0,05) for group I, while the others showed improvement. It was concluded that snack, pyrantel pamoate and iron supplementation package had a better result than the other groups. Besides this nutrition intervention, package resulted in improvement of nutritional status, lower morbidity due to infectious diseases and subjective symptoms as well."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku gizi seimbang pada siswa SMPN setelah mendapatkan intervensi dengan menggunakan jingle, leaflet, dan video. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi eksperimen dengan leaflet sebagai kontrol. Penelitian ini dilakukan kepada 71 siswa kelas VIII di SMPN terpilih. Kelompok jingle berjumlah 22 siswa, kelompok video berjumlah 24 siswa, dan kelompok leaflet sebanyak 25 siswa. Pengambilan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan 5 kali pada setiap kelompok selama 6 minggu yang terdiri dari 1 kali pre test dan 4 kali post test untuk melihat pola dan retensinya. Uji statistik yang digunakan untuk menganalisis perubahan di dalam masing-masing kelompok maupun perbedaan diantara kelompok menggunakan ANOVA. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perubahan pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku di dalam masing-masing kelompok. Sementara untuk peningkatan rata-rata skor pengetahuan setelah intervensi pada kelompok video lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok yang lain. Peningkatan rata-rata skor sikap setelah intervensi pada kelompok jingle paling tinggi diantara ketiga kelompok, sedangkan untuk peningkatan rata-rata skor perilaku diantara ketiga kelompok tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna (p>0,05).

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The purpose of this research is to understand the changement of knowledge, attitude, and behaviour of balance nutrition on junior high school students after being intervened by jingle, leaflet, and video. Quasy experiment method is the research plan that has been choosen with leaflet become control group. This experiment is done to 71 student of the 8th grade in the several junior high schools. There are 22 students who receive jingle, 25 students with leaflet, and 24 students with video. The data is taken five times in each group, included 1 pre test and 4 post test to see the pattern and retention.

The statistic experiment used to analyse the changement within or between in each group is ANOVA. The research shows that there is changement of knowledge, attitude, and behaviour in each group. In the end the development of knowledge score?s average after being intervened in the video group is higher than another groups. The average of attitude score is higher in the jingle group. There is no difference in the average of behaviour score in three groups (p>0,05)."