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"Tujuan : Mengetahui besarnya kegunaan dan keberhasilan pemasangan LMP yang menggunakan pelincir jeli lidokain 2% dibandingkan dengan yang dibasahi salin 0,9% pada anestesi umum inhalasi dengan N20 : 02 = 70% : 30%. Disain : Uji klinik tersamar ganda. Pasien : 56 pasien yang menjalankan operasi berencana dengan anestesi umum inhalasi dan tidak ada indikasi kontra penggunaan LMP di InstaIasi Bedah Pusat RSCM pada bulan Oktober sampai dengan Desember tahun 2005, usia 18-60 tahun, ASA 1/1I, berat badan sesuai ukuran LMP no 3 atau 4. Pasien dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, masing masing 26 pasien, kelompok 1 dilakukan pemasangan LMP dengan pelincir salin 0,9% dan kelompok II dilakukan pemasangan LMP dengan pelincir ieli lidokain 2%. Apabila LMP terinsersi dilakukan OGT. Selama pemasangan LMP tersebut dilakukan pengamatan dan pengukuran tekanan sungkup LMP setiap 30 menit sarnpai operasi selesai. Analisa statistik dilakukan dengan uji t untuk data numerik, uji x kuadrat untuk data nominal dan koreksi yaitu bila nilai ekspektasi kurang dari 5 dengan tingkat signifikan p<0,05. Hasil : Angka keberhasilan pemasangan LMP dengan menggunakan pelincir lidokain sama dengan menggunakan pelincir salin (92,3 %><84,6 %) p>0,05. Sehingga pada uji statistik perbedaan tersebut tidak signifikan (p>0,05). Komplikasi "sore throat" yang timbal selama pemasangan LMP dengan pelincir lidokain dan salin pada 5 menit pasca ekstubasi di ruang pulih adalah sama yaitu "sore throat" ringan 3,8 % pada pelincir salin dan 7,7 % "sore throat" sedang pada pelincir lidokain, namun dari uji statistik perbedaan ini tidak signifikan (p>0,05). Begitu juga "sore throat" yang terjadi 24 jam pasca bedah pada pemasangan LMP dengan salin terdapat 3,8 % "sore throat" sedang dan pada lidokain 7,7 % "sore throat" ringan secara uji statistik perbedaan ini tidak signifikan (p>0,05).Kesimpulan : Secara uji statistik keberhasilan pemasangan sungkup LMP pada kelompok salin dan lidokain tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Begitu pula dengan kekerapan "sore throat" dan derajat "sore throat" antara kelompok salin dan lidokain tidak berbeda secara signifikan.

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OBJECTIVE : To compare the successfully of attempt LMP with correlation between lubricant lidocain 2 % or saline 0,9 % and incidence of post operative sore throat after general anesthesia inhalation with N20/02/Enflurance facilitated by LMP with lubricant lidocain 2 % or saline 0,9%.

STUDY DESIGN : Double blind randomized clinical trial. PATIENT : 56 patient, 18 to 60 years old, underwent elective surgery in IBP RSUPN -- CM, ASA I 1 II malampatie score 1, area of surgery not in the head and neck, in supine position with OGT placement. Patients were allocated into two groups. 26 patients in group I with saline lubricant, and 26 patients in group II with lidocaine lubricant. After the operation patients was recorded about successfully attempt of LMP and complaint of sore throat in the recovery room, and 24 hours after anesthesia. Statistics analysis with T-test for continues data, x2 test and Fischer's exact test for categorical data. Spearman correlations test with significant value P <0,05 and confidence interval 95%.

RESULTS : The incidence of successfully attempt LMP with lidocaine equivalent with saline (92,3% >< 84,6%) P >0,05, The incidence of mild sore throat at the recovery room 3,8% with saline and 7,7% moderate sore throat with lidocaine (P >0,05). The incidence of sore throat at 24 hours after surgery were 3,8% moderate sore throat with saline and 7,7% mild sore throat with lidocaine (P > 0,05).

CONCLUSION : The successfully attempt of LMP in the saline group not signifikan compare to lidocain group. Morbidity of sore throat not significant between saline group compare to lidocaine group and intensity of sore throat between saline group not significant compare to lidocaine group."

"Menggigil pasca anesthesia merupakan komplikasi yang potensial bagi pasien pasca bedah yang dapat mengakibatkan Iiipoksemia karena peningkatan konsumsi oksigen jaringan dan peningkatan kadar C02 dalam darah. Hal ini berbahaya tenriama bagi pasien dengan riwayat penyakit jantung iskemi atau pasien-pasien dengan fungsi cadangan ventilasi yang terbatas. Teiah banyak upaya pencegahan maupun penanggulangan dilakukan untuk mengatasi menggigil pasca anestesia, obat yang lazim digunakan adalah petidin. Penelitian terbaru juga menunjukkan bahwa ketamin juga efektif untuk mencegah menggigil pasca anestesia.Penelitian ini bertujuan membuktikan apakah ketamin lebih efektif dibandingkan petidin untuk mencegah menggigil pasca anestesia inhalasi N20/02/isofluran, Penelitian ini bersifat uji klinis tersamar ganda yang membandingkan keefektifan ketamin intravena 0,5 mg/kb BB dengan petidin 0.35 mg/kg BB. Penelitian dilakukan di Instalasi Bedah Pusat RSCM dengan jumlah sampel 40, laki-laki dan perempuan, usia 16-65 tahun, status fisik ASA I-II. Kriteria penolakan adalah mempunyai riwayat alergi terhadap petidin dan ketamin, memiliki riwayat kejang, hipertensi dan penyakit jantung koroner, jika suhu tubuh sebelum induksi >38 °C atau <36°C dan bila pasien mengkonsumsi obat inhibitor monoamine oksidase. Kriteria pengeluaran jika operasi berlangsung >180 menit atau kurang dari 30 menit, mendapatkan darah atau komponen darah, memerlukan perawatan di ruang rawat intesif pasca pembedahan., mengalami komplikasi selamaanestesia seperti syok atau henti jantung dan bila intra operatif pasien mendapatkan obat klonidin, prostigmin, petidin dan ondansetron."

"Tujuan: Membandingkan keefektifan klonidin dan meperidin dalam mencegah menggigil pasta anestesia umum.Metode: Uji KIinik Acak Tersamar Ganda. Penelitian dilakukan di Instalasi Bedah Pusat RSCM pada bulan Maret sampai Mei 2006, dengan jumlah sampel 61 ()rang dan dikeluarkan 5 sampel, sehingga tersisa 56 sampel yang menjalani operasi berencana dan anestesia umum. Pasien dibagi secara acak kedalam 2 kelompok; 28 pasien mendapatkan klonidin 1,54g/kgBB sebagai premedikasi dan 28 pasien Iainnya mendapatkan meperidin 0,35mg ketika isofluran dihentikan. Dilakukan pencatatan pasta operasi kejadian menggigil pada kedua perlakuan, dilakukan juga pencatatan terhadap efek samping pada kedua kelompok perlakuan. Analisa statistik untuk melihat perbedaan kekerapan antara kedua perlakuan dilakukan uji Chi Square.Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik antara kedua kelompok perlakuan dalam haI kekerapan kejadian menggigil.

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Objective: To compare the effectiveness of Clonidin and Meperidin in preventing the post-anesthesia shivering.

Methods: Double-blinded, randomized clinical trial. The study was conducted at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Central Surgery Room from March until May 2006 to 61 adult patients who went to elective surgery and were planned to be under general anesthesia, 5 of them were excluded The rest were divided randomly into two groups; 28 patients were given 1,5 pg/kg BW Clonidin intravenously as premedication and the other 28 patients were given 0,35 mg/kg BW Meperidin intravenously when Isoflurane was stop. The incidence of post-anesthesia shivering and adverse-effect on both groups were recorded. Chi Square method was performed to identify the frequency difference between the two groups.

Result: There were no significant statistical differences' between the two groups in a matter of frequency of shivering."

"Latar belakang dan tujuan: Anastasia subarahnoid adalah salah satu tindakan anestesia regional yang sexing dilakukan untuk bedah sesar. Bupivakain hiperbarik 0,5% adalah obat anestetik lokal yang lazim dipakai untuk tehnik pembiusan tersebut. Posisi tubuh dan gaya gravitasi memiliki efek dan mempengaruhi penyebaran dari obat yang bersifat hiperbarik. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh posisi tubuh saat penyuntikan obat bupivakain hiperbarik 0,5% terhadap efek hipotensi yang ditimbulkan.Metode : Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 90 wanita hamil berstatus ASA I-II usia 17-50 tahun yang menjalani bedah sesar, dibagi secara arak menjadi 2 kelompok duduk dan lateral dekubitus kiri. Setelah dilakukan penyuntikan obat, setelah 2 menit pasien dikembalikan ke posisi terlentang miring kiri 15 derajat, dan dilakukan co loading kristaloid 10 mllkgBB selama 10 menit Dilakukan pencatatan tekanan darah selama operasi setiap 2 menit selama 20 menit pertama clan selanjutnya tiap 5 menit. Ketinggian hambatan sensorik clan ketinggian maksimal hambatan, jumlah total efedrin dan cairan kristaloid yang diberikan selama operasi juga dicatat. Data hasil penelitian diolah dengan menggunakan uji t, uji Mann Whitneydan uji Chi kuadrat.Hasil : Kekerapan hipotensi antara kelompok posisi duduk dan lateral dekubitus kiri tidak berbeda secara statistik meskipun lebih banyak terjadi pada kelompok lateral dekubitus kiri (67%) dibandingkan posisi duduk (51%). Posisi duduk mengalami hipotensi lebih lambat, derajat hipotensinya lebih rendah dan pemakaian efedrin yang lebih sedikit.Kesimpulan: Posisi tubuh saat penyuntikan that bupivakain hiperbarik 0,5% pada anestesia subarahnoid mempengaruhi derajat hipotensi yang terjadi pada kasus bedah sesar.

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Backgrounds and objectives . Spinal anesthesia is one of the regional anesthesia technique frequently performed for cesarean section. Hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% is the most frequent local anesthetic used for this technique. Spread of the hyperbaric local anesthetics is affected by the position of the patient and gravity. In the present study we evaluated the effect of maternal posture whether sitting position during the induction of spinal anesthesia using 05% hyperbaric bupivacaine would induce less hypotension as compared with the left lateral position.

Methods. Ninety pregnant women underwent cesarean delivery were randomly assigned to receive a spinal injection consisting of 12.5 mg 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine in either sitting or left lateral position. After 2 minutes, patients were turned to a 15 degrees left lateral position and intravenous infusion of 10 mllkgbodyweigh t of crystalloids was started for 10 minutes along with the induction of spinal anesthesia. Intraoperative blood pressure were recorded , in this study hypotension is defined as a decrease in systolic blood pressure less than 100 mmHg or 20% below baseline values. The height of sensory block was measured, time to T6 spread of the sensory block and the highest level of sensory blockade were noted. Total given of ephedrine and crystalloids rntraopertive were also noted. Statistical evaluation was performed using t?test, Mann Whitney test and Chi square as appropriate.

Result : The incidence of hypotension was not significantly different between sitting and left lateral position but more often in lateral position (51% vs 67%). Sitting position group has longer interval of the first hypotension (p=0.008),less severe of hypotension (p=0.042), less ephedrine supplementation (p=0.014), and longer interval for reaching the T6 dermatome blockade (p <0,0001).

Conclusion: Maternal posture during induction of spinal anesthesia using 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine has influence to severity of hypotension for cesarean section."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Manajemen jalan nafas merupakan salah satu tahap yang paling penting dalam bidang anestesiologi. Salah satu jenis Alat bantu jalan nafas yang telah dipergunakan secara luas adalah Laringeal Mask Airway (LMA/Sungkup Laring). Pada pemasangan sungkup laring tanpa menggunakan pelumpuh otot membutuhkan kedalaman anestesi yang cukup, Tes klinis yang mudah, akurat dan aplikatif diperlukan untuk menghindari terjadinya komplikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan trapezius squeezing test dan jaw thrust sebagai indikator kedalaman anestesi pada pemasangan sungkup laring dengan propofol sebagai agen induksiMetode. Sebanyak 128 pasien di randomisasi ke dalam 2 kelompok yaitu jaw thrust dan trapezius squeezing test. Seluruh pasien mendapatkan premedikasi dengan midazolam 0.05 mg/kgBB dan Fentanyl 1 mcg/kgBB. Induksi menggunakan propofol titrasi. Manuver jaw thrust dan trapezius squeezing test dilakukan setiap 15 detik. Saat respon motorik hilang dilakukan pemasangan sungkup laring. Dicatat keberhasilan pemasangan, dosis propofol, tekanan darah, laju jantung, dan insiden apneu.Hasil. Keberhasilan pada kelompok jaw thrust 93.8%, sedangkan trapezius squeezing test yang 90.6%. Penggunaan rerata propofol pada kelompok jaw thrust yaitu sebesar 120.34 mg, sedangkan pada kelompok trapezius squeezing test yaitu sebesar 111,86 mg. Insiden apneu yang pada kelompok jaw thrust terjadi pada 10 (15.6%) pasien, sedangkan pada kelompok trapezius squeezing test sebesar 11 (17.2%) pasien. Tidak terdapat perubahan hemodinamik yang berarti pada kelompok jaw thrust sedangkan sedangkan pada kelompok trapezius squeezing test terdapat perubahan hemodinamik yang berarti di menit ke 3 dan ke 4Kesimpulan. Trapezius squeezing test tidak lebih baik daripada jaw thrust sebagai indikator klinis dalam menilai kedalaman anestesia pada insersi sungkup laring.

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ABSTRACTBackground. Airway management is one of the most important phase in anesthesiology. One of airway device that have been used generally is Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Laryngeal mask insertion without muscle relaxant requires a level of depth anesthesia. An easy, accurate, an applicable clinical indicator were required to avoid complication. This study was determine the comparison trapezius squeezing test and jaw thrust as indicator of depth of anesthesia in laryngeal mask insertion with propofol as induction agent.Methods. 128 patient have been randomize in to 2 group that are jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test. All patients were received premedication with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 μg/kg. Induction were done by propofol titration. Jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test maneuver were done in every 15 second. When motoric respond negative the laryngeal mask were inserted. The successful of laryngeal mask insertion was recorded, propofol consumption, blood pressure, heart rate, and incidence of apnea were also documented.Result. Laryngeal mask successfully inserted in 93.8% patients in jaw thrust group, and 90.6% in trapezius squeezing test group. Mean of propofol consumption in jaw thrust group is 120.34 mgs, and in trapezius squeezing test is 11.86 mgs. Incident of apnea in jaw thrust group happened in 10 patients (15.6%), and in trapezius squeezing test group happened in 11 patient (17.2%). Hemodynamic in jaw thrust group relatively stable but in trapezius squeezing test there is significant hemodynamic changing in minute third and fourth.Conclusion. Trapezius squeezing test is not better than jaw thrust as clinical indicators of depth of anesthesia for laryngeal mask insertion.;Background. Airway management is one of the most important phase in anesthesiology. One of airway device that have been used generally is Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Laryngeal mask insertion without muscle relaxant requires a level of depth anesthesia. An easy, accurate, an applicable clinical indicator were required to avoid complication. This study was determine the comparison trapezius squeezing test and jaw thrust as indicator of depth of anesthesia in laryngeal mask insertion with propofol as induction agent.Methods. 128 patient have been randomize in to 2 group that are jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test. All patients were received premedication with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 μg/kg. Induction were done by propofol titration. Jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test maneuver were done in every 15 second. When motoric respond negative the laryngeal mask were inserted. The successful of laryngeal mask insertion was recorded, propofol consumption, blood pressure, heart rate, and incidence of apnea were also documented.Result. Laryngeal mask successfully inserted in 93.8% patients in jaw thrust group, and 90.6% in trapezius squeezing test group. Mean of propofol consumption in jaw thrust group is 120.34 mgs, and in trapezius squeezing test is 11.86 mgs. Incident of apnea in jaw thrust group happened in 10 patients (15.6%), and in trapezius squeezing test group happened in 11 patient (17.2%). Hemodynamic in jaw thrust group relatively stable but in trapezius squeezing test there is significant hemodynamic changing in minute third and fourth.Conclusion. Trapezius squeezing test is not better than jaw thrust as clinical indicators of depth of anesthesia for laryngeal mask insertion., Background. Airway management is one of the most important phase in anesthesiology. One of airway device that have been used generally is Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA). Laryngeal mask insertion without muscle relaxant requires a level of depth anesthesia. An easy, accurate, an applicable clinical indicator were required to avoid complication. This study was determine the comparison trapezius squeezing test and jaw thrust as indicator of depth of anesthesia in laryngeal mask insertion with propofol as induction agent.Methods. 128 patient have been randomize in to 2 group that are jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test. All patients were received premedication with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and fentanyl 1 μg/kg. Induction were done by propofol titration. Jaw thrust and trapezius squeezing test maneuver were done in every 15 second. When motoric respond negative the laryngeal mask were inserted. The successful of laryngeal mask insertion was recorded, propofol consumption, blood pressure, heart rate, and incidence of apnea were also documented.Result. Laryngeal mask successfully inserted in 93.8% patients in jaw thrust group, and 90.6% in trapezius squeezing test group. Mean of propofol consumption in jaw thrust group is 120.34 mgs, and in trapezius squeezing test is 11.86 mgs. Incident of apnea in jaw thrust group happened in 10 patients (15.6%), and in trapezius squeezing test group happened in 11 patient (17.2%). Hemodynamic in jaw thrust group relatively stable but in trapezius squeezing test there is significant hemodynamic changing in minute third and fourth.Conclusion. Trapezius squeezing test is not better than jaw thrust as clinical indicators of depth of anesthesia for laryngeal mask insertion.]"

"Tujuan: Mengevaluasi secara prospektif keamanan dan efektifitas penyuntikan lidokain 1% periprostat pada biopsi prostat transrektal dengan bimbingan USG transrektal.Materi dan Metoda: sari 60 pasien yang dibiopsi prostat, dipilih secara random masing-masing 30 orang disuntikan lidokain 1% atau plasebo secara double-blind. Disuntikan 5 cc lidokain 1% atau Na CI 0,9% menggunakan jarum 22 dengan bantuan probe USG transrektal ke kumpulan syaraf dikedua sisi prostat. Nyeri yang dirasakan waktu biopsi dinilai dengan menggunakan skala nyeri "Visual Analogue Scale" (VAS) dan komplikasi yang terjadi setelah biopsi pada kedua grup. Skala nyeri dianalisa statistik menggunakan Student -T Test.Hasil: Skala nyeri waktu biopsi antara yang disuntikan lidokain 1% dibandingkan NaCl 0,9% berbeda secara bermakna dengan VAS (2,1 ± 1,3 dan 5,7 ± 1,7 p<0,05). Komplikasi setelah biopsi seperti nyeri, hematuri, hematochezia dan demam pada kedua perlakuan tidak memberikan perbedaan yang bermakna.Kesimpulan: Penyuntikan lidokain 1% periprostat merupakan metode mudah, aman dan efektif untuk mengurangi nyeri pada biopsi prostat.

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Purpose : We prospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of periprostatic 1 % lidocaine injection during transrectal prostate biopsy with transrectal ultrasound guided.Materials and Methods: A total of 60 consecutive patients undergoing prostate biopsy were randomized into 1% lidocaine and placebo groups using 0,9% sodium chloride of 30 each in double-blind fashion. A 2,5 ml dose of 1% lidocaine or 0,9% sodium chloride was injected via 22 gauge needle inserted through and guided by the transrectal ultrasound probe at the prostatic neurovasculer bundle on each side. Pain during biopsy was assessed using a 0 to 10 point linear visual analog pain scale and other complications (pain after biopsy, hematuria, hematochezia and fever) were recorded to determine whether there was a difference between those two groups. Statistical analysis of pain score was performed by using Student T-Test.Results : Pain scores were significantly lower in the periprostatic 1% lidocaine injection group compared to the placebo group (2.1 ± 1.3 versus 5.7 ±1.7 , p < 0.05 ). There was no significant difference in pain after biopsy, hematuria, hematochezia and fever rate among these two groups.Conclusions : Per iprostatic 1% lidocaine injection is a simple, safe and efficacious method of providing satisfactory anesthesia to reduce pain in men undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy."

"Latar Belakang: Tindakan pembedahan dengan invasi minimal seperti laparoskopi abdomen seringkali menjadi modalitas terpilih dengan perkembangan teknologi. Selama pembedahan, digunakan teknik anestesi umum pada pasien. Teknik anestesi yang ideal adalah teknik yang dapat menjaga kestabilan kardiovaskular dan respirasi, mengurangi kejadial mual muntah pascabedah, serta dapat mengurangi derajat nyeri pascabedah. Namun, prosedur laparoskopi menyebabkan perubahan fisiologis akibat kondisi pneumoperitoneum yang disebabkan oleh insuflasi gas karbon dioksida selama pembedahan, yang merupakan sebuah tantangan tambahan dalam pemberian anestesi yang ideal. Maka, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan efektivitas penggunaan kombinasi anestesi umum dan spinal dengan anestesi umum saja dalam pembedahan laparoskopi abdomen.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinik acak terkendali tanpa penyamaran pada pasien laparoskopi abdomen di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo. Pemberian anestesi umum menggunakan lidokain, fentanyl, propofol, dan rocuronium. Pemberian anestesi spinal menggunakan bupivakain 10 mg. Luaran yang dinilai berupa kebutuhan opioid intraoperatif, kestabilan MAP, nyeri pascabedah, dan kejadian post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).Hasil: Kombinasi anestesi umum dan spinal menyebabkan penurunan kebutuhan opioid fentanyl intraoperatif (p<0.001), kestabilan MAP yang lebih baik (p<0.009), dan penurunan nyeri pascabedah secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok anestesi umum. Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan dari tingkat kejadian PONV. Simpulan: Kelompok anestesi umum dan spinal menunjukan penurunan kebutuhan opioid intraoperatif dan MAP yang lebih stabil pada tindakan laparaskopi dibandingkan dengan kelompok anestesi umum.

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Background: Minimally invasive surgical procedures such as laparoscopic abdominal surgery have often become the preferred modality with technological advancements. During surgery, general anesthesia techniques are employed in patients. The ideal anesthesia technique is one that can maintain cardiovascular and respiratory stability, reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting, and alleviate postoperative pain. However, laparoscopic procedures induce physiological changes due to pneumoperitoneum conditions caused by the insufflation of carbon dioxide gas during surgery, posing an additional challenge in achieving ideal anesthesia. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effectiveness of using a combination of general and spinal anesthesia with general anesthesia alone in laparoscopic abdominal surgery.

Methods: This research is a controlled randomized clinical trial without masking on patients undergoing laparoscopic abdominal surgery at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. General anesthesia is administered using lidocaine, fentanyl, propofol, and rocuronium, while spinal anesthesia is administered using bupivacaine. The assessed outcomes include intraoperative opioid requirements, MAP stability, postoperative pain, and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV).

Results: The combination of general and spinal anesthesia resulted in a significant reduction in intraoperative fentanyl opioid requirements (p<0.001), better MAP stability (p<0.009), and a significant decrease in postoperative pain compared to the general anesthesia group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of PONV .

Conclusion: The combination of general and spinal anesthesia group showed decreased intraoperative opioid requirements and more stable in mean arterial pressure (MAP) during laparoscopic procedures compared to general anesthesia group."

"Latar Belakang: Penjadwalan operasi yang baik adalah yang mengoptimalkan workflow suatu kamar operasi, mengurangi kasus pembatalan operasi, dan ketidaktepatan prediksi waktu operasi. Unit Pelayanan Bedah Terpadu RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo memiliki peran besar terhadap berlangsungnya operational efficiency sehingga hal-hal terkait efisiensi kerja yang termasuk didalamnya penjadwalan pasien di kamar operasi menjadi fokus perhatian utama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai korelasi waktu persiapan, induksi, dan pemulihan anestesi berdasarkan pemilihan teknik anestesi terhadap anesthesia-controlled time (ACT). Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional yang dilaksanakan di Unit Pelayanan Bedah Terpadu RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo sejak Maret 2019 hingga Desember 2020, dengan total 1727 sampel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan tidak memiliki kriteria eksklusi. Tim anestesi kamar operasi dengan menggunakan jam digital melakukan observasi, pengambilan, dan pencatatan data waktu secara manual kedalam lembar kuesioner yang disediakan di kamar operasi atau secara daring dengan mengakses tautan yang tersedia.Hasil: Terdapat hubungan linier positif yang bermakna antara waktu persiapan anestesi dengan ACT pada teknik anestesi umum-ETT (r=0.1, p 0.009), anestesi umum-ETT, CVC, ABP (r=0.253, p 0.028), dan anestesi umum-ETT/LMA, blok saraf perifer, CVC, ABP (r=0.489, p 0.013); waktu pemasangan monitor dengan ACT pada teknik anestesi umum-ETT (r=0.125, p 0.001), anestesi umum-ETT, CVC, ABP (r=0.502, p 0.000), anestesi umum-ETT/LMA, epidural (r=0.372, p 0.001), anestesi umum-ETT, epidural, CVC (r=0.436, p 0.006), sedasi (r=0.516, p 0.001), spinal (r=0.501, p 0.000), anestesi umum pediatrik-ETT/LMA, CVC, ABP (r=0.321, p 0.000), dan anestesi umum pediatrik-ETT/LMA, kaudal (r=0.445, p 0.001); waktu induksi anestesi dengan ACT pada teknik anestesi umum-ETT (r=0.513, p 0.000), anestesi umum-ETT, CVC, ABP (r=0.391, p 0.001), anestesi umum-LMA (r=0.312, p 0.017), anestesi umum-ETT/LMA, epidural (r=0.818, p 0.000), anestesi umum-ETT, epidural, CVC, ABP (r=0.559, p 0.000), spinal (r=0.503, p 0.000), kombinasi spinal-epidural (r=0.779, p 0.000), blok saraf perifer (r=0.729, p 0.000), anestesi umum pediatrik-ETT/LMA, CVC, ABP (r=0.511, p 0.000), dan anestesi umum pediatrik-ETT/LMA, kaudal (r=0.543, p 0.000); waktu insersi CVC dengan ACT pada teknik anestesi umum-ETT/LMA, CVC (r=0.553, p 0.002), anestesi umum-ETT, CVC, ABP (r=0.434, p 0.000), anestesi umum-ETT, epidural, CVC (r=0.415, p 0.010), dan anestesi umum-ETT, epidural CVC, ABP (r=0.288, p 0.023); waktu pemulihan anestesi dengan ACT pada teknik anestesi umum-ETT (r=0.157, p 0.000), anestesi umum-ETT/LMA, CVC (r=0.664, p 0.000), anestesi umum-ETT, CVC, ABP (r=0.374, p 0.001), anestesi umum-LMA (r=0.299, p 0.023), anestesi umum-ETT/LMA, epidural (r=0.557, p 0.000), anestesi umum-ETT, epidural, CVC (r=0.338, p 0.035), anestesi umum-ETT, epidural, CVC, ABP (r= 0.343, p 0.006), sedasi (r=0.351, p 0.033), anestesi umum pediatrik-ETT/LMA, CVC, ABP (r=0.424, p 0.000), dan anestesi umum pediatrik-ETT/LMA, kaudal (r=0.589, p 0.000). Simpulan: Waktu persiapan, induksi, dan pemulihan anestesi tidak berkorelasi dengan anesthesia-controlled time berdasarkan pemilihan teknik anestesi di Unit Pelayanan Bedah Terpadu Rumah Sakit Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo.

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ackground: An ideal operating schedule is the one that optimizes the workflow of an operating room, reduces case cancellation and inaccurate prediction of total procedural time. Central Surgical Unit of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital has a major role of ensuring the continuity of operational efficiency so that matters related to work efficiency, including patient scheduling in the operating room, are the main focus of attention. This study aims to assess the correlation of time of preparation, anesthesia induction and recovery time with anesthesia-controlled time (ACT) based on the choice of anesthesia technique. Methodes: This observational research was done in Central Surgical Unit of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from March 2019 to December 2020, with a total of 1727 samples that fulfilled inclusion criteria, without exclusion criteria. By means of using a digital clock, anesthesia team performs observations, retrieval, and recording of time data manually into a questionnaire sheet provided in the operating room or an online document by accessing the link provided.Results: There is a significant positive linear correlation between anesthesia preparation time and ACT on general anesthesia-ETT (r=0.1, p 0.009), general anesthesia-ETT, CVC, ABP (r=0.253, p 0.028), and general anesthesia-ETT/LMA, peripheral nerve block, CVC, ABP technique (r=0.489, p 0.013); basic monitoring placement time and ACT on general anesthesia-ETT (r=0.125, p 0.001), general anesthesia-ETT, CVC, ABP (r=0.502, p 0.000), general anesthesia-ETT/LMA, epidural (r=0.372, p 0.001), general anesthesia-ETT, epidural, CVC (r=0.436, p 0.006), sedation (r=0.516, p 0.001), spinal (r=0.501, p 0.000), pediatric general anesthesia-ETT/LMA, CVC, ABP (r=0.321, p 0.000), and pediatric general anesthesia-ETT/LMA, caudal technique (r=0.445, p 0.001); anesthesia induction time and ACT on general anesthesia-ETT (r=0.513, p 0.000), general anesthesia-ETT, CVC, ABP (r=0.391, p 0.001), general anesthesia-LMA (r=0.312, p 0.017), general anesthesia-ETT/LMA, epidural (r=0.818, p 0.000), general anesthesia-ETT, epidural, CVC, ABP (r=0.559, p 0.000), spinal (r=0.503, p 0.000), combined spinal-epidural (r=0.779, p 0.000), peripheral nerve block (r=0.729, p 0.000), pediatric general anesthesia-ETT/LMA, CVC, ABP (r=0.511, p 0.000), and pediatric general anesthesia -ETT/LMA, caudal technique (r=0.543, p 0.000); CVC insertion time and ACT on general anesthesia-ETT/LMA, CVC (r=0.553, p 0.002), general anesthesia-ETT, CVC, ABP (r=0.434, p 0.000), general anesthesia-ETT, epidural, CVC (r=0.415, p 0.010), and general anesthesia-ETT, epidural CVC, ABP technique (r=0.288, p 0.023); anesthesia recovery time and ACT on general anesthesia-ETT (r=0.157, p 0.000), general anesthesia-ETT/LMA, CVC (r=0.664, p 0.000), general anesthesia-ETT, CVC, ABP (r=0.374, p 0.001), general anesthesia-LMA (r=0.299, p 0.023), general anesthesia-ETT/LMA, epidural (r=0.557, p 0.000), general anesthesia-ETT, epidural, CVC (r=0.338, p 0.035), general anesthesia-ETT, epidural, CVC, ABP (r= 0.343, p 0.006), sedation (r=0.351, p 0.033), pediatric general anesthesia-ETT/L anesthesia-ETT/LMA, caudal technique(r=0.589, p 0.000). Conclusions: Time of anesthesia preparation, induction, and recovery do not correlate with ACT based on the anesthesia technique used to fascilitate surgery in Central Surgical Unit of Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital."

"Latar belakang: Skor Mallampati dan jarak tiromental (TMD) banyak digunakan sebagai prediktor kesulitan visualisasi laring preoperatif, namun akurasi kedua penanda tersebut masih dipertanyakan. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi kemampuan memprediksi kesulitan visualisasi laring (DVL) dari prediktor preoperatif baru yaitu rasio lingkar leher (NC) terhadap jarak tiromental TMD dibandingkan dengan skor Mallampati dan jarak tiromental. Metode: Sebanyak dua ratus tujuh belas pasien yang menjalani anestesia umum untuk bedah elektif dievaluasi dengan menggunakan skor Mallampati, TMD dan rasio NC/TMD. Dan titik potong untuk masing-masing prediktor jalan nafas adalah skor Mallampati III dan IV, < 6,5 cm, ≥ 5. Pada saat dilakukan laringoskopi langsung, visualisasi laring dinilai berdasarkan klasifikasi Cormack Lehane (CL). Skor CL derajat III dan IV dianggap sulit visualisasi. Kemudian ditentukan dan dibandingkan nilai area dibawah kurva (AUC), sensitifitas, spesifisitas untuk setiap prediktor jalan nafas. Hasil: Kesulitan untuk memvisualisasi laring ditemukan pada 20 (9,7%) pasien. Area dibawah curve (AUC) rasio NC/TMD (96,2%) lebih baik dibandingkan dengan skor Mallampati (64%) dan TMD (83%). Kesimpulan: Akurasi rasio NC/TMD lebih baik dibandingkan dengan skor Mallampati dan TMD.

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Background: Mallampati score and thyromental distance (TMC) has widely use to identify potentially difficult laringoscopies preoperative, however it's predictive reliability is unclear. This research purpose are to evaluate the ability to predict difficult visualization of the larynx (DVL) from new preoperative airway predictors neck circumference ratio to thyromental distance (NC/TMD) compare to Mallampati score and thyromental distance.

Methods: Two hundred and seventeen consecutive patients undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgery were evaluated using the Mallampati score, TMD, NC/TMD ratio and the cut-off points for the airway predictors were Mallampati score III and IV; ≤ 6,5 cm; ≥ 5. During direct laryngoscopy, the laryngeal view was graded using the Cormack and Lehane (CL) classification. CL grade III and IV were considered difficult visualization. Area under curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity for each airway predictors were determined and compared.

Result: Difficult to visualize the larynx was found in 20 (9,7%) patients. The AUC of NC/TMD ratio (96,2%) is better tcompared to TMD (83%) and much better if compared to Mallampati score (64%).

Conclusion: NC/TMD ratio had better accuracy in predicting difficult laryngoscopy than Mallampati score and TMD."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Kami mengevaluasi kegunaan dari pemeriksaan rasio jarakhiomental (HMDR,hyomental distance ratio), yang didefinisikan sebagai rasiodari jarak hiomental (HMD,hyomental distance) posisi kepala ekstensi maksimaldengan posisi kepala netral, dalam memprediksi kesulitan visualisasi laring padapasien-pasien normal, yang dilakukan pemeriksaan prediktor-prediktor jalannapas praoperasi dengan skor Mallampati dan jarak tiromental (TMD,tyhyromental distance) sebagai pembanding.Metode Penelitian : Praoperasi, kami menilai empat prediktor jalan napas pada169 orang dewasa yang menjalani anestesi umum. Pelaku laringoskopi adalahresiden anestesiologi minimal tahun ke 2, dan menilai skor Cormack-Lehane(CL)yang dimodifikasi. Sulit visualisasi laring (DVL,difficult visualization of thelarynx) didefinisikan sebagai CL derajat 3 atau 4. Titik potong optimal (The cutoffpoint) untuk setiap tes ditentukan pada titik maksimal daerah di bawahkurva dalam kurva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Skor Mallampatidengan derajat ≥ 3 sebagai prediktor DVL. Untuk TMD ≤ 65 mm dianggapsebagai prediktor DVL.Hasil : Didapatkan 21 (12,4%) orang pasien dengan sulit visualisasi laring(DVL).HMDR memiliki hubungan yang bermakna terkait dengan DVL. HMDR dengantitik potong optimal 1,2 memiliki akurasi diagnostik yang lebih besar (dengan areadi bawah kurva 0.694), dibandingkan prediktor tunggal lainnya (P <0,05), danHMDR sendiri menunjukkan validitas diagnostik yang lebih besar (sensitivitas,61,9%, spesifisitas, 69,6%) dibandingkan dengan prediktor lainnya.Kesimpulan :HMDR dengan ambang batas uji 1,2 adalah prediktor klinis handaldalam memprediksi kesulitan dalam visualisasi laring.

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ABSTRACTBackground: We evaluated the usefulness of the hyomental distance (HMD) ratio(HMDR), defined as the ratio of the HMD at the extreme of the head extension tothat in the neutral position, in predicting difficult visualization of the larynx(DVL) in apparently normal patients, by examining the following preoperativeairway predictors: the modified Mallampati test, HMD in theneutral position, HMD and thyromental distance at the extreme of head extensionand HMDR.Methods : Preoperatively, we assessed the four airway predictors in 169 adultpatients undergoing general anesthesia. A second years resident, performed all ofthe direct laryngoscopies and graded the views using the modified Cormack andLehane scale. DVL was defined as a Grade 3 or 4 view. The optimal cutoff pointsfor each test were determined at the maximal point of the area under the curve inthe receiver operating characteristic curve. For the modified Mallampati test,Class ≥ 3 was predefined as a predictor of DVL. And thyromental distance (TMD)≤ 65 mm was predefined as a predictor of DVL.Results : The larynx was difficult to visualize in 21 (12,4%) patients. The HMDRwith the optimal cutoff point of 1.2 had greater diagnostic accuracy (area underthe curve of 0.694), with significantly related to DVL (P <0.05), and it aloneshowed a greater diagnostic validity profile (sensitivity, 61,9%; specificity,69,6%) than any other predictor.Conclusions : The HMDR with a test threshold of 1.2 is a clinically reliablepredictor of DVL."