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"This unique volume includes provision of training for current and future generations of physicians to deal with the health problems of older adults. It will also serve as a comprehensive guide to practicing physicians for ease of reference. Relevant to the geriatric age group, the volume covers epidemiology, physiology of aging, gastrointestinal physiology, pharmacology, radiology, pathology, motility disorders, luminal disorders, hepato-biliary disease, systemic manifestations, neoplastic disorders, gastrointestinal bleeding, cancer and medication related interactions and adverse events, all extremely common in older adults; these are often hard to evaluate and judge, especially considering the complex aging physiology. All have become important components of modern medicine. Special emphasis is be given to nutrition and related disorders. Capsule endoscopy and its utility in the geriatric population is also covered. Presented in simple, easy to read style, the volume includes numerous tables, figures and key points enabling ease of understanding. Chapters on imaging and pathology are profusely illustrated. All chapters are written by specialists and include up to date scientific information. "

"ABSTRAKProses penuaan dan masalah kesehatan perkotaan dapat menyebabkan penurunan fungsi kardiovaskuler pada lansia. Hipertensi merupakan salah satu contohnya. Karya ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis asuhan keperawatan pada lansia dengan masalah risiko kerusakan fungsi kardiovaskuler diakibatkan hipertensi melalui teknik relaksasi: slow deep breathing di Panti Sosial Trena Werdha Budi Mulia 1 Cipayung. Intervensi slow deep breathing dilakukan selama 10 menit dengan diiringi musik serta dilaksanakan selama 4 minggu. Hasil karya ilmiah ini menunjukkan bahwa tekanan darah klien kelolaan dan resume mengalami penurunan. Pemberi pelayanan di panti dapat menerapkan intervensi slow deep breathing sebagai upaya dalam mengatasi hipertensi. ABSTRACTThe aging process and urban problems can lead to decreased cardiovascular function. Hypertension is an example. This paper aims to analyze the nursing care of older people with risk of damage cardiovascular function caused by hypertension through slow deep breathing. Slow deep breathing performed for 10 minutes with accompanied by music and held 4 weeks. This paper shows that there is a decrease blood pressure of the three clients. The Nurse in nursing home can replace intervention of slow deep breathing as an effort to overcome hypertension."

"This book is devoted to understanding the impact of respiratory diseases in older patients. It includes reviews of physiology of the aging lung, allergy and immunology of the aging, as well as sleep changes over the life cycle. There are also comprehensive reviews on specific disease topics including chronic obstructive lung disease, lung cancer, atypical mycobacteria, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, obstructive sleep apnea, sleep disorders in older patients. Two chapters focus on unique issues in older patients; HIV and lung transplant. Included also are important chapters on assessing functional and cognitive status and end-of-life issues in older patients with lung disease. In addition to outlining the current state of knowledge, each chapter focuses on special considerations when caring for older patients. "

"Ruang lingkup dan Cara penelitian : Salah satu penyebab gangguan pernapasan adalah asap rokok. Asap rokok yang berasal dari ujung rokok yang terbakar (sidestream) juga mengandung bahan toksik dan karsinogenik yang sama seperti asap rokok utama (mainstream), sehingga efek pada perokok pasif hampir sama dengan efek yang timbul pada perokok aktif. Bahan berbahaya yang terdapat dalam rokok. Seperti CO, NO, Hydrogen Cyanida dapat menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan saluran napas yaitu menebalnya lapisan mukosa, hilang atau rusaknya silia dan kelainan integritas epitel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah asap rokok yang dipajankan pada tikus secara pasif dapat mempengaruhi tinggi epitel bronkiolus dan kandungan GSH pada jaringan paru. Sebagai model perokok pasif digunakan 10 ekor tikus yang dipajankan asap rokok 5 batang/20 menit setiap hari selama 12 minggu dan selama pengasapan 10 ekor tikus kontrol dikeluarkan, Kemudian diambil jaringan bronkiolus tikus untuk dibuat sediaan histologi dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin (HE) yang selanjutnya diamati dibawah mikroskop cahaya untuk mengukur tinggi epitel bronkiolus. Penentuan kandungan GSH dilakukan dengan cara memeriksa homogenat paru dengan metode Ellman setelah direaksikan dengan DTNB (Asam DitiobisNitroBenzoat). Perhitungan statistik tinggi epitel bronkiolus dan kandungan GSH dilakukan dengan Uji distribusi dengan Kolmogorov Smirnov (KS) dan kemaknaan dengan uji t.Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Tinggi epitel bronkiolus pada hewan perlakuan lebih rendah bermakna dibandingkan dengan hewan kontrol (p= 0,004 ) , sedangkan kandungan GSH jaringan paru lebih tinggi bermakna dibandingkan kandungan GSH paru tikus kontrol (p--0,OO).Terjadinya penurunan tinggi epitel bronkiolus disebabkan karena adanya peningkatan pembentukan radikal bebas yang dapat merusak makromolekul di dalam sel epitel bronkiolus. Sedangkan peningkatan kandungan GS1-1 pada jaringan paru diduga disebabkan oleh mekanisme kompensasi jaringan paru dalam menanggulangi jumlah Radikal Babas yang terbentuk.

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Background and method of investigation:

One etiology of the respiratory disease is cigarette smoking. The smoke from the tip of burning cigarette, the side stream smoke , contain the toxic and carscinogenic agents as the main stream smoke. Hence, the effect of the passive smoking is almost the same as the active smoking. The substances such as CO,NO and hydrogen cyanide in cigarette's smoke can induced the respiroatory tissue damage such as thickening of epithelial mucosa, loss cilia and impairment of ephithelial integrity. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of passive cigarette kretek smoking on the epithelial height of bronchioles an GSH content of lung tissue. This study was carried on 20 swiss Webster rats which divided into 2 groups. The fisns group was control group the second group were exposured to cigarette kretek smoke, 5 cigarette 20 minutes per day. After i 2 weeks treatment the rats were sacrified. Histological slides were made from bronchiole epithelium and stained with Haemotoxiline-Eosine ( HE) and using light microscope the height of the bronchioles, epithelium were measured. The GSH content of lung tissue was measured with Ellman Method, The result of the study the study were analyzed statistically.

Result and Conclusion:

The height of bronchiols epithelium of the treatmaent group were decreased significantly compared to the control group. The GSH content lung tissue of the treatment group were significantly higher compared to the control group. It was concluded thet passive cigarette smoking will increased the free radicals which caused the macromolecules damage of the bronchioles epithelium and with the consequences increased of endogen antioxidant level such as GSH."

"ABSTRAKBerhasilnya pembangunan di Indonesia berdampak positif pada usia harapan hidup, sehingga jumlah warga lanjut usia semakin meningkat. Kondisi fisik, baik anatomis maupun fungsional, pada kelompok usia tersebut telah mengalami kemunduran, oleh karena itu dengan bertambahnya warga lanjut usia akan menimbulkan berbagai masalah termasuk masalah kesehatan. Dari kepustakaan diketahui bahwa penyakit kardiovaskuler dan hipertensi merupakan penyakit yang frekuensinya meningkat dengan bertambahnya usia. Warga lanjut usia merupakan kelompok resiko tinggi untuk mengalami defisiensi magnesium, disebabkan oleh masukan makanan yang kurang, gangguan saluran pencemaan, penggunaan diuretika dan diabetes mellitus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status magnesium serum pada warga lanjut usia dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan seperti faktor usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan formal, tingkat penghasilan, pengetahuan gizi, sumber informasi, perilaku gizi, masukan makanan dan keluhan serta penyakit seperti gangguan nafsu makan, keadaan gigi geligi, diare, diabetes mellitus dan penggunaan diuretik. Penelitian cross sectional ini melibatkan 88 orang warga lanjut usia. Data didapatkan dari wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik termasuk antropometri dan pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk menentukan kadar magnesium dalam serum dan bahan makanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 54.5% menderita defisiensi magnesium. Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna (p> 0.05) antara faktor usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan formal, tingkat penghasilan, pengetahuan gizi, perilaku gizi, sumber informasi gizi, masukan energi, masukan protein baik hewani maupun nabati, keadaan gigi geligi, dan diare dengan status magnesium serum. Sedangkan subyek yang menderita penyakit diabetes mellitus dan menggunakan diuretik cenderung mempunyai status magnesium yang rendah. Di samping itu ditemukan hubungan yang kuat antara gangguan nafsu makan dan masukan magnesium dengan status magnesium serum.

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The successful development in Indonesia has a positive impact on the life expectancy at birth, leading to the increasing number of elderly. The physical condition of this age group either anatomically as well as functionally is declining with age. With the increasing number of this elderly group several health problems will emerge including, the high frequency of cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Some authors described the aetheology of these diseases to magnesium deficiency. Elderly are at high risk of suffering magnesium deficiency caused by deficient food intake, altered gastrointestinal function, use of diuretics and diabetes mellitus.

Therefore it is considered necessary to study serum magnesium status in the elderly, to know the serum magnesium status and related factors such as age, gender, level of formal education, income, knowledge of nutrition, nutritional information source, nutritional behavior, nutrient intake, complains and problems regarding anorexia, teeth condition, diarrhea, diabetes mellitus and use of diuretics.

This cross sectional study involved 88 elderly. Data were collected through interviews, physical examination, including anthropometrical measurements and laboratory assessments were done to determine magnesium content in serum and food.

From the 88 examined elderly, 54.5% were magnesium deficient. There was no significant association (p>4.05) between age, gender, level of formal education and income, knowledge of nutrition, nutritional behavior, nutritional information source, energy intake, animal and plant protein intake, teeth condition, diarrhea, and serum magnesium status. The subjects with diabetes mellitus and those using diuretics tend to have low serum magnesium status. There was strong association between anorexia and magnesium intake with serum magnesium status."