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"Thesis ini secara khusus difokuskan untuk merencanakan pemasaran hasil pabrik pengolahan kelapa sawit 30 Ton/Jam Oleh PT. ISG. Tesis ini menggunakan analisis lingkungan usaha dan aspek pemasaran. Dari analisis lingkungan usaha menunjukkan bahwa industri kelapa sawit mempunyai peluang yang sangat besar. Hal ini terkait dengan permintaan akan hasil pengolahan kelapa sawit yang terus meningkat baik di dalam dan luar negeri. Selain itu hal ini didukung dengan adanya ketersediaan bahan baku yang berasal dari kebun sendiri menyebabkan proscs produksi dapat berjalan efektif dan efisien. Dari aspek pemasaran menunjukkan bahwa pemasaran hasil pabrik pengolahan kelapa sawit dipengaruhi oleh pajak ekspor. Dari kedua aspck tersebut dapat dikatakan bahwa rencana pemasaran pabrik pengolahan kelapa sawit mendukung kelayakan pendirian pabrik pengolahan kelapa sawit PT. ISG

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This thesis is specifically planned to plan the marketing of 30 Ton/Hr palm oil products by PT. ISG. This thesis uses an analysis of the business environment and marketing aspects. The analysis of the business environment shows that the palm oil industry has enormous opportunities. This is related to the demand for palm oil processing products that continues to increase both at home and abroad. In addition, this is supported by the availability of raw materials originating from the plantation itself, causing the production process to run effectively and efficiently. From the marketing aspect, it shows that the marketing of palm oil processing mill products is influenced by export taxes. From the two aspects, it can be said that the marketing plan of the palm oil processing plant supports the establishment of the PT. ISG."

"Kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu produk yang penting bagi perekonomian Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa performan ekspor Indonesia untuk CPO, Produk-Produk Turunan dari CPO, dan Crude Palm Kernel Oil ke China dan untuk mencari pengaruh dari variable-variable independen seperti: real exchange rate, harga komoditi ekspor di pasar dunia, penetapan tarif export yang diberlakukan untuk komoditi ekspor, dan kebijakan penetapan tarif impor yang diterapkan oleh negara tujuan ekspor sebagai variabel dummy.Kami menguji penelitian ini dengan menggunakan regresi data panel. Interval waktu yang kami gunakan yaitu mulai tahun 2002 sampai 2008 dengan data quarter. Sebagai hasilnya kami mendapatkan hasil bahwa eksportir CPO dan CPKO terbesar di dunia adalah Indonesia. Sedangkan di pasar China, Indonesia menempati urutan ke dua setelah Malaysia sebagai eksportir CPO dan produkproduk turunannya. Namun demikian ekspor Indonesia untuk CPKO ke China bahkan ke pasar dunia menempati nomor satu. Untuk itu Indonesia akan untung jika melakukan spesialisasi ekspor CPKO ke China maupun ke pasar internasional.Sebagai hasil pengujian data panel dengan ekonometri didapatkan bahwa variable real exchange rate mempengaruhi ekspor Indonesia secara signifikan. Variable tarif juga memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap jumlah ekspor Indonesia ke China. Sedangkan harga komoditi di pasar dunia juga memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap jumlah ekspor Indonesia ke China. Tetapi berhubungan positif, hal ini disebabkan karena komoditi ini digunakan untuk spekulasi bisnis. Sehingga fluktuasi harganya mengikuti pergerakan harga minyak mentah di pasar dunia. Variabel CEPT5 juga berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap ekspor Indonesia ke China.

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Palm oil commodity is the one product that is important to the Indonesia's economy. The aim of this research are to analyze export performance of Indonesian exports of crude palm oil (CPO), its derivative products and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) to China and to find out the effects of such as: real exchange rate, prices of commodities in the world market, Indonesian export duty of commodities, and dummy CEPT5 toward Indonesian export volume of those commodities to China.We examine this research using panel data regression. The data periods for this research were quoted from 2002 to 2008 quarterly. As a result of this research we obtain the biggest exporter of crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil in the world is Indonesia while Malaysia possesses more comparative advantage than Indonesian in regards of the export of other palm oil products. However, in China`s market, Indonesian market share of CPO and its derivative products is lower than Malaysia. Nevertheless, in China, Indonesia has export volume of CPKO larger than Malaysia. Consequently Indonesia will benefit to do specialization CPKO export to the world especially to China.In addition, the result of econometric regression shows that real exchange rate variable significantly influence to Indonesian exports of those commodities. Also, tariff export variable give significant influence on those Indonesian exports of those commodities. Meanwhile the relation between price variable and export demand is significant but the expected sign for this variable is not appropriate with the hypotheses. We expect the price sign is negative but the result of estimation we obtain positive price sign. We state that in the world market price of CPO is used for business speculation. Finally, dummy-CEPT5 is affectively influence to Indonesian exports of those commodities."

"Indonesia is the second world producer of palm oil after Malaysia. Beside production of the palm oil, the industry is also yields a huge of amounts of palm kernel meal (PKM or Bungkil sawit). Utilization of PKM is still limited for cosmetic industrial and margarine. Hem et al. 2008a reported that PKM fermentation was used to bioconversion of maggot larvae. The most popular insect used in this particular case is the Black Soldier (BS) fly, Hermetia illucens L (maggot) (Stratiomyidae, Diptera). Hermetia illucens L. is a non-pest tropical and warm-temperate insect that has been found useful for managing large concentrations of bio-solids as well as other by-products and wastes (O'Mara et al.1999; Choct 2001). Many research studies on the larvae of Hermetia illucens L. have also been conducted in Southeast Asian countries and expanded in Indonesia. As previously reported, Hermetia illucens L. has been found effective in reducing the mass of solid wastes (Lim et al. 2001).Research study of Palm Kernel Meal conversion and bacterial succession by Hermetia illucens L. larvae (maggot). The objective of this research are: to observed how to PKM conversion occured, isolation the bacteria, study bacterial succession, to observe changing of physical parameters of substrate and storage room, and analyze the proximate value. The study consists of two part: (1) to describe the process of PKM bioconversion. (2) to describe bacterial succession by Hermetia illucens L. larvae (maggot). The research was carried out at the Loka Riset Budidaya Ikan Hias Air Tawar; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Laboratory, Depok; Microbiology Laboratory -Department of Biology, FMIPA, University of Indonesia, Depok during July 2008 -- June 2009. The study of the Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) naturally conversion of Hermetia illusens L. larvae was carried out. The substrate of PKM was added by sterilized water with the composition of 1:2 (Hem et al. 2008a). The natural conversion was done for 7 days. Sampling and isolation bacteria from PKM bioconversion was carried out every day. The isolation of bacteria was done with dilution methods by Otoguro (2006) and purification was carried out with quadrant methods by Cappucino and Sherman (2002)."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan untuk meningkatkan produksi lipase dan transesterifikasi dengan mutasi serta optimasi fermentasi dan karakterisasi enzim. Penelitian pertama, meningkatkan aktivitas lipase melalui radiasi dengan sinar gama dan ultraviolet serta identifikasi kapang. Kapang dipaparkan pada variasi dosis radiasi gama, yaitu 0, 1, 2, 3 dan 4 kGy, sedangkan radiasi ultraviolet dilakukan pada variasi lama inkubasi, yaitu 0, 1, 2, 3 dan 4 jam, dosis 0,1 J/cm2, 254 nm, 20 cm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas lipase tertinggi pada radiasi gama terdapat pada mutan NA1kGy 8,58 U/mL , sedangkan pada radiasi ultraviolet terdapat pada mutan KC4J 10,00 U/mL . Mutan KC4J merupakan mutan potensial dengan aktivitas lipase sebesar 10,00 U/mL dan juga memiliki aktivitas transesterifikasi tertinggi 0,11 U/mg . Berdasarkan pendekatan fenotipik dan molekular filogenetik 28S rRNA , isolat kapang kernel C memiliki similiaritas 100 dengan spesies Aspergillus fumigatus strain RA204. Penelitian kedua, mutan Aspergillus fumigatus BPPT-CC hasil mutasi dengan radiasi sinar ultraviolet dilakukan optimasi fermentasi dan karakterisasi lipase. Tiga variabel komposisi media yang digunakan adalah olive oil, tepung kedelai dan pH. Ketiga variabel tersebut dioptimasi dengan rancangan Central Composite Design. Karakterisasi enzim yang dilakukan, yaitu pengaruh pH, suhu dan ion logam. Rentang pH yang diujikan, yaitu pH 6 mdash;12, sedangkan variasi suhu 30 mdash;70 C. Ion logam yang diuji adalah Mg2 , Ca2 , Zn2 , Mn2 , Fe2 dan K dengan konsentrasi 1 mM dan 10 mM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media produksi yang mengandung 1,25 olive oil, 3,50 tepung kedelai dan pH 7,50 dapat menghasilkan aktivitas lipase sebesar 11,25 U/mL, yang lebih tinggi daripada komposisi medium sebelumnya 10,00 U/mL . Validasi model dikonfimasi oleh hasil tersebut. Hasil analisis Central Composite Design dan model kuadrat menunjukkan bahwa sumber karbon, nitrogen dan pH berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas lipase yang ditunjukkan nilai R2 sebesar 0,93. Aktivitas lipase optimum terdapat pada pH 6 dan suhu 60 C, serta stabil pada pH 6 mdash;8 dan suhu 30 mdash;70 C. Semua ion logam yang diuji dapat meningkatkan aktivitas realtif lipase. Ion Ca2 dapat meningkatkan aktivitas relatif lipase tertinggi dibandingkan dengan ion lainnya.

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ABSTRACTA study was carry out to increase the production of lipase and transesterification by mutation, fermentation optimization and lipase characterization. The first study, increased the activity of lipase through radiation with gamma and ultraviolet rays and identification of molds. Molds were exposed to variations of gamma radiation dose, 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 kGy, while ultraviolet radiation was performed on variation of incubation duration, 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours, dose 0,1 J cm2, 254 nm, 20 cm. The results showed that the highest lipase activity in gamma radiation was found in NA1kGy mutants 8,58 U mL , while ultraviolet radiation was found in KC4J mutants 10,00 U mL . The KC4J mutant is a potential mutant with a lipase activity of 10,00 U mL and also has the highest transesterification activity 0,11 U mg . Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic phylogenetic 28S rRNA approaches, kernel C isolate has a 100 similiarity with Aspergillus fumigatus strain RA204. A second study, mutan of Aspergillus fumigatus BPPT CC mutation with ultraviolet radiation was performed by fermentation optimization and lipase characterization. Three variables of media composition used are olive oil, soy flour and pH. All three variables are optimized with the design of Central Composite Design. The enzyme characterization is done, that is the effect of pH, temperature and metal ion. The pH range tested, pH 6 mdash 12, while the temperature variation is 30 mdash 70 C. The metal ions tested were Mg2 , Ca2 , Zn2 , Mn2 , Fe2 , and K with concentrations of 1 mM and 10 mM. The results showed that the production medium containing 1,25 olive oil, 3,50 soy flour and pH 7,50 can yield lipase activity of 11,25 U mL, which is higher than the composition of the previous medium 10,00 U mL . Model validation is confirmed by the result. The results of the Central Composite Design and Quadratic analysis showed that carbon source, nitrogen sources and pH had an effect on lipase activity which showed R2 0,93. The optimum lipase activity is at pH 6 and temperature 60 C, and stable at pH 6 mdash 8 and temperature 30 mdash 70 C. All tested metal ions can increase lipase relative activity. Ca2 ions can increase the highest lipase relative activity compared to other ions."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi dan implikasi kebijakan Pungutan Ekspor (PE) Crude Palm Oil (CPO) 2018-2020. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada skripsi ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Data yang digunakan pada skripsi ini diperoleh dengan cara melakukan wawancara mendalam kepada beberapa narasumber yang dianggap relevan dengan permasalahan yang diangkat, kemudian dilakukan analisis deskriptif dengan dukungan data sekunder. Berdasarkan hasil analisis PE dengan tarif tetap dan tarif nol dapat diimplementasikan sesuai rencana, sedangkan tarif progresif agak sulit diimplementasikan pada situasi harga ekspor aktual lebih rendah dari harga referensi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan secara umum PE mengakibatkan harga ekspor CPO Indonesia tidak kompetitif dan berimplikasi pada peningkatan pasokan CPO di pasar dalam negeri yang mendorong berkembangnya industri hilir sawit. Untuk menjaga stabilitas harga maka pemerintah memberlakukan tarif progresif dan pada kondisi tertentu memberikan fasilitas tarif nol PE CPO dan turunannya. Secara umum dapat disimpulkan bahwa implementasi Peraturan Menteri Keuangan (PMK) terkait PE CPO dan turunannya selama tahun 2018-2020 dapat dilaksanakan sesuai dengan konteks waktu berlakunya PMK, namun implikasi PMK belum sepenuhnya optimal. Tarif progresif dinilai paling sesuai oleh para pemangku kepentingan, namun perlu rumusan kebijakan yang lebih adaptif. Saat ini harga CPO masih ditentukan oleh pihak lain di luar negeri. Agar dapat berperan sebagai penentu harga, maka perlu dipertimbangkan pembentukan badan pemasaran bersama minyak sawit Indonesia.

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ABSTRACT

This study aims to analyze the implementation and implications of the 2018-2020 Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Export Levy (PE) policy. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research method. The data used in this study is obtained by conducting in-depth interviews with several key persons, who are considered relevant to the issues raised, then carrying out a descriptive analysis with the support of secondary data. Based on the analysis of PE with a fixed rate and zero tariff, it can be implemented as planned, while progressive tariffs are somewhat difficult to implement in situations where the actual export price is lower than the reference price. The results of the analysis indicated that in general, PE resulted in the uncompetitive export price of Indonesian CPO and had implications for the increasing supply of CPO in domestic markets that stimulate development of palm oil downstream industries. To maintain price stability, the government applies progressive tariffs and under certain conditions provides zero tariff facilities for PE CPO and its derivatives. In general, this study concludes that the implementation of the Minister of Finance Regulation (PMK) related to PE CPO and its derivatives during 2018-2020 can be carried out in accordance with the context of the time the PMK takes effect, but the implications of PMK are not yet fully optimal. Stakeholders consider progressive rates to be the most appropriate tarrifs, but more adaptive policy formulations are required. Currently, the price of CPO is still determined by other parties abroad. In order to play a role as a price setter, it is necessary to consider establishing a joint marketing agency for Indonesian palm oil."

"Palm Kernel Meal is solid waste from Palm Oil extraction (Ng, 2003). Akubuo & Eje (2002) reported that mechanical extraction produced Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) dan Palm Kernel Meal (PKM). Perez (1997) mentioned that Palm Kernel Meal contains rich arginin, leusin, and sistein matters. Hem et al., (2008), utilizing Palm Kernel Meal pass through bioconversion process for developing larvae Hermetia illucens L. as alternative natural feedstuff in aquaculture industry. Macromolecule composition of Palm Kernel Meal like cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin can be degrade to be simply compound and can be used by another organism like larvae Hermetia illucens L. in bioconversion process. Bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal for feedstuff nutrition consist with microorganism assistance. Suharyanto et al., (2006) define bioconversion as a certain biological process which involving microorganism or enzyme that can change organic matters. Slime molds have great play role in process reduction macromolecule composition of Palm Kernel Meal. Molds have enzyme which can reduce cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin become more simple compound.

Study about fermentation fungi already been done through isolation, identification, and fungi screening. However, only a few study about fungi related consist in process bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal reported in Indonesia. This study consist of two part. First part describes the isolation, identification, and growth screening fungi from bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal. Second part of this study describes the fermentation Palm Kernel Meal by selected indigenous fungi. The selected indigenous fungi obtained from result of the first part. The fermentation result included ash matters, crude fiber, crude protein and dry matters experiment. The study was carried out at the Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) Laboratory, Depok and the Laboratory of Microbiology, Departement of Biology, UI, Depok during April?Oktober 2009. The isolation of fungi was conducted with spread methods on Potato Dectrose Agar (PDA). Identification of the isolates was carried out on Potato Dectrose Agar (PDA), Czapeck Dox Agar (CDA), and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) based on macroscopic and microscopic morphological observation of the colonies. The Mimura agar (MA) was used for growth fungi screening.

The isolation resulted in 15 representative isolates consisting of 4 group of fungi (Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium, and Geotrichum). Based on 7 days periods of fermentation processing, Mucor groups had the highest frequency distribution and Geotrichum had the highest quantity. After the growth fungi screening, 4 isolates (P3, P4, P10, P15) was selected for futher study in part II. Microscopic identification showed P3 (Penicillium chrysogenum), P4 (Mucor racemosus), P10 (Aspergillus flavus), and P15 (Geotrichum candidum). Mucor racemosus was the most wide diameter colony on Mimura agar?MA (9 cm) comparing to other isolates. These selected fungi was used for fermentation of Palm Kernel Meal as inoculant. After process bioconversion which fermented was done, proximate analysis were carried out to examine crude protein, crude fiber, ash matters, and dry matters. Ng (2003) methods was used for this Palm Kernel Meal fermentation and Hart & Fisher (1971) was used for proximate analysis.

The results after 7 days fermentation showed that the increased nutrition of crude protein composition of Palm Kernel Meal fermented by fungus Aspergillus flavus (1,33%), Geotrichum candidum (5,90%), Mucor racemosus (0,29%), and Penicillium chrysogenum (12,09%). The increased crude fiber contains fermented by Aspergillus flavus (3,03%), Geotrichum candidum (1,93%), Mucor racemosus (4,32%), and Penicillium chrysogenum (14,11%). Chemical cellulose structure and fungi species influence the difference percentage of crude protein and crude fiber. Chemical cellulose structure which amorf shape was more easy to degrade better than crystal shape. Fungi species have difference complexity enzymes (cellulose, hemicellulose, ligninase) and optimum growth level. High oil that can blocked the optimum growth of fungi and raising temperature matter that have involved in aeration and water activity alteration were another influence factor that have made difference percentage of crude protein and crude fiber."

"Tesis ini bertujuan untukk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang mepengauhi penawaran dan permintaan ekspor minyak kelapa sawit Indonesia yang didalamnya mencakup kepada. variabel harga ekspor, produksi, konsumsi, nilai tukar, krisis ekonomi, pajak ekspor, harga minyak dunia, dan pcnumbuhan ekonomi dunia. Metode analisis pada penelitian ini menggunakan model simultan dengan menggunakan dua pelsamaan yaitu persamaan penawaran ekspor dan persamaan permintaan ekspor. Periode waktu adalah data tahunan dari tahun |970 - 2006. Ruang Iingkup penelitian kali ini difokuskan untuk menganalisa t`aktor~faktor apa saja yang mempengamhi pcnawaran dan permintaan ekspor dari komoditi minyak kelapa sawit Indonesia. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil adalah bahwa hazga ekspor, rasio perbandingan produksi dengan konsumsi, nilai tulcar, krisis ekonomi, harga minyak, dan pajak ekspor terbukti mempengaruhi penawaran ekspor minyak kelapa sawit Indonesia. Untuk persamaan permintaan ekspor minyak kelapa sawit Indonesia terbukii dipengaruhi oleh variabel harga ekspor, pertumbuhan ekonomi dunia, dan volume impor minyak kelapa sawit dari Indonesia satu tahun sebelumnya.

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The focus of this study is to detennined factors that have implication in supply and demand of Indonesian Crude Palm0il, which include export price, production, consumption, exchange rate, crisis, export tax, oil price, and world GDP.

Methodological analysis of this study is by using simultaneous model with two equation, they are export supply and export demand. Time periode of this research is yearly &om 1970 - 2006. Focus of this study is to analyse the the factor tha have implication to export supply and export demand.

Conclusion of this research is that export price, production and consumption ratio, Exchange rate, crisis, oil price, and tax export had significant effectto export supply equation. In the export demand, export price, world GDP, and last year import quantity had significant effect."

"Tesis ini akan merumuskan business plan atas pendirian pertambangan pasir PT XYZ di daerah Rumpin, kabupaten Bogor. Suatu rencana bisnis memaparkan mengenai seperti apa industri yang ada dari sisi internal maupun eksternal sehingga mendapatkan kesimpulan bahwaindustri tersebut memiliki daya tarik untuk masuk ke dalamnya. Tujuanakhir dari perencanaan bisnis ini adalah memberikan gambaran mengenai langkah-langkah dan strategi bisnis membangun usaha di bidang tersebut secara umum. Tesis ini secara khusus akan dibahas mengenai strategi dan aktivitas di level fungsional dari perusahaan dengan mengkhususkan penjabarannya dari fungsi pemasaran dan pengelolaan sumber daya manusia.

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This thesis formulate a business plan for establishing sand mining corporation PT. XYZ. This business plan describes about the internal and external environment of the sand mining industry, so that we can view the attractiveness of this industry. The final goal of this thesis is to give an overview of strategies and activities in business and functional level for establishing the sand mining company, with focusing the explanation to the marketing and human resource management function."

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Pembuatan detergen nanofluida biodegradable dari Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) telah dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuktikan bahwa PKO dapat dikonversi menjadi Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) dan dijadikan sebagai bahan baku detergen nanofluida yang bersifat biodegradable. PKO merupakan bahan baku utama dalam produk makanan salah satunya creamer. Limbah Industri creamer mengandung PKO sebesar 40% sehingga pada penelitian ini PKO digunakan sebagai model lemak limbah industri creamer. Pertama-tama PKO diesterifikasi dengan katalis asam untuk menurunkan %FFA (Free Fatty Acid). Proses esterifikasi dapat mengubah %FFA dari 4,13% menjadi 0,54% dan menghasilkan produk berupa metil ester dan trigliserida. Selanjutnya produk esterifikasi ditransesterifikasi dengan katalis basa. Pada proses transesterifikasi, asam lemak PKO berhasil terkonversi menjadi metil ester sebesar 99,52%. Metil ester kemudian disulfonasi dengan variasi rasio mol metil ester:NaHSO₃ sebesar 1:2-1:4 dengan variasi optimum yaitu pada rasio 1:4 dilihat dari nilai tegangan permukaannya sebesar 37,2 dyne/cm². Selanjutnya dilakukan tahap sintesis detergen dengan variasi komposisi MES 1,0%; 1,3%; 1,4%; 1,5%; 2,0%; 3,0% dengan konsentrasi TiO₂ tetap yaitu sebesar 0,1%. Tahap sintesis detergen dilanjutkan dengan pengujian detergen yang terdiri dari uji kestabilan, uji pengangkatan dan degradasi kotoran serta uji biodegradable. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa komposisi MES 3,0% pada detergen menunjukkan hasil yang optimum. Kestabilan detergen, kemampuan pengangkatan kotoran, degradasi kotoran masing-masing mencapai 99,8%; 71,02% dan 90,61%. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis biodegradable yang menunjukkan bahwa MES dan detergen nanofluida berperan sebagai substrat (sumber nutrisi bakteri) dengan pertumbuhan bakteri selama 10 hari masing-masing  mencapai 27,58% dan 57,9%.

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Synthesis of biodegradable nanofluid detergent from Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) is done. The purpose of this study is to prove that PKO can be converted to Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) and used as a biodegradable nanofluid detergent raw material. PKO is the main raw material in food products, one of them is creamer. Solid waste creamer contains 40% fat so in this research PKO is used as a fat model for creamer industrial waste. First of all PKO is esterified with an acid catalyst to reduce %FFA (Free Fatty Acid). The esterification process can change the %FFA from 4.13% to 0.545% and produce a product in the form of methyl esters and triglycerides. Then the esterification product is transesterified with a base catalyst. During the transesterification process, PKO fatty acids were successfully converted to methyl ester by 99,52%. The methyl ester is then sulfonated with a variation of the mole ratio of methyl ester:NaHSO3 of 1:2-1:4 with optimum variation at a ratio of 1:4 seen from the value of surface tension of 37.2 dyne/cm². The detergent synthesis stage is then carried out with variations in the composition of MES 1.0%; 1.3%; 1.4%; 1.5%; 2.0%; 3.0% with fixed TiO₂ concentration of 0.1%. Detergent synthesis phase is continued with detergent testing which consists of stability test, stain removal and degradation test, and biodegradable test. The test results showed that the 3.0% MES composition in the detergent showed optimum results. The stability of the detergent, the ability to remove stain, the degradation ability is 99.80%; 71.02% and 90.61% respectively. Then a biodegradable analysis was carried out which showed that MES and detergent nanofluid acted as a substrate (bacterial nutrient source) with bacterial growth for 10 days reached 27.58% and 57.9% respectively.

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