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"Latar Belakang: Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) adalah bahan restorasi yang terdiri dari bubuk kaca kalsium fluoroaluminosilikat dan asam poliakrilik. Pada tahap awal reaksi setelah pencampuran, SIK sensitif terhadap udara dan air yang dapat menghambat reaksi pengerasan sehingga perlu perlindungan dengan material yang kedap air dan salah satunya adalah bonding agent.Tujuan: menganalisis efek bonding agent terhadap kedalaman intrusi air pada SIK.Metode: 12 spesimen SIK diameter 5 mm dan tebal 2 mm, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kelompok 1 tanpa pelapisan, kelompok 2 dilapis varnis, dan kelompok 3 dilapis bonding agent. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam methylene blue 0,1% selama 24 jam dan dimasukkan dalam inkubator dengan suhu 370 C. Kemudian setiap sampel dibelah menjadi 2, yang satu sisi diukur kedalaman intrusi airnya menggunakan measuring microscope dan bagian lainnya diukur kekerasan permukaannya menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester. Kemudian hasilnya dianalisis secara statistik.Hasil: Pada ketiga kelompok terlihat adanya perbedaan bermakna dengan nilai kedalaman intrusi air tertinggi ada pada kelompok tanpa perlakuan dan paling rendah pada kelompok bonding agent.Kesimpulan: Aplikasi bonding agent dapat menurunkan kedalaman intrusi air pada SIK.

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Background: Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) is a restorative material containing calcium fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid. At initiation stage of reaction after mixing, GIC becomes sensitive with air and water which can inhibit setting reaction so it needs to be protected with waterproof material, the one is bonding agent.Aim: To analize bonding agent?s effect in depth of water intrusion in GIC.Method: 12 GIC speciments with 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height were divided into 3 groups: group 1 without any protecting layer, group 2 was coated with varnish, and group 3 was coated with bonding agent. All speciments were immersed in methylene blue 0,1% as long as 24 hours and was put into incubator 370 C. Then, each samples was cut off into 2 pieces, one side was measured for water intrusion using measuring microscope dan the other was measured for surface hardness using Knoop Microhardness Tester. After that, the result was analized statistical.Result: At 3 groups showed there was significant difference, the highest water intrusion depth score was group without any protecting layer and the lowest score was bonding agent?s group.Conclusion: Application of bonding agent could decrease the depth of water intrusion in GIC."

"Latar Belakang: Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) adalah bahan restorasi yang terdiri bubuk kaca kalsium fluoroaluminosilikat dan asam poliakrilik. Pada tahap awal reaksi setelah pencampuran, SIK sensitif terhadap udara dan air yang dapat menghambat reaksi pengerasan, sehingga perlu perlindungan dengan material yang kedap air dan salah satunya adalah bonding agent.Tujuan: menganalisis efek bonding agent terhadap kekerasan SIK.Metode: 12 spesimen SIK diameter 5mm dan tebal 2mm, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kelompok 1 tanpa pelapisan, kelompok 2 dilapis varnis dan kelompok 3 dilapis bonding agent. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam methylen blue 0,1% selama 24 jam dan di masukkan dalam inkubator dalam suhu 37oC. Kemudian setiap sampel dibelah menjadi 2, yang satu sisi diukur kedalaman intrusi airnya dengan measuring microscope dan bagian lainnya diukur ke kekerasan permukaannya dengan Knoop Microhardness Tester. Kemudian hasilnya dianalisis secara statistik.Hasil: Pada ketiga kelompok terlihat adanya perbedaan bermakna dengan nilai kekerasan SIK tertinggi ada pada kelompok bonding agent.Kesimpulan: Aplikasi bonding agent dapat meningkatkan kekerasan SIK.

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Background: Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) is a restorative material containing calcium fluoroalluminosillicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid. At the initial reaction after mixing process, GIC becomes sensitive to the air and water which can inhibit setting reaction, therefore it needs to be protected with waterproof material, such as bonding agent.Aim: Analyzing effect of bonding agent application in the hardness of GIC.Method: 12 GIC specimens with 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height were divided into 3 groups: first group were without coating, second group were coating with varnish, and third group were covering with bonding agent. All specimens were immersed in methylene blue 0,1% for 24 hours and stored into incubator 37o C. Furthermore, each sample was cut into 2 pieces, one part was measured for water intrusion using measuring microscope while the other part was measured for surface hardness using Knoop Microhardness Tester. Afterwards, the result was analized statistical.Result: At 3 groups show there was significant difference, the highest hardness score is bonding agent?s group.Conclusion: Application of bonding agent could increase the hardness of GIC."

"Latar Belakang: Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) adalah bahan restorasi yang terdiri dari bubuk kaca kalsium fluoroaluminosilikat dan asam oliakrilik. Pada tahap awal reaksi setelah dilakukan pencampuran, SIK sensitif terhadap udara dan air yang dapat menghambat reaksi pengerasan, sehingga perlu diberikan perlindungan dengan material yang kedap air dan salah satu material tersebut adalah bonding agent.Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan kedalaman intrusi air terhadap kekerasan SIK.Metode: 12 spesimen SIK dengan diameter 5 mm dan tebal 2 mm, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok: kelompok 1 tanpa bahan pelindung, kelompok 2 diaplikasikan varnis, dan kelompok 3 diaplikasikan bonding agent. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam methylene blue 0,1% selama 24 jam dan di masukkan ke dalam inkubator dalam suhu 370C. Selanjutnya setiap sampel dibelah menjadi 2 bagian, pada satu bagian dilakukan pengukuran terhadap kedalaman intrusi air menggunakan measuring microscope sedangkan pada satu sisi lainnya dilakukan pengukuran terhadap kekerasan menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester. Kemudian hasilnya dianalisis secara statistik.Hasil: Pada tiap kelompok terdapat hubungan korelasi yang kuat antara kedalaman intrusi air dan kekerasan SIK dengan nilai korelasi -0,868 dan nilai p < 0,05 .Kesimpulan: Semakin dalam intrusi air pada SIK, semakin rendah kekerasan SIK.

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Background: Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) is a restorative material consisting of calcium fluoroaluminosillicate glass powder and polyacrylic acid. At the initial reaction after mixing, GIC is sensitive to the air and water which can inhibit the setting reaction, therefore it is needed a protection by materials which are watertight and one of them is bonding agent.Aim: To analyze the relation of the depth water intrusion to the hardness of GIC.Method: 12 specimen with 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness, were divided into 3 groups: the first group wasn?t given a coating, the second group was given varnish, and the third group was given bonding agent. All specimen were soaked in methylene blue 0,1% during 24 hours and placed in incubator with 370C in temperature. Furthermore, each sample was cut into 2 parts, one part was measured to know the depth of water intrusion by measuring microscope while the other part was measured to know its hardness by Knoop Microhardness Tester. Afterwards, the result is analyzed statistically.Result: There is a strong correlation between the depth of water intrusion and the hardness of GIC in each group with correlation value -0,868 and p value < 0,05.Conclusion: The deeper the water intrusion of GIC, the lower the hardness of GIC."

"Latar Belakang. Kebocoran mikro masih menjadi masalah utama dalam bidang kedokteran gigi karena dapat menyebabkan bakteri dan cairan mulut masuk diantara dinding kavitas dan tumpatan. Tujuan. Mengevaluasi kebocoran mikro pada tumpatan GIC Konvensionaldan RMGIC.Metode. Gigi premolar dipreparasi pada bagian oklusal dengan ukuran 3 x 3 x 2,5 mm, kemudian ditumpat dengan GIC Fuji IX, Fuji II dan Fuji II LC. Kemudian, spesimen direndam dalam akuabides, setelah 24 jam direndam dalam larutan pewarna methylene blue 1%, kemudian dipotong melintang arah bukolingual dan diamati di bawah stereomikroskop.Hasil Penelitian. Kebocoran mikro paling besar terjadi pada GIC Fuji IX, diikuti dengan Fuji II dan Fuji II LC.Kesimpulan. Terdapat kebocoran mikro pada tumpatan GIC Konvensional dan RMGIC, dimana derajat kebocoran mikro pada GIC Konvensional lebih besar dibandingkan RMGIC.

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Background. Microleakage around restoration is still a major problem in clinical dentistry, which can cause the penetration of bacteria and oral fluids between the cavity wall and the restoration. Objectives. To evaluate the microleakage of Conventional GIC and RMGIC restoration.Methods. The premolars were prepared oclusally to a size of 3 x 3 x 2,5 mm dimensions, and were filled with GIC Fuji IX, Fuji II, and Fuji II LC. Then, all specimens were stored in aquabidest, after 24 hours all specimens were immersed in 1 % methylene blue dye, then were sectioned in a buccolingual direction, and inspected under stereomicroscope.Results. GIC Fuji IX showed maximum leakage followed by Fuji II and Fuji II LC.Conclusions. The microleakage was evident in Conventional GIC and RMGIC restoration, where the microleakage degree in Conventional GIC were greater than RMGIC."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 42-45Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is fluor containing restorative material which can inhibit carious lesion. This study was performed too observe salivary fluoride change in artificial saliva. Twenty premolars were restored with GIC and immersed in Fusayama artificial saliva (15 ml, pH 6,8) for l, 2, and 3 days. Unrestored part of teeth was coated with varnish. Fluor contents measurement were performed by taking 5 ml of artificial saliva of each group and being measured with spectrophotometer. The result showed that the highest fluor contents (3,317 ± 0.168) was on the 1st day of immersion and significantly decreased in the second and third day (2,267 ± 0,72 ± 1,455 ± 0,186, alternatively). lt was concluded that fluor was released from GIC restoration and the release was decreased with time."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2 yang tidak mengandung alkohol terhadap perubahan warna Semen Ionomer Kaca yang dilapisi coating agent. Spesimen Semen Ionomer Kaca Konvensional dan Semen Ionomer Kaca Modifikasi Resin dilapisi varnish dan nanofilled coating agent masing-masing kelompok berjumlah 10 buah. Spesimen yang telah dilapisi coating agent direndam dalam aquades selama 24 jam pada inkubator bersuhu 37°C. Spesimen dikeluarkan dari inkubator dan direndam dalam chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2 yang tidak mengandung alkohol selama 2 menit setiap hari. Spesimen direndam kembali pada aquades dan diletakkan pada inkubator. Proses ini diulang selama dua minggu. Nilai perubahan warna dihitung setelah perendaman dalam chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2 yang tidak mengandung alkohol pada hari ke-3, ke-7, dan ke-14. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada setiap kelompok yang dilakukan pada hari ke-3, ke-7, dan ke-14 p0,05 serta perbedaan yang bermakna p.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2 which does not contain alcohol to discoloration of Glass Ionomer Cement coated by coating agent. Glass Ionomer Cement and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cements coated by varnish and nanofilled coating agent and 10 specimens each group. Specimens coated by coating agents were incubated in aquades for 24 hours at 37°C. Specimens removed from the incubator and immersed in chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2 which does not contain alcohol once a day for two minutes. Spesimens then were immersed again in aquades and incubated. This process repeated for two weeks. Color measurements were made on day 3, 7, and 14 after the specimen immersed in chlorhexidine gluconate. The result showed that there were significant differences between day 3, 7, and 14 p0,05 on day 3 and 7, and significant differences to Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cements coated by varnish and nanofilled coating agent."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2% yang tidak mengandung alkohol terhadap kekasaran Semen Ionomer Kaca yang dilapisi coating agent. Spesimen Semen Ionomer Kaca Konvensional dan Semen Ionomer Kaca Modifikasi Resin yang telah dilapisi varnish dan nanofilled coating agent direndam dalam aquades dan diletakkan pada inkubator 37 o C selama 24 jam. Spesimen dikeluarkan dari inkubator dan direndam dalam chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2% yang tidak mengandung alkohol selama 2 menit setiap hari. Spesimen direndam kembali dalam aquades dan diletakkan pada inkubator. Perendaman ini dilakukan selama dua minggu. Nilai kekarasan permukaan diuji menggunakan Surface Roughness Tester setelah perendaman dalam chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2% yang tidak mengandung alkohol pada harike-3, ke-7, dan ke-14.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai kekasaran permukaan antar kelompok Semen Ionomer Kaca Konvensional maupun Semen Ionomer Kaca Modifikasi Resin yang dilapisi varnish dan nanofilled coating agent (p>0,05). Disimpulkan bahwa perendaman dapat mempengaruhi nilai kekasaran permukaan Semen Ionomer Kaca yang dilapisi coating agent."

"Latar belakang: Semen ionomer kaca merupakan bahan restoratif untuk merawat karies gigi. Salah satu kekurangan dari bahan ini ialah jika berkontak dengan asam sebelum maturasi, akan terjadi penurunan sifat mekanik yang ditandai oleh berkurangnya kekerasan permukaannya. Kekerasan permukaan bahan kedokteran gigi memiliki hubungan dengan estetika dan resistensi terhadap goresan yang dapat menyebabkan fraktur. Oleh karena itu, coating agent seperti varnish diperlukan oleh restorasi semen ionomer kaca untuk melindunginya dari asam seperti minuman berkarbonasi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi varnish coating agent terhadap kekerasan permukaan semen ionomer kaca sesudah perendaman pada minuman berkarbonasi. Metode: Spesimen semen ionomer kaca yang dibuat berjumlah 24 buah dibagi ke dalam 4 kelompok perlakuan yakni kelompok yang tidak diaplikasikan varnish coating agent dan disimpan tanpa perendaman, kelompok yang diaplikasikan varnish coating agent dan disimpan dalam saliva buatan, kelompok yang diaplikasikan varnish coating agent dan direndam dalam minuman berkabornasi, serta kelompok yang tidak diaplikasikan varnish coating agent dan direndam dalam minuman berkarbonasi. Hasil: Kekerasan permukaan restorasi semen ionomer kaca pada seluruh kelompok perlakuan mengalami peningkatan. Kesimpulan: Kekerasan permukaan semen ionomer kaca yang diaplikasikan varnish coating agent sesudah perendaman pada minuman berkarbonasi lebih tinggi dari yang tidak diaplikasikan varnish coating agent.

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Background: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a material for treating dental caries. The disadvantage of GIC is that if it comes into contact with acids before maturation, there will be a decrease in mechanical properties which is indicated by a decrease in surface hardness. Surface hardness has a relationship with aesthetics and resistance to scratches that can cause fractures. Coating agents like varnishes are required for GIC to protect them from acids like carbonated drinks. Objective: Knowing the effect of varnish coating agent application on the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement after immersion in carbonated drinks. Methods: GIC specimens were divided into 4 treatment groups. The first group was not applied with varnish coating agent and stored without immersion, the second group was applied with varnish coating agent and stored in artificial saliva, the third group was applied with varnish coating agent and soaked in carbonated drinks, and the last group was not applied with varnish coating agent and was immersed in carbonated drinks. Results: The surface hardness of GIC in all treatment groups increased. Conclusion: The surface hardness of GIC which was applied with varnish coating agent after immersion in carbonated drinks was higher than that without application."

"SIK modifikasi resin dapat mengalami penurunan kekerasan permukaan pada pH kritis rongga mulut 5,5 yang dapat dicegah dengan pemberian ion kalsium dan fosfat. Ion tersebut bersumber dari CPP ACP. Pengaplikasian CPP ACP pada SIK modifikasi resin diketahui mampu mencegah terjadinya penurunan kekerasan permukaan SIK modifikasi resin. Saat ini telah ada penggabungan propolis pada CPP ACP yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan sifat antibakteri tetapi diketahui penambahan propolis mengurangi pelepasan ion kalsium dan fosfat dari CPP ACP sehingga berpengaruh terhadap kemampuannya dalam melindungi SIK modifikasi resin dari penurunan kekerasan permukaan. Namun belum diketahui efek pengaplikasian CPP ACP yang ditambahkan propolis terhadap kekerasan permukaan SIK modifikasi resin.Tujuan: penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengaruh aplikasi pasta CPP ACP dengan dan tanpa kombinasi propolis terhadap kekerasan permukaan semen ionomer kaca modifikasi resin.Metode: Tiga puluh spesimen semen ionomer kaca modifikasi resin berbentuk silinder berukuran 6 x 3 mm, di polimerisasi menggunakan LED curing unit irradiansi 700 mW/cm2, selama 20 detik kemudian disimpan selama 1 hari kering dalam inkubator. Spesimen diuji kekerasan awalnnya dengan Knoop Hardness Tester (50 g selama 15 detik) dengan penjejasan 5 kali di 5 lokasi permukaan yang berbeda kemudian diambil nilai rata-ratanya untuk mempresentasikan permukaan spesimen. Spesimen dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu spesimen tanpa dan dengan pengolesan CPP ACP yang didiamkan 30 menit dan dengan pengolesan CPP ACP propolis yang didiamkan 30 menit. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam larutan asam laktat pH 5,5 selama 24 jam dan diuji nilai kekerasan permukaan akhirnya. Data dianalisis menunggunakan uji statistik Kruskal Wallis dan uji Post Hoc Mann Whittney.Hasil: hasil menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan awal seluruh spesimen adalah 30,68, 0,03 dan setelah diberi perlakuan kelompok A menjadi 24,96, 0,07, kelompok B menjadi 27,9, 0,01 dan kelompok C menjadi 26.5, 0,03. Pengaplikasian CPP ACP propolis pada SIK modifikasi resin menyebabkan penurunan kekerasan permukaan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang hanya diaplikasikan CPP ACP.

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The surface hardness of Resin modified glass ionomer cement can be decrease at the critical pH of the oral cavity 5.5 which can be prevented by giving calcium and phosphate ions. These ions can be sourced from CPP ACP. Aplication CPP ACP is known to be able to prevent a decrease in the surface hardness of resin modified glass ionomer cement. Now there has been the addition of propolis to CPP ACP which functions as an antibacterial but it is known the further addition of propolis reduces ion calcium and phosphate release from CPP ACP which influences its capability in protecting RMGIC from further reduction of surface hardnes. However, the effect of CPP ACP application that added propolis is not yet known on resin modified glass ionomer cement.

Objective: this study aims to compare the effect of CPP ACP paste application with it and without a combination of propolis against the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement modified resin.

Methods: thirty specimens of Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement in cylindrical shape (6 x 3 mm), 1 day dray storage in the incubator and the specimen are polymerized for 20 seconds using a 700 mW/cm irradiance LED curing unit. The initial specimens were tested for hardness with Knoop Hardness Tester (50 g for 15 seconds) with 5 times of crushing in 5 different surface locations then the average value was taken to present the specimen surface. The specimens were divided into three groups: without CPP ACP application, CPP ACP and CPP ACP Propolis application which were allowed to stand for 30 minutes. All specimens were immersed in lactic acid pH 5.5 for 24 hours and tested for final surface hardness values. Data obtained analyzed using Kruskal Wallis dan Mann Whittney.

Results: the test showed that the initial hardness of all specimens were 30,68, 0,03 and after treatment group A becomes 24,96, 0,07, group B becomes 27,9, 0,01 and group C becomes 26.5, 0,03. There was a decrease surface hardness of the resin modified glass ionomer cement before and after immersion at all groups. The initial hardness of all specimens were 30,68, 0,03 and after treatment group A becomes 24,96, 0,07, group B becomes 27,9, 0,01 and group C becomes 26.5, 0,03. The application of CPP ACP propolis to RMGIC caused."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 288-293ln dental bleaching, carbamide peroxide is usually used at concentration of 10%, 15%, to 20%. The result of our previous study showed that the application of l0% and 15% carbamid peroxide bleaching agent has increased the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of 20% carbamide peroxide bleaching to glass ionomer surface hardness. Twenty specimens of glass ionomer cement type II after exposed to 20% carbamide peroxide were divided into two application time group: 4 and 8 hours per day. Glass ionomer cement surface hardness was measured by Vickers Microhardness Tester seri HMV-2 with a wieght 0,025 Hv for 20 second. The measurement was conducted at before/no application, a week after application, and 2 weeks after the application bleaching agent. The one way analysis of variance showed a significant difference of surface hardness of GIC type II between before/no application, after a week, and after 2 weeks application in both group. t can be concluded that the application of 20% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent could increase the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement after 1 week and 2 week application periode."