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"This book presents the laboratory, scientific and clinical aspects of nanomaterials used for medical applications in the fields of regenerative medicine, dentistry and pharmacy. It gives a broad overview on the in vitro compatibility assessment of nanostructured materials implemented in the medical field by the combination of classical biological protocols and advanced non-destructive nano-precision techniques with special emphasis on the topographical, surface energy, optical and electrical properties. Materials in the physical form of nanoparticles, nanotubes, and thin films are addressed in terms of their toxicity. The different pillars of the Nanomedicine field are also highlighted. The book takes an interdisciplinary approach of medicine, biology, pharmacy, physics, chemistry, engineering, nanotechnology and materials science. "

"Akar Morus alba (murbei) mengandung oksiresveratrol yang memiliki aktivitas pencerah kulit yang potensial. Aplikasi metode ekstraksi ultrasonik dengan urea-gliserin merupakan metode green extraction yang dikembangkan karena metode ekstraksi akar murbei dengan metode konvensional maserasi memiliki kadar oksiresveratrol yang rendah pada penelitian sebelumnya, selain itu perlu dilakukan uji iritasi dan efikasi pencerah kulit karena keamanan dan efektivitas lotion ekstrak akar murbei belum terbukti secara klinis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan kondisi ekstraksi ultrasonik urea-gliserin untuk menghasilkan kadar oksiresveratrol paling tinggi dalam ekstrak mengetahui keamanan dan efektifitas sediaan lotion ekstrak akar murbei sebagai pencerah kulit. Metode ekstraksi menggunakan dua parameter yaitu rasio molar urea:gliserin dan waktu ekstraksi. Aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase diuji secara in vitro. Stabilitas fisik lotion diuji selama 12 minggu. Uji iritasi kulit dilakukan pada 30 wanita dan pengamatan selama 48 jam. Uji efikasi pencerah kulit dilakukan pada 29 wanita, yang mengaplikasikan lotion ekstrak akar murbei selama 28 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi ekstraksi akar murbei dengan rasio molar urea-gliserin (1:3) dan waktu ekstraksi 15 menit menghasilkan ekstrak mengandung oksiresveratrol tertinggi yaitu 2,42 mg/g serbuk simplisia. Nilai IC50 aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase ekstrak akar murbei adalah 178,43 μg/mL. Lotion ekstrak akar murbei stabil secara fisik selama 12 minggu. Lotion ekstrak akar murbei tidak menyebabkan iritasi kulit serta memberikan penurunan signifikan terhadap indeks melanin (p<0,05) setelah 28 hari penggunaan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah metode ekstraksi ultrasonik menghasilkan ekstrak dengan oksiresveratrol lebih tinggi dari metode konvensional pada penelitian sebelumnya, serta lotion ekstrak akar murbei aman dan efektif sebagai pencerah kulit.

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Mulberry (Morus alba) roots contains oxyresveratrol which has potential skin lightening activities. The application of urea-glycerin-based Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) was developed due to the low concentration of oxyresveratrol from mulberry roots extract using conventional extraction, besides that, it is necessary to do an irritation test and efficacy of skin lightening because the safety and effectiveness of mulberry root extract lotion has not been clinically proven. The purpose of this study was to obtain ultrasonic extraction conditions to produce the highest levels of oxyresveratrol in the extract, to determine the safety and effectiveness of mulberry root extract lotion as skin lightening. The extraction method used two parameters, molar ratio of urea:glycerin and extraction time. Tyrosinase inhibition activity was tested in vitro. Physical stability of lotion was tested for 12 weeks. Skin irritation test were performed on 30 women and observed for 48 hours. The efficacy test was performed on 29 women who applied mulberry roots extract lotion for 28 days. The results showed that mulberry root extraction conditions with urea-glycerin molar ratio (1: 3) and 15 minutes extraction time produced extract containing the highest oxyresveratrol which was 2.42 mg / g powder. The IC50 value of tyrosinase inhibitory activity from mulberry roots extract was 178.43 μg/mL. Mulberry roots extract lotion was physically stable for 12 weeks. The skin irritation and efficacy test result indicated that the mulberry roots extract lotion did not cause any skin irritation and significantly decreased the melanin index (p<0.05) after 28 days of use. The conclusion of this study is the UAE method produced mulberry extract with higher oxyresveratrol than conventional method on previous study and lotion of mulberry roots extract was safe and effective as a skin lightening agent."

"Strobilanthes crispus merupStrobilanthes crispusakan tanaman asli Indonesia yang sering disebut sebagai tanaman kejibeling. Kejibeling merupakan perdu yang memiliki berbagai sifat farmakologi menguntungkan, seperti antikanker, antidiabetik, antimikroba, penyembuhan luka, dan aktivitas antiulserogenik. Sifat-sifat ini ada karena kandungan zat aktifnya, salah satunya senyawa asam fenolat. CUAEE dapat dideskripsikan menggunakan model matematis untuk mendapatkan parameter proses. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan estimasi parameter proses berupa konstanta laju desorpsi ( ), koefisien difusi biner ( ), dan konsentrasi solut awal di dalam partikel (q0). Untuk CUAEE asam fenolat dari Strobilanthes Crispus Model matematis yang digunakan adalah model difusi bola panas yang mempertimbangkan geometri ekstraktor. Namun, mekanisme pelepasan asam fenolat ke dalam pelarut menggunakan pendekatan model desorpsi. Pemodelan dilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak COMSOL Multiphysics. Kondisi operasi untuk estimasi parameter proses dilakukan pada suhu 30oC, 40oC, 50oC, dan 60oC. Nilai dan yang didapatkan menurun seiring meningkatnya suhu yaitu 2,15x10-4 s-1, 2,05x10-4 s-1, 1,75x10-4 s-1, 4,25x10-4 s-1 untuk masing-masing kondisi operasi 303K, 313K, 323K dan 333K. Sementara itu, nilai yang didapatkan 8,05x10-6 m2/s untuk 303K, 8,15x10-6 m2/s untuk 313K, 8,20x10-6 m2/s untuk 323K, dan 4,15x10-6 m2/s untuk 333K. Dengan nilai AARD (average absolute relative deviation) sebesar masing-masing 9,242%, 5,311%, 7,807%, dan 5,669%, untuk kondisi operasi 303K, 313K, 313K, dan 333K parameter proses yang didapatkan bisa dikatakan akurat.

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Strobilanthes crispus is a plant native to Indonesia which is often referred to as the kejibeling plant. Kejibeling is a shrub that has various beneficial pharmacological properties, such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, wound healing, and antiulserogenic activity. These properties exist because of the content of active substances, one of which is phenolic acid compounds. CUAEE can be described using a mathematical model to obtain process parameters. In this study, the estimation of process parameters in the form of desorption rate constant (kd), binary diffusion coefficient (DAB), and initial solute concentration in the particle (q0) were carried out. For CUAEE phenolic acid from Strobilanthes Crispus The mathematical model used is a hot ball diffusion model which considers the geometry of the extractor. However, the mechanism of phenolic acid release into the solvent uses a desorption model approach. The modeling was carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The operating conditions for the estimation of process parameters were carried out at temperatures of 30oC, 40oC, 50oC, and 60oC. The value of k_d and obtained increases with increasing temperature, namely 2,155x10-4 s-1, 2.05x10-4 s-1, 1.75x10-4 s-1, 4,25x10-4 s-1 for each condition. 303K, 313K, 323K and 333K operations. Meanwhile, the DAB values ​​obtained were 8,05x10-6 m2/s for 303K, 8,15x10-6 m2/s for 313K, 8.20x10-6 m2/s for 323K, and 4.15x10-6 m2/s for 333K. With AARD (average absolute relative deviation) values ​​of 9,242%, 5,311%, 7,807%, and 5,669%,respectively for 303K, 313K, 313K, and 333K operating conditions, the process parameters obtained can be said to be accurate."

"Understanding live cells at the single molecule level is the most important and single major challenge facing biology and medicine today. Opening with an explanation of Materials and Methods, this book then moves through discussions of porosome discovery, calcium and SNARE-induced fusion, and vesicle swelling. "

"This brief discusses the impact of gold, silver, zinc oxide, and cerium oxide nanoparticles on the growth and viability of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterium. Moreover, it analyses the relationship between bacterial growth inhibition, reactive oxygen species generation, the regulation of transcriptional stress genomes, and the toxicity of these materials. Finally, it reviews the specific metallic nanomaterials and highlights their modes of synthesis, reactivity at surfaces, and the importance of assay procedures in determining their toxicity levels. "

"This text book will bring together a mix of both internationally known and established senior scientists along side up and coming (but already accomplished) junior scientists that have varying expertise in fundamental and applied nanotechnology to biology and medicine."