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"Gibberellic acid (GA3) application in hybrid rice seed production plays a vital role in increasingseed yield; however, improper use of GA3may affect diversely the growth of hybrid parental lines.Thisstudy aimed to investigate the effects of GA3application at different flowering stagesonagronomic traits and seed yieldof hybrid parental lines.A micro-crossing plot experiment was employed for A line multiplication (HCSA/HCSB) under five treatments: applying GA3at 0%, 10%, 30% and 50% panicle heading stagesand not applying GA3. The results indicated flag leaf length, number of internodes, length of base internode, spikelets per panicle,total dry biomass of both lines, panicle length of HCSAline and seed setting rate of HCSBlinewere not significantlydifferent amongthe treatments. However, applying GA3at 10% panicle heading to 50% flowering stagesignificantly increased plant height, length of 1st, 2nd,and 3rdupperinternodes, total length of these three upper internodesandpanicle exsertion rate of these lines.Interestingly, applying GA3at 30% panicle heading stage enhancedA line to producesignificantly higher panicle exsertion, stigma exsertion, andseed setting rates, ultimately leading to the highest seed yieldof A line, whileapplying GA3at0% panicle headingstage slightly reducedpanicle exsertion rate, and produced lowerseed yieldof both parental lines.These results suggest that applying GA3 at 30% panicle heading stage can be aneffective methodfor increasing seed yieldofA line.A verification testis necessary to confirm the present results."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh produksi padi yang berfluktuasi setiap tahun (kadangkala surplus, pada waktu lain defisit). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis faktor penyebab produksi padi berfluktuasi, menganalisis dampak degradasi lingkungan yang diakibatkan oleh teknik budidaya pertanian padi sawah, mengevaluasi sistem pertanian padi sawah di Indonesia, dan merumuskan konsep sistem pertanian padi sawah yang berkelanjutan. Pendekatan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan metode survey. Metode statistik berupa ukuran pemusatan, analisis koefisien korelasi, dan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dilakukan pada penelitian ini. Metode lain adalah analisis deskriftif dan metode scoring. Lokasi penelitian mencakup 11 lokasi yang mewakili tiga tipe curah hujan (monsunal, equatorial, lokal) di Indonesia.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produksi padi yang menurun disebabkan oleh faktor iklim regional (osilasi Selatan), serangan hama penyakit (tikus dan wereng coklat), umur varietas padi yang ditanam (varietas padi berumur pendek), dan irigasi. Pertanian padi sawah juga tidak efisien pada penggunaan unsur hara, timbulnya lapisan kedap air, dan emisi gas rumah kaca (CH4, N2O, H2O, dan CO2). Lapisan kedap air memicu banjir dan longsor untuk lingkungan di sekitar persawahan. Hasil evaluasi pertanian padi sawah menghasilkan nilai 13 yang berarti bahwa pertanian padi sawah yang saat ini berlangsung adalah tidak berkelanjutan. Rekomendasi yang dihasilkan pada penelitian ini adalah konsep sistem pertanian padi sawah berkelanjutan yang mencakup aspek ruang, waktu, keanekaragaman varietas padi, dan teknologi budidaya pertanian padi sawah.

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This research is motivated by fluctuating rice production every year ( sometimes a surplus, at other times the deficit ). The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors causing rice production fluctuates, analyze the impact of environmental degradation caused by lowland rice cultivation techniques, evaluating systems in Indonesian rice paddy farming, farming systems and formulate the concept of sustainable lowland rice. The approach used in this study is a quantitative survey method. Statistical methods such as measures of central tendency, correlation coefficient analysis, and analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) was performed in this study. Another method is the descriptive analysis and scoring methods. Location of the study includes 11 sites representing three types of rainfall ( monsoon , equatorial , local ) in Indonesia.

The results showed that rice production is declining due to regional climatic factors (Southern oscillation), attack of pests (rats and brown planthopper), age rice varieties planted (varieties of rice shortlived ), and irrigation. Lowland rice farming is also inefficient in the use of nutrients , the incidence of water-resistant coating, and greenhouse gas emissions (CH4 , N2O , H2O , and CO2). Waterproof coating triggered floods and landslides to the environment in the surrounding rice fields. The results of the evaluation of lowland rice farming produces 13 which means that the value of agricultural land paddy which is currently in progress is not sustainable. Recommendations are generated in this study is the concept of sustainable lowland rice farming systems that include aspects of space, time, diversity of rice varieties and rice paddy agriculture cultivation technology."

"Pertanian memberikan kontribusi penting bagi perekonomian Indonesia sebagai salah satu sektor penyumbang PDB dan penyerapan tenaga kerja terbesar di Indonesia. Namun kontribusi yang besar dari sisi makro juga tidak memberikan kontribusi yang besar dari sisi mikro. Banyak keluarga petani masih bergantung pada sektor non pertanian untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Sangat sedikit penelitian tentang dampak pendapatan non-pertanian terhadap kegiatan pertanian, khususnya di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh pendapatan non pertanian terhadap produktivitas dan pembelian input pertanian. Dengan menggunakan metode two-stage least square (2SLS), dimana akses air leding dan kepemilikan kendaraan bermotor dimasukkan sebagai variabel instrumen, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendapatan dan partisipasi di sektor non pertanian mampu meningkatkan produktivitas dan pembelian kendaraan bermotor. input pertanian pada keluarga petani padi sawah. di Indonesia. Hal ini menegaskan pentingnya pengembangan sektor non pertanian bagi petani, selain sebagai sumber pendapatan, juga mampu mendukung sektor pertanian.

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Agriculture provides an important contribution to the Indonesian economy as one of the sectors contributing to GDP and the largest employment in Indonesia. However, the big contribution from the macro side also did not make a big contribution from the micro side. Many farming families still depend on the non-agricultural sector to meet their needs. There has been very little research on the impact of non-agricultural incomes on agricultural activities, particularly in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to determine how non-agricultural income affects productivity and agricultural input purchases. By using the two-stage least square (2SLS) method, where access to piped water and ownership of motorized vehicles were included as instrument variables, this study found that income and participation in the non-agricultural sector were able to increase productivity and purchase of motorized vehicles. agricultural input in lowland rice farmer families. in Indonesia. This emphasizes the importance of developing the non-agricultural sector for farmers, apart from being a source of income, also being able to support the agricultural sector."

"Kecamatan Ciwidey merupakan kawasan agropolitan peruntukan pertanian yang memiliki potensi tinggi untuk pengembangan jenis pertanian salah satunya adalah pertanian padi sawah. Padi sawah di Kecamatan Ciwidey mengalami eksistensi ditandai atas penurunan luasan lahan pertanian padi sawah. Menurunnya luasan lahan padi sawah akan berimbas pada rendahnya besaran pendapatan yang diterima petani padi sawah. Rendahnya pendapatan yang dimiliki petani padi sawah akan mendorong petani padi sawah untuk melakukan berbagai kegiatan strategi penghidupan. Dalam melakukan strategi penghidupan, rumah tangga petani padi sawah memiliki peran penting untuk mengambil keputusan paling mendasar. Kondisi demografi rumah tangga dan kondisi ekonomi rumah tangga menjadi karakteristik terbentuknya tipologi rumah tangga. Rumah tangga tangga petani padi sawah di Kecamatan Ciwidey terdiri dari rumah tangga petani miskin, rumah tangga petani sederhana, rumah tangga petani kaya dan rumah tangga petani sejahtera. Secara spasial rumah tangga petani miskin terkonsentrasi paling dominan pada aksesibilitas rendah yang ditunjukan pada jaringan jalan lokal bentuk medan terjal berbukit. Sedangkan pada aksesibilitas tinggi terkonsentrasi paling dominan pada rumah tangga petani sederhana dan rumah tangga petani kaya. Fenomena yang terjadi dalam penelitian ini ialah rumah tangga petani sejahtera hanya berada pada aksesibilitas rendah. Variasi spasial tipologi rumah tangga petani padi sawah menjadi dasar dari strategi penghidupan petani padi sawah. Petani padi sawah bukan hanya memiliki satu jenis strategi, melainkan bisa lebih dari satu jenis strategi penghidupan. Strategi penghidupan petani padi sawah yang paling dominan pada aksesibilitas tinggi ialah strategi intensifikasi, strategi diversifikasi pertanian, dan strategi diversifikasi non pertanian. Sedangkan pada aksesibilitas yang rendah, petani padi sawah paling dominan melakukan ekstensifikasi pertanian, ekstensifikasi campuran dan migrasi non pertanianCiwidey District is an agropolitan area allotment that has a high potential for the development of agriculture, one of which is paddy rice farming. Rice lowland in The Ciwidey Subdistrict decrease in the area of paddy rice farming. The decrease in the area of paddy rice will impact on the low amount of income received by rice paddy farmers. The low income of the paddy rice farmers will encourage the paddy farmers to carry out various livelihood strategy activities. In carrying out livelihood strategies, households of lowland rice farmer have an important role to make the most basic decisions. Demographic conditions of households and economic conditions of households are characteristic of the formation of household typologies. Lowland rice farmer households in Ciwidey District consist of poor farmer households, simple peasant households, rich peasant households, and prosperous peasant households. Spatially, poor farmers' households are concentrated most dominantly on low accessibility as indicated by the local road network in the form of hilly terrain. While the high accessibility is concentrated most dominantly in simple farm households and rich farm households. The phenomenon that occurs in this research is that prosperous farm households only have low accessibility. Spatial variation in the typology of households of paddy rice farmers is the basis of the livelihood strategies of paddy rice farmers. Paddy rice farmers not only have one type of strategy but can be more than one type of livelihood strategy. The most dominant rice farmers' livelihood strategies in high accessibility are intensification strategies, agricultural diversification strategies, and non-agricultural diversification strategies. Whereas in the low accessibility, the most dominant paddy rice farmers carried out agricultural extensification, mixed extensification, and non-agricultural migration."

"Tanaman padi merupakan salah satu tanaman sebagai indikator dalam menentukan ketahanan pangan di Indonesia, Perlu dilakukan estimasi produktivitas padi untuk memberikan informasi dalam menentukan suatu kebijakan pada hasil produksi. Seiring berkembangnya teknologi, penginderaan jauh dapat mengestimasi produktivitas untuk pola tanam yang bersifat heterogen secara lebih akurat dan efisien dengan melakukan pendugaan umur tanaman padi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis distribusi spasial umur tanam dan estimasi produktivitas tanaman padi sawah di Kecamatan Banysuari, Kabupaten Karawang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan menggunakan metode Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) yang digunakan untuk melakukan pendugaan umur tanam tanaman padi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa indeks vegetasi dengan metode NDVI yang digunakan memiliki tingkat akurasi sebesar 90%. Distribusi spasial di Kecamatan Banyusari memiliki 5 wilayah berbeda berdasarkan umur tanamnya, dan waktu penanaman terdistribusi dari bagian tengah ke bagian timur dan barat wilayah Kecamatan Banyusari, Kabupaten Karawang secara bersamaan, lalu diikuti ke bagian utara dan selatan setelahnya. Estimasi produktivitas tanaman padi sawah yang dihitung memiliki nilai koefisien sebesar 0,891 dengan sifat hubungan kuat dan positif antara nilai NDVI dengan produksi di lapangan. Hasil estimasi produktivitas unggul pada bagian tengah dan barat Kecamatan Banyusari sebesar 7,80 ton/ha per tahun...... Rice is one of the plants as an indicator in determining food security in Indonesia. It is necessary to estimate rice productivity to provide information in determining policy on production results. As technology develops, remote sensing can estimate productivity for heterogeneous cropping patterns more accurately and efficiently by estimating the age of rice plants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of planting age and estimation of the productivity of lowland rice in the Banyusari District, Karawang Regency. The method used in this research is Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) which is used to estimate the age of rice plants. The results showed that the vegetation index using the NDVI method used had an accuracy rate of 90%. The spatial distribution in the Banyusari District has 5 different region based on the age of planting, and the planting time is distributed from the center to the eastern and western parts of the Banyusari District, Karawang Regency simultaneously, then followed to the north and south afterward. The estimated productivity of lowland rice is calculated to have a coefficient of 0.891 with the nature of a strong and positive relationship between the value of NDVI and production in the field. The results of the estimation of superior productivity in the central and western parts of the Banyusari District are 7.80 tons/ha per year"

"ABSTRACTCropping intensification in rainfed rice based farming systems through multiple cropping after the rice harvest by using residual soil moisture and supplemental irrigation offers a way to increase agricultural productivity and boost rural incomes in Northeast Thailand. This study identifies localities, planted areas, types of crops, and number of households growing crops after rainfed rice in Khon Kaen Province; it also analyzes some of the physical and social factors associated with the occurrence of this system. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 2013 of 198 agricultural extension officers in each subdistrict (tambol) in the province to collect data on multiple cropping. An area of 10,384 ha (2.9% of the total rainfed rice area) was used for multiple cropping by 16,184 households (10.9% of all rainfed rice farming households). Both field crops (e.g., cassava, crotalaria, field corn) and vegetables (e.g., sweet corn, watermelon, Chinese radish) were grown. These crops generated USD414 to 49,072 per hectare per crop for a total revenue of USD32 million, which is three times higher than the value of rice grown in the same field area. However, the area that can be utilized for multiple cropping in different subdistricts may be limited by physical conditions, including availability of irrigation sources and soil texture, as well as social and economic factors such as availability of markets, institutional support, and farmer skills."