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"Various methods for interpreting and understanding religious texts have long been developed in Islam. The development of this tradition is intricately linked to the need to interpret Islam's holy book, the Qur’an. It is widely understood that the verses of the Qur’an have various dimensions, namely the muhkâm (clear) and mutasyâbih (ambiguous), ‘âmm (general), khash (specific), qath’i (definitive), and dhanniy (presumptive). To address this, ta’wil was developed as method of textual interpretation. Ibn ‘Arabi represents a significant figure in the history of Islamic philosophical Sufism. He believed that for everything that appears literal, external, or exoteric (zhâhir), there is always a connection to something hidden, spiritual, internal, or esoteric (bâthin). For Ibn ‘Arabi, ta’wil is an esoteric spiritual interpretation that understands all material data and facts as symbols to transmute and “return” them to what is being symbolized. Every manifestation, every exoteric meaning (zhâhir), always has an esoteric meaning (bâthin). In other words, ta’wil is a process of interpretation that involves delving into the furthest depths of symbols to uncover the spiritual secrets of the text. The creative imagination of the interpreter plays a significant role in the process of ta’wil, serving as a mediator between the hidden divine essence and the manifestation of the pluralities of nature, akin to the world of ideas, culminating in the concept of symbols. Symbols are reflections of exemplars (mitsâl) of the sensory world depicted within the hierarchy of presence (hadhrâh), namely the presence of essence (hadhrah al-dzât), the Divine presence (hadhrah al-ulûhiyyah), the presence of various Divine actions or deeds (hadhrah al-af’âl, hadhrah rubûbiyyah), the presence of shadows and active imagination (hadhrah al-mitsâl wa al-khayyâl), and the sensory and visible presence (hadhrah al-hiss wa al-musyâhadah). In this context, the creative imagination of the interpreter, generated through the ascent to a higher meaning, is a new creation that recurs (khalq jadîd), a divine manifestation (theophany), with the heart as the Divine Presence within the interpreter. For this reason, ta’wil (as a method of text interpretation) necessitates extensive knowledge, comprehension, a willingness to engage with the text’s substance, adherence to legitimate and authoritative sources, and an interpreter’s inventiveness. Ta’wil, therefore, represents a blend of empirical, rational, and intuitive methods, emphasizing the spiritual perspective of reason to achieve the truth."

"Tesis ini adalah penelitian terhadap apa itu hakikat realitas menurut Slavoj Zizek. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode refleksi kritis dan fenomenologi-hermeneutika Gadamer untuk menganalisis teori yang ditawarkan oleh Slavoj Zizek. Menggabungkan Psikoanalisis Lacanian dengan Idealisme Jerman, pemikiran Zizek penuh dengan kontradiksi dan paradoks karena memang realitas itu ternyata sarat dengan kontradiksi. Realitas simbolik ternyata hanyalah fiksi yang menyembunyikan di belakangnya suatu void yang memberikan dimensi performatif. Temuan penelitian ini adalah tidak ada sesuatu yang konsisten akan dirinya sendiri; dan dengan demikian realitas simbolik tidak lengkap, tidak selesai, dan berkontradiksi secara internal. Dalam pemikiran Zizek tidak ada sesuatu yang tidak cacat secara ontologis; tidak ada substansi yang bukan merupakan kegagalan representasi namun justru kegagalan representasi ini adalah konstitutif akan esensi substansi. Akan tetapi, sejauh realitas itu tidak utuh dan terbelah dari dalam, subjek memiliki potensi untuk bebas secara radikal: subjek dapat membangun dunia lain, realitas simbolik yang lain.

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This thesis is a research on what is reality according to Slavoj Zizek. This study uses critical reflection and Gadamer's phenomenology-hermeneutics methods to analyze the theory offered by Slavoj Zizek. Combining Lacanian Psychoanalysis with German Idealism, Zizek's thinking is full of contradictions and paradoxes because reality is indeed full of contradictions. Symbolic reality turns out to be just a fiction that hides behind it a void that gives a performative dimension. The findings of this study are that nothing is self-consistent; and thus symbolic reality is incomplete, inconsistent, and internally contradictory. In Zizek's thinking there is nothing that is not ontologically flawed; there is no substance which is not a failure of representation but rather that this failure of representation is constitutive of the substance’s essence. However, in as much as reality is incomplete and divided from within, the subject has the potential to be radically free: the subject can construct another world, another symbolic reality."

"Paul Ricoeurʹs contribution to the theory of interpretation, or hermeneutics, is considerable: he ranks among the masters of this discipline alongside Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger and Gadamer. In addition to major works like The Conflict of Interpretations, he wrote many articles and shorter texts which deserve to be discovered and rediscovered. These allow us to gain a deeper understanding of the development of his work over time and to appreciate the full range of his contribution. Some of the texts examine the nature of metaphor while others guide the reader through the many challenges of the hermeneutic problem - from the symbol to the text, then to the text as action, taking full account of the ethical implications. Here one encounters Ricoeurʹs reflections on the future of hermeneutics and his abiding concern to explore the relations between hermeneutics and analytical philosophy. -- Back cover."

"Agen moral otonom ndash;yang bebas dari pengaruh ekstenal dan secara a priori merumuskan prinsip-prinsip oyektif-universal yang menjadi kewajibannya ndash;dikonstruksi Kant dalam pengaruh Pencerahan, yang cenderung bersandar pada rasio dan menolak tradisi atau otoritas eksternal. Di sisi lain agen moral historis ndash;yang berakar dalam komunitas dan dideterminasi historisitasnya ndash;dirumuskan MacIntyre di bawah pengaruh Postmodernisme yang asumsi-asumsi Pencerahan seperti otonomi. Dengan menggunakan hermeneutika Gadamer sebagai conceptual framework dan didukung oleh konsep refleksi kritis Habermas, ditemukan bahwa operasi akal dan hati nurani untuk menginternalisasi dan mengkritisi norma-norma komunitas memungkinkan agen moral historis tetap memiliki otonomi karena tidak dideterminasi oleh historisitasnya.

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Autonomy moral agent ndash free of external influence and in a priori formulates objective and universal principles that become his obligation ndash constucted by Kant in the effects of enlightenment, which inclined towards rationality and rejected traditional or external authority. On the other hand, historical moral agent ndash grounded in community and determined by his historicity ndash defined by MacIntyre in light of Postmodernism with its anti enlightenment assumtions like authonomy. Using Gadamer rsquo s hermeneutics as conceptual framework, supported by a critical theory of Habermas, it was found that operation of reason and conscience to internalized and critized the norms of community enable autonomy of historical moral agent because he is not determined by his historicity."

"Disertasi ini merupakan studi hermeneutika feminisme bagi penafsiran Alquran, khususnya hermeneutika feminisme dalam pemikiran Amina Wadud. Problem metodologis dalam penafsiran Alquran telah melahirkan penafsiran yang bias gender dan telah membuat perempuan menjadi subordinat dan tertindas. Isu-isu gender telah melahirkan pandangan bahwa kedudukan perempuan lebih rendah dari laki-laki dan kemanusiaan perempuan tidak utuh. Dalam upaya mencapai kesetaraan dan keadilan gender, Wadud membongkar bias gender dalam penafsiran Alquran untuk direinterpretasi dengan pendekatan hermeneutika feminisme.Tujuan disertasi ini adalah memformulasikan model hermeneutika feminisme dalam pemikiran Wadud, yaitu mengeksplisitkan cara kerja dan asumsi-asumsi metodologis yang terkandung dalam hermeneutika feminisme. Konstribusi penting hermeneutika feminisme adalah memunculkan tafsir feminis, sebuah tafsir yang mengumandang suara perempuan dalam Alquran.

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This dissertation is the study of feminist hermeneutics in the Alquran, particularly, implementing feminist hermeneutics in Wadud?s literature/texts. Methodological problems in the interpretation of the Alquran has caused gender bias interpretations and has made women subordinate and oppressed. Gender isues spawned the view that the position of women in society is considered lower than male and female humanity is deemed incomplete. Thus, in order to achieve equality and gender justice, Wadud dismantles gender bias in the interpretation of the Alquran for reinterpretation.The purpose of this dissertation is to formulate models of feminist hermeneutics used in Wadud?s literature/texts. It shows how feminist hermeneutics works and methodological assumptions in feminist hermeneutics. The important contribution of feminist hermeneutics is to include feminist interpretation, an interpretation which articulates the voice of women in the Alquran."

"Pengaruh yang kuat paham Relativisme Budaya dalam konteks negara-negara Timur, Komunis, maupun Gerakan Non-Blok yang menjunjung tinggi nilai kolektivitas dan kebudayaan sehingga menganggap paham Universalisme merupakan bagian dari Imperialisme Budaya. Penolakan tersebut termanifestasi dalam batasan-batasan hak asasi yang termuat secara eksplisit pada Undang-Undang Dasar atau konstitusi negara sehingga perlu ditelaah secara komprehensif tentang pembatasan hak asasi dalam konstitusi. Metode penelitian hukum yang digunakan adalah Doktrinal dalam mengkaji secara teoritis dan historis-filosofis perumusan Pasal 28J Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 perihal pembatasan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa nilai-nilai historis-filosofis yang ditelisik mulai dari para pendiri bangsa hingga konsolidasi reformasi Indonesia yang tetap mempertahankan kekhas-an nilai-nilai berbangsa dan bernegara. Demikian, korelasi paham Relativisme Budaya dengan pembatasan Hak Asasi Manusia dalam Konstitusi menjadikan paradigma pembatasan hak asasi di Indonesia menemukan formula hak asasi dalam perpaduan paham antara Universalisme dengan Relativisme Budaya menjadi Pluralisme yang berlaku secara preskripsi di Indonesia.

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The strong influence of the understanding of Cultural Relativism in the context of Eastern countries, Communists, and Non-Aligned Movements that uphold the values of collectivity and culture so that they consider the understanding of Universalism to be part of Cultural Imperialism. This rejection is manifested in the limitations of human rights that are explicitly contained in the Constitution or the country's constitution, so it is necessary to comprehensively examine the restrictions on human rights in the constitution. The legal research method used is Doctrinal in studying theoretically and historically-philosophically the formulation of Article 28J of the 1945 Constitution regarding the restriction of Human Rights in Indonesia. The results of the study show that the historical-philosophical values examined starting from the founders of the nation to the consolidation of Indonesian reform that still maintains the uniqueness of the values of the nation and state. Thus, the correlation of the understanding of Cultural Relativism with the restriction of Human Rights in the Constitution makes the paradigm of human rights restriction in Indonesia find a human rights formula in the combination of the understanding of Universalism and Cultural Relativism into Pluralism which applies by prescription in Indonesia."