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"China has clearly emulated Russia's previous example of making loud claims and increasing military patrols in the arctic. China will likely become a major player in Arctic trade routes and become a main destination for goods shipped through th northern Sea Route. It is likely that a significant part of future Russian oil and gas production will ultimately be supplied to China. What are the strategic implications of China's active involvement in Arctic politics? The Arctic "Great Game" is often described as a new cold war between the United States and Russia. Regionally the two main protagonists are Russian and Norway. This article makes a different argument . The Arctic has recently become an issue on the Russo-Chinnese, and possibly Russo-Japanese security agenda. The first goal of this article is to examine the arctic policy and strategy of Rusia, perhaps the most difficult nation to understand in terms of arctic security. The second goal of the article is to explain how the Arctic has become an issue of concern in Russia's relationship with China."

"Increasing technology and information caused new threat in cyberspace called cyber crime. Cyber crime is a crime that emerge as a negative impact of applications development on the internet. In analyzing the impact of cyber crime towards a state defense, it is necessary to identify risk management that can know how big the probability and consequences caused by cyber crime. The risks faced in overcoming the threat of cyber crimeis not inferior to conventional wars. This causes the identified risks has to be able to produce a state defense strategy in the face of cyber crime threat."

"The present volume aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the so-called Critical Infrastructure (CI), and particularly the Critical Information Infrastructure (CII), which not only forms one of the constituent sectors of the overall CI, but also is unique in providing an element of interconnection between sectors as well as often also intra-sectoral control mechanisms. The 14 papers of this book present a collection of pieces of scientific work in the areas of critical infrastructure protection. In combining elementary concepts and models with policy-related issues on one hand and placing an emphasis on the timely area of control systems, the book aims to highlight some of the key issues facing the research community."

"Untuk pertama kalinya sejak era Orde Baru, Indonesia menarik non-tariff trade barrier-nya atau hambatan investasi, dengan membuka akses pasar terhadap perusahaan asing untuk berinvestasi pada Industri Pertahanan Indonesia, melalui diterbitkannya Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja (Omnibus Law). Sebelumnya, entitas asing tidak diperbolehkan memiliki saham dalam sektor pertahanan Indonesia. Hal ini menjadi sebuah anomali, karena Indonesia memiliki opsi lain yang lebih lumrah, seperti (1) tetap menutup pasar sektor pertahanannya, dan (2) mencapai kemandirian industri pertahanan, yang merupakan antitesis dari defense investment untuk pemain asing di Indonesia. Berangkat dari anomali kebijakan yang dijelaskan di atas, penelitian ini akan mengajukan pertanyaan penelitian: “Mengapa Indonesia melakukan liberalisasi industri pertahanan dengan membuka akses pemain asing dalam industri tersebut?”. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi terhadap literatur akademis Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, karena hampir keseluruhan literatur yang membahas terkait liberalisasi industri pertahanannya dikaji menurut perspektif teori liberalisme semata. Padahal, sebagai sebuah kebijakan yang memiliki komponen internasional didalamnya, kebijakan liberalisasi menjadi perlu untuk dikaji sebagai bagian dari kebijakan luar negeri. Sehingga, dalam penelitian yang menggunakan analisis Foreign Policy Analysis, skripsi ini akan mengkaji bagaimana keputusan Indonesia untuk membuka pasar sektor pertahanannya kepada asing dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor utama; (1) faktor level sistemik yang ditunjukkan oleh perubahan sistemik dari unipolaritas AS menjadi multipolar, dan (2) level domestik dengan mengkaji kepentingan militer dari industri pertahanan dalam negeri, kapasitas ekonomi untuk meningkatkan skala alih teknologi, serta preferensi kebijakan Presiden Joko Widodo yang berpihak pada liberalisasi dan investasi asing.

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For the first time since the New Order era, Indonesia has lifted its non-tariff trade barrier on investment restrictions, by opening market access to foreign companies to invest in the Indonesian defense industry, through the issuance of the Job Creation Law (Omnibus Law). Previously, foreign entities were not allowed to own shares in Indonesia’s defense sectors, and only SOEs were allowed to be the lead integrator in defense procurement. This then births an anomaly in Indonesia’s policy, because Joko Widodo’s administration has other options other than liberalize the industry; such as (1) preserving the protectionism nature of its defense sector, and (2) the policy goes unaligned with the interest to achieve self-reliance in the defense industry. Based on the aforementioned policy anomaly, this research poses the research question of “Why did Indonesia liberalize its defense industry by opening access to foreign investment in the industry?”. This research will be expected to contribute to the academic literature of International Relations, since it provides a new angle of analysis. Almost all existing literature discussing the liberalization of the defense industry is examined solely from the perspective of liberal economic theory, while as a policy that has international components in it; liberalization policy needs to be examined as a part of foreign policy. By utilizing the Foreign Policy Analysis, this thesis will analyse how Indonesia’s decision to open up its defense sectors to foreigners is influenced by two main factors: (1) systemic level indicated by the systemic change of U.S. Unipolarity to multipolarity, and (2) domestic-level factors by examining the military interests of the domestic defense industry, economic capacity to enhance technology transfer, and policy preferences of President Joko Widodo who is in favor of liberalization and foreign investment."

"Tesis ini membahas kolaborasi industri pertahanan di kawasan Asia Tenggara oleh Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) melalui kerangka kerja sama ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration (ADIC). Kolaborasi ini merupakan bagian dari kerja sama forum ASEAN Defense Minister Meeting (ADMM) yang berdiri tahun 2011. ADIC dibentuk untuk membentuk suatu platform alat pertahanan ataupun persenjataan yang dapat digunakan secara bersama dengan biaya yang cukup rendah. Negara-negara Asia Tenggara yang terlibat di dalam ADIC di antaranya adalah empat negara besar Asia Tenggara seperti Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapura, dan Thailand. Walaupun demikian, hingga saat ini ADIC belum menunjukkan perkembangan yang signifikan, dan terlihat gagal dalam mencapai tujuannya di dalam concept paper pembentukannya. Penelitian yang menggunakan kerangka analisis berupa Economic Collaboration ini menemukan bahwa terdapat faktor-faktor penghambat yang menyebabkan kegagalan kerja sama. Faktor-faktor in berasal dari hubungan kelembagaan di dalam keempat negara tersebut yang saling berbeda dan bermasalah, ditambah dengan persepsi ancaman yang cukup berbeda dari keempat negara tersebut. Selain itu, faktor eksternal kawasan yang berasal dari negara-negara major powers OEM juga mempengaruhi kegagalan dari ADIC untuk mengurangi impor alat pertahanan di kawasan.

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This thesis discusses the collaboration of the defense industry in the Southeast Asian region by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) through the mechanism of the ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration (ADIC) framework. This collaboration is part of the ASEAN Defense Minister Meeting (ADMM) forum which was established in 2011. ADIC was formed to form a platform for defense equipment or weapons that can be used together at a fairly low cost. The Southeast Asian countries involved in ADIC include the four major Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. However, until now ADIC has not shown significant progress, and seems to have failed in achieving its objectives in the concept paper of its formation. This research, which uses an analytical framework in the form of Economic Collaboration, finds that there are inhibiting factors that cause the failure of cooperation. These factors stem from the different and problematic institutional relationships within the four countries, coupled with the quite different threat perceptions of the four countries. In addition, regional external factors originating from major OEM countries also influenced ADIC's failure to reduce imports of defense equipment in the region."

"Dengan perkembangan yang terjadi saat ini dapat timbul suatu ancaman dalam bidang Ekonomi, Tranportasi, Komunikasi serta sosial budaya. Dari fenomena tersebut kebudayaan dan idiologi dari negara lain mudah datang memanfaatkan perkembangan teknologi, juga Program Bela Negara di Indonesia di persepsikan oleh masyarakat sebagai wajib militer seperti yang terjadi di negara lain. Masyarakat mengangggap bahwa dengan adanya Program Bela Negara mereka harus mempersiapkan diri ikut dalam program wajib militer dengan periode waktu tertentu. Globalisasi juga mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat kompleks karena dengan era globalisasi arus informasi tidak ada batasnya. Disisi lainya jumlah peserta Program Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara belum mencapai target dari yang telah ditentukan. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui strategi yang dapat dilakukan meningkatkan implementasi Program Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara Kepada Masyarakat serta menganalis dampak positip dari implementasi Program Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara. Tujuan lainnya adalah guna mendapatkan indikator yang mempengaruhi Program Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara. Desain penelitian dilakukan menggunakan kualititatif dengan metode eksploratif. Langkah pertama yang dilakukan analisis data dengan analisis SWOT dilanjutkan dengan mencari faktor yang mempengaruhi Program Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara. Hasil penelitian dengan menngunakan analis SWOT didapatkan bahwa yang harus dilakukan agar program Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara terlaksana dengan baik adalah dengan melakukan strategi meningkatkan kegiatan dari yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya. Analisa dampak positip dari implementasi Program Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara bahwa pendekatan yang paling memungkinkan dalam menangkal dampak negatif globalisasi adalah pendekatan terhadap peningkatan rasa cinta tanah air terhadap warga negara, yaitu seperti apa yang telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah saat ini dengan adanya program Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara, sedangkan indikator yang mempengaruhi perlunya Program Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara antara lain adanya Globalisasi kebudayaan asing mudah masuk, Program Pembinaan Kesadaran Bela Negara merupakan Program Strategis untuk menangkal hal negatif yang diakibatkan Globalisasi. Saat ini jumlah kader bela negara yang dididik belum mencapai target yang ditentukan, disisi lainnya Rasa cinta tanah air harus terus di kembangkan melalui pendidikan dan sosialisasi.

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With current developments, a threat may arise in the fields of Economy, Transportation, Communication and socio-culture. With this phenomenon, cultures and ideologies from other countries can easily come to take advantage of technological developments, also the State Defense Program in Indonesia is perceived by the public as military conscription, as happened in other countries. The community thinks that with the State Defense Program they have to prepare themselves to participate in the military conscription program for a certain period of time. Globalization also has a very complex influence because in the era of globalization, the flow of information has no boundaries. On the other hand, the number of participants in the State Defense Awareness Development Program has not reached the predetermined target. The aim of the research is to find out strategies that can be implemented to improve the implementation of the State Defense Awareness Development Program for the Community and to analyze the positive impact of the implementation of the State Defense Awareness Development Program. Another objective is to obtain indicators that influence the State Defense Awareness Development Program. The research design was carried out using a qualitative exploratory method. The first step was to do data analysis with SWOT analysis followed by looking for indicators that influence the State Defense Awareness Development Program. The results of the research by using SWOT analysis found that what must be done so that the State Defense Awareness Development program is implemented properly is to implement a strategy to increase activities from those that have been carried out before. Analysis of the positive impact of the implementation of the State Defense Awareness Development Program that the most possible approach in counteracting the negative effects of globalization is an approach to increasing the love of the homeland for citizens, which is like what the current government has done with the State Defense Awareness Development program, while the indicators that influence the need for the State Defense Awareness Development Program include the globalization of foreign cultures that are easy to enter, the State Defense Awareness Development Program is a strategic program to ward off the negative things caused by globalization. Currently the number of state defense cadres being educated has not reached the set target. On the other hand, the love for the homeland must continue to be developed through education and outreach."