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"Dramatic changes in the reading public and literary market in early nineteenth-century England not only altered the relationship between poetand reader but prompted new conceptions of the poetic text, literary reception, and authorship. With the decline of patronage, the rise of the noveland the periodical press, and the emergence of the mass reading public, poets could no longer assume the existence of an audience for poetry. Andrew Franta examines how the reconfigurations of the literary market and thepublishing context transformed the ways poets conceived of their audience and the forms of poetry itself. Through readings of Wordsworth, Byron,Shelley, Keats, Hemans, and Tennyson, and with close attention to key literary, political, and legal debates, Franta proposes a new reading ofRomanticism and its contribution to modern conceptions of politics and publicity."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai keterhubungan antara arsitektur dan ideologi dalam keterkaitannya dengan ruang kota Pyongyang dan Seoul. Studi berfokus pada ruang kota yang memperlihatkan perbedaan ideologi mendasar antara sosialisme totaliter Korea Utara dan kapitalisme demokratis Korea Selatan. Studi dilakukan melalui pendekatan arsitektur monumental pada lingkup Distrik Chung-guyŏk dan Sub-distrik Yeouido sebagai representasi pusat kota Pyongyang dan Seoul. Arsitektur monumental menjadi kajian spesifik dikarenakan perannya yang mampu menjadi representasi identitas, ideologi, dan memori kolektif suatu kelompok masyarakat. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, diperoleh temuan bahwa implementasi ideologi yang kontras berpengaruh signifikan dalam menghasilkan tipe arsitektur yang berbeda. Arsitektur Pyongyang memiliki penekanan terhadap fungsinya sebagai media propaganda dan simbolisasi eksplisit terhadap cita-cita ideologi nasional, Juche, serta kekuasaan pemerintah pusat yang absolut. Di sisi lain, arsitektur Seoul lebih berfokus pada penyampaian ideologi secara implisit dan kontekstual, terutama terkait perkembangan ekonomi Korea Selatan sebagai salah satu negara maju di kawasan Asia Timur. Perbedaan mendasar lainnya terletak pada pola penggunaan ruang Pyongyang yang berfokus kepada intensitas, sementara Seoul pada rutinitas dalam membangun keterikatan suatu bangunan monumental terhadap masyarakat kota

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The goal of this study is understanding relationship between architecture and ideology in the context of Pyongyang and Seoul urban areas. This study focuses on ideological contrast between the socialist and totalitarian North Korea and the capitalist democratic South Korea. Through the idea of monumentality, this study discusses the city architecture of Chung-guyŏk District and Yeouido Sub-district, as the city center of Pyongyang and Seoul. Monumental architecture is studied specifically due to its representative function of identity, ideology, and collective memory of the society it belongs to. Based of analysis on the elements of the city, contrast in ideology plays a significant impact in generating different architectural types. On one hand, Pyongyang’s architecture focuses more on its function as a medium of propaganda and explicit symbolization of the national ideology, Juche, along with the absolute power of its national government. On the other hand, Seoul’s architecture is translating the ideology in a more implicit and contextual manner, especially regarding South Korea’s economic boom as one of the leading countries in East Asia. Another underlying difference is on Pyongyang’s spatial pattern which focuses on intensity, compared to Seoul’s focus on frequency in building attachment between a monumental building and the urban society."