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"A look at the recent campaign for president of the United States would lead a non-resident to believe that human rights were non-existent in America, liven though the Clinton-Gore administration stated early on that human rights would be one of the three pillars supporting its foreign policy, Gore ignored the topic during his campaign for president. In fact, human rights in the United Stales emerged only in relationship to the death penalty in Texas.1 As governor of Texas. George W. Bush has presided over more executions than any governor in the country ? 140 since January 1995. In 1997, for example. 37 of the 74 persons executed nationally were in Texas. Of those 37, one had the mental age of a seven year old and another was a Mexican national who was denied access 10 consular assistance. Governor Bush declared during the campaign that he was confident that each of the persons executed during his terms ax governor had a fair trial and competent counsel.- Since both Gore and Bush support the death penalty and its application to minors and the mentally retarded. only the fairness of its application and not its abolition was challenged."

"One of important mechanisms considered effective to protect civil and political rights of thecitizens in Indonesia is constitutional review. This mechanism was created after the constitutionalreform by establishing the new Constitutional Court in 2003 as an independent and separatecourt from the Supreme Court. This article examines the development of human rights guaranteedin the Indonesian Constitution. It also provides a critical analysis of the Constitutional Court?srole in protecting civil and political rights in Indonesia through its landmark decisions on fivecategories, namely: (1) freedom of assembly and association; (2) freedom of opinion, speech andexpression; (3) freedom of religion; (4) right to life; and (5) due process of law. This researchwas conducted based on qualitative research methodology. It used a non-doctrinal approach byresearching the socio-political impacts of the Constitutional Court?s decisions. Although there arestill inconsistencies in its decisions, the research concludes that the Constitutional Court has takena step forward for a better protection of civil and political rights in Indonesia that never existedprior to the reform.Salah satu mekanisme yang dianggap efektif untuk melindungi hak sipil dan politik warga negaradi Indonesia adalah pengujian konstitusional. Mekanisme ini dibentuk pasca reformasi konstitusidengan mendirikan Mahkamah Konstitusi pada 2003 sebagai peradilan yang independen danterpisah dari Mahkamah Agung. Artikel ini menganalisa perkembangan hak asasi manusiayang dijamin di dalam UUD 1945. Selain itu, artikel ini juga memberikan analisa kritis terhadapperan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam perlindungan hak sipil dan politik di Indonesia melaluiputusan-putusan pentingnya (landmark decisions) pada lima kategori, yaitu: (1) kebebasanuntuk bekumpul dan berserikat; (2) kebebasan berpendapat, berbicara, dan berekspresi; (3)kebebasan beragama; (4) hak untuk hidup; dan (5) proses peradilan yang adil. Penelitian inidilakukan berdasarkan pada metodologi penelitian kualitatif dan menggunakan pendekatannon-doktrinal dengan meneliti dampak sosio-politik dari putusan-putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi.Meskipun masih terdapat inkonsistensi di dalam putusannya, penelitian ini menyimpulkanbahwa Mahkamah Konstitusi telah memberikan kontribusi satu langkah ke depan yang lebih baikterhadap perlindungan hak sipil dan politik di Indonesia yang tidak pernah terjadi sebelum erareformasi."