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"Data Kematian Bayi di Kota Bogor mengalami peningkatan dari 26 menjadi 62 kasus pada tahun 2013. Posyandu merupakan salah satu salah satu wadah dalam masyarakat yang menjalankan program kesehatan dimana salah satu tujuannya adalah melaksanakan kegiatan untuk mempercepat penurunan angka kematian ibu dan bayi. Permasalahan pada posyandu di Kota Bogor adalah jumlah kader aktif yang terus menurun kemudian kaderisasi untuk kader sendiri kurang maksimal, belum berfungsinya pokja dan pokjanal posyandu. Hasil perhitungan laporan kematian bayi tahun 2013 dan 2014 mendapatkan bahwa lebih dari separuh (55% dan 52,7%) posyandu yang wilayah kerjanya mengalami kasus kematian bayi adalah posyandu yang tingkat perkembangannya pratama dan madya. Penelitian ini ingin melihat bagaimana efektivitas UKBM Posyandu melalui faktor kepemimpinan (komunikasi, kompetensi), fungsi manajemen (perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan dan pengendalian), lingkungan kerja (dukungan sistem, ketersediaan sarana penunjang dan insentif) serta karakteristik responden (klasifikasi posyandu, umur, lama menjabat dan pekerjaan). Penelitian ini menggunakan unit analisis posyandu dan sebagai respondennya adalah ketua kader posyandu sebanyak 70 posyandu. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional metode kuantitatif. Uji yang digunakan korelasi regresi untuk melihat hubungan faktor kepemimpinan, fungsi manajemen, lingkungan kerja dan karakteristik responden terhadap efektivitas posyandu. Analisis regresi linier ganda digunakan untuk melihat faktor yang paling menentukan efektivitas posyandu. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan faktor kepemimpinan, fungsi manajemen, lingkungan kerja dan karakteristik responden terhadap efektivitas posyandu. Hubungan berpola positif yang artinya semakin baik faktor kepemimpinan, fungsi manajemen, lingkungan kerja dan karakteristik responden semakin efektif posyandu. Tidak ada hubungan faktor kepemimpinan (kompetensi), karakteristik responden (klasifikasi posyandu, lama menjabat ketua posyandu) terhadap efektivitas posyandu. Peningkatan intervensi kompetensi dan pengorganisasian akan meningkatkan efektivitas posyandu dengan mengontrol variabel umur dan pekerjaan.

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Data infant mortality in the city of Bogor has increased from 26 to 62 cases in 2013. IHC is one of one of the containers in a society that runs the health program where one of his goals is to carry out activities to accelerate the reduction in maternal and infant mortality. Problems on the Posyandu in Bogor is the number of active cadres who continued to decline then regeneration for their own cadres less than the maximum, not the functioning of working groups and Pokjanal Posyandu.

Report the results of the calculation of infant mortality in 2013 and 2014 found that more than half (55% and 52.7%) Posyandu whose jurisdiction experienced cases of infant mortality is Posyandu Pratama and middle level of development. This study wanted to see how the effectiveness UKBM Posyandu through leadership factors (communication, competence), the functions of management (planning, organizing, implementation and control) and working environment (support system, the availability of supporting infrastructure and incentives).

This study uses the unit of analysis is the Posyandu and as chairman of the cadre's respondents were 70 Posyandu. The design of the study using cross sectional quantitative methods. Correlation regression test used to see the relationship between leadership, management functions and working environment on the effectiveness of the Posyandu. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to look at the factors which most determine the effectiveness of the Posyandu.

The analysis shows that there is a correlation between leadership (communications), management functions (planning, organizing, implementation and control) and working environment (support system, the availability of supporting infrastructure and incentives) on the effectiveness of Posyandu. Patterned positive relationship means the better the leadership factor (communications), management functions (planning, organizing, implementation and control) and working environment (support system, the availability of supporting infrastructure and incentives) more effective Posyandu. There is no correlation between leadership (competence) on the effectiveness of Posyandu. Determinants of the efectiveness of Posyandu is organising and controlling. Improved organization and control interventions will improve the effectiveness of Posyandu."

"ABSTRAKPencemaran air diduga terjadi di Situ Rawa Kalong, Kelurahan Curug, Cimanggis, Depok. pH dan konduktivitas listrik merupakan salah satu parameter yang menentukan tingkat pencemaran air. Pada daerah penelitian memiliki pH 3.4-7.9 dan konduktivitas listrik 80 μS-1990 μS. Konfigurasi resistivity dan IP yang digunakan adalah konfigurasi Dipole-Dipole karena mampu memetakan perubahan resistivity dan chargeability secara lateral sehingga cocok untuk mendeteksi persebaran air limbah di bawah permukaan. Survei awal adalah membuat peta topografi, peta persebaran pH, peta konduktivitas listrik dan peta water table yang digunakan untuk menentukan lintasan geolistrik dan data pendukung untuk interpretasi. Terdapat tiga lintasan dengan jarak spasi 10 m. Data diolah menggunakan software RES2DInv. Arah aliran air tanah dan pencemaran adalah Baratdaya-Timurlaut dan terakumulasi di daerah cekungan. Berdasarkan irisan pH, konduktivitas listrik, resistivity, dan chargeability, daerah pencemaran pada lintasan 1 terletak di sebelah Barat kedalaman < 70 m dan di tengah lintasan kedalaman 65-80 m yang keduanya memiliki resistivity ≤ 6.38 Ωm dan chargeability sebesar 100-120 msec, lintasan 2 terjadi pencemaran di tengah lintasan kedalaman < 50 m dengan resistivity < 11.6 Ωm dan chargeability > 140 msec, lintasan 3 terjadi pencemaran di tengah lintasan kedalaman 60-75 m yang memiliki resistivity sebesar 6.38 Ωm dan chargeability sebesar 40-80 msec.

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ABSTRACTWater contamination is suspected in Situ Rawa Kalong, village of Curug, cimanggis. pH and electrical conductivity is one of the parameters that determine the level of water contamination. In the study area has a pH of from 3.4-7.9 and electrical conductivity of from 80 μS -1990 μS.The configuration of the resistivity and Induced Polarization (IP) that is used is the configuration of Dipole-Dipole because it is able map changes of resistivity and chargeability laterally so it is suitable for detecting the spread of wastewater below the surface. Initial survei is to create a topographical map, a map of the distribution of pH, electrical conductivity maps and map water table is used to determine the line of geoelectric and as supporting data for the interpretation. There are three line have a spacing of 10 m. The data is processed using software RES2DINV. Water flow below the ground surface is from the southwest to the northeast and accumulated in the basin. Based slices pH, electrical conductivity, resistivity and chargeability, contamination area line 1 is located to the west of line with depth < 70 m and a depth of 65-80 m at electrode to the center of line with ≤ 6.38 Ωm with resistivity and chargeability 100-120 msec, contamination area line 2 is located to the center of line with depth < 50 m with resistivity < 11.6 Ωm and chargeability > 140 msec, contamination area line 1 is located to the center of line with depth with 6.38 Ωm resistivity and chargeability 40 -80 msec."

"ABSTRAKSalah satu karakteristik kota adalah jumlah penduduk yang makin banyak dan tingginya kepadatan penduduk. Hal ini menimbulkan dampak terhadap daya dukung kota berupa ketidakseimbangan antara ruang yang dibutuhkan dan jumlah penduduk yang meningkat. Pertumbuhan penduduk kota, terutama dari arus pendatang tidak hanya menyebabkan kota menjadi berkembang, tetapi juga menimbulkan permasalahanpermasalahan baru. Umumnya di negara berkembang, kaum pendatang mempunyai tujuan untuk mencari pekerjaan.Bertumpuknya penduduk di kota menimbulkan permasalahan yang cukup rumit, baik dari segi fisik maupun non fisik, serta mempunyai dampak negatif terhadap perkembangan daerah sekitarnya, dan merupakan salah satu sebab timbulnya kawasan-kawasan kumuh di perkotaan.Secara umum, permukiman kumuh diartikan sebagai kawasan hunian yang tidak layak huni berkaitan dengan kesehatan masyarakat khususnya pada penyakit yang sering berjangkit selama di permukiman. Cermin dari permukiman kumuh diantaranya daerah yang tidak terencana, tidak teratur, dan bersifat informal, kepadatan permukiman yang tinggi serta kondisi lingkungan yang buruk.Dalam era pembangunan dewasa ini, upaya perkembangan perumahan rakyat mendapat perhatian yang besar dari berbagai pihak pemerintah sebagai upaya mewujudkan salah satu kebutuhan dasar masyarakat yaitu papan.Dalam perencanaan perkembangan hingga saat ini perkembangan ekonomi masih menonjol, sedangkan pertimbangan kesehatan, khususnya kesehatan masyarakat tampaknya masih belum mendapat perhatian.Penelitian ini mencoba memberikan gambaran tentang kondisi permukiman kumuh dalam hubungannya terhadap kesehatan masyarakat dari segi lingkungan sosial, lingkungan fisik, sanitasi lingkungan dan pola penyakit yang sering terjangk`it di lingkungan permukiman kumuh. Secara khusus penelitian ini bertujuan untuk:1 Mengetahui kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat di daerah permukiman kumuh.2 Hubungan variabel-variabel permukiman kumuh terhadap variabel kesehatan masyarakat.3 Berbagai upaya dalam peningkatan derajat kesehatan masyarakat di permukiman kumuh.Lokasi penelitian adalah Kelurahan Penjaringan di Kecamatan Penjaringan Jakarta Utara, ditentukan berdasarkan purposive sampling. Dalam Kelurahan ini diambil 3 Rukun Warga (RW) yang merupakan wilayah yang paling padat penduduknya. Selanjutnya untuk menentukan banyak sampel tiap-tiap RW digunakan cara proposional random sampling yang seluruhnya berjumlah 130 responden.Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan wawancara berdasarkan kuesioner, wawancara mendalam dengan masyarakat setempat, serta observasi langsung kelapangan. Sedangkan data sekunder di peroleh dari lapangan dan literatur penunjang yang didapat dari instansi terkait.Analisis data dilakukan secara kuantitatif dengan menggunakan rumus Chi-square yang diteruskan dengan Uji Coefficient Contingency, disertai pula dengan analisis kualitatif.Dari hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa variabel-variabel permukiman kumuh mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan kesehatan masyarakatdilihat dari faktor lingkungan sosial, yaitu faktor jenis pekerjaan, crowding index dan jenis pelayanan kesehatan,akan tetapi tidak mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan kesehatan masyarakat dari faktor pendidikan dan pendapatan. Masyarakatnya mayoritas berpendidikan, pendapatan masih dalam taraf rendah yaitu pendidikan SD, sedangkan pendapatan masyarakat setiap bulan sebagian besar antara Rp 50.000,-sampai dengan Rp 100.000,-.Variabel lingkungan fisik mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan kesehatan masyarakat dilihat dari faktor keadaan saluran/got air rumahtangga, kondisi lingkungan jalan, kelembaban udara, sinar matahari, jumlah ruangan.Variabel sanitasi perumahan lingkungan mempunyai hubungan yang signifikan dengan kesehatan masyarakat dilihat dari faktor, bau/aroma dari air saluran buangan rumahtangga, saluran pembuangan mandi, saluran pembuangan kakus, pembuangan sampah, dan sumber air minum dengan derajat hubungan cukup kuat: Sedangkan terhadap kesehatan masyarakat dari faktor, saluran pembuangan masak, saluran pembuangan air cucian tidak terdapat hubungan.Dari hasil hubungan antara berbagai variabel tersebut di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa permukiman kumuh sangat erat hubungannya dengan kesehatan masyarakat.Perlu dilakukan perlindungan dan peningkatan terhadap kesehatan masyarakat di permukiman kumuh ini, karena permukiman kumuh menurunkan derajat kesehatan masyarakat dan meningkatkan pencemaran lingkungan. Kurangnya diperhatikan lingkungan sosial, lingkungan fisik, dan sanitasi perumahan lingkungan oleh masyarakat serta kurangnya pengetahuan tentang kesehatan dan lingkungan di sekitar tempat tinggal akan menurunkan kualitas lingkungan dan derajat kesehatan masyarakat itu sendiri.

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ABSTRACT

One of the urban main characteristics is the fast growing number of population and its high density. This causes an impact on carrying capacity in terms of the imbalance between the needed space and the increasing population; particularly as rush of city's newcomers does not only imply city's development, but also generate new environmental problems. In most of developing countries, the main reason for people coming to the cities is seeking for employment. High concentration of people in the cities create complex environmental problems, either physically or non-physically, giving negative impact an the particular surroundings and constitutes one of the main causes for the existence of urban slums.

In general, slum settlement is understood as an urban settlement inappropriate to habitat in terms of the community's health, particularly the incidence rate of diseases. Slum settlement is mostly reflected in its involuntary existence, unorganized, informal by characteristics, highly dense, and bad condition. Even though slum settlement's lands are already determined their infrastructures are still inappropriate, with small alleys, muddy, far from appropriate latrines, bath and washing facilities, and lack of clean water.

In the development periods the Government has given much attentions to the development of public housing as one the Government's efforts in providing the community with shelter facilities.

Even in the national development planning the economic sector development constitutes the first priority, yet health sector, particularly community health development is still considered as insignificant.

The objective of the study is to identify and describe the conditions of slum settlement and its correlations with the community's health, in particular from the aspects of its social environment, physical environment, and environmental sanitation in terms of its disease frequency pattern. The specific objectives are:

Identify the social-economic condition of the community of slum settlement;

The correlations between slum settlement's variable to the community's health.

To provide solution efforts in increasing the community health status in slum settlement.

The areas studied are located in the Penjaringan Subdistrict, Northern part of Jakarta, which for this purpose was purposively taken, in which tree "Kelurahan" were determined as samples in terms of the densest population. Further, sample members were drawn proportional-randomly from each "Kelurahan", numbering 130 respondents.

Primary data collection was conducted by interviews using questionnaires as instrument, depth interviews with selected local respondents, and direct observation in the field. While secondary data were collected from related government agencies.

Data analysis was conducted quantitatively based on non-parametric statistic means, i.e. Chi-square, followed with coefficient contingency test and qualitative analysis.

From the analysis it? was identified that slum settlement's variables significantly correlate with those of the community's health viewed from their social environmental factors, i.e. kinds job, crowding index, and health service, but not significantly correlation with the community's health in terms of education, income, and number of family members. But field data eduction, people income majority education degree is SD (63,9%), indregree income Rp 100.000,- (37,7%).

correlate with the conmunity's health in terms of its factors, i.e. household's sewerage, neighbour hood's streets condition, air humidity, sunlight, and number of rooms with strong correlation, under lining the air humidity as the strongest factor; whereas ventilation received the weakest influence.

Settlement's environmental santitation has significant correlation with the community's health in terms of its factors, i.e. household's sewerage odour, bathroom's sewerage, waste disposal, and drinking water source, showing rather strong correlation. However, when correlated with cooking and washing waste water sewerages, there isn't any correlation to be found. In terms of latrine variable, strong correlation with the community's health has been observed as being exist.

From the variables relationship it was evident that slum settlement strongly correlate with the community's health. Further, there should be improvements in the field of community health in the slum areas, as slum conditions can degrade the community's health status and generate environmental pollution. Lack of attention in the fields of physical, social and sanitary environment could by all means decrease the quality of the community's health and the community's health status itself."