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"Latar Belakang: Sebagian populasi lebih rentan untuk terserang penyakit arterosklerosis dibandingkan dengan populasi lain. Etnis India mempunyai mortalitas yang tinggi untuk penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) dibandingkan dengan etnis Cina dan Melayu. Antibodi terhadap oxLDL (Ab-oxLDL) diproduksi sebagai respons imun dan insidens PJK di berbagai etnis berhubungan dengan respon imun ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur kadar Ab-oxLDL dan kadar lipid di kalangan 3 etnis mayoritas di Malaysia. Metode: Penelitian ini melibatkan 150 subjek sehat di Malaysia yang terdiri dari 50 etnis Melayu, 50 etnis Cina dan 50 etnis India. Kadar Ab-oxLDL diukur dengan menggunakan metode enzim immunoassai dan kadar trigliserida dan kolesterol diukur dengan menggunakan metode enzimatik. HDL-kolesterol diukur menggunakan metode presipitasi dan LDL-kolesterol dihitung menggunakan formula Friedewald. Hasil: Kadar Ab-oxLDL [adjusted mean (95% CI)] paling tinggi dikalangan etnis Melayu [1404 (1202-1607) mU/mL] diikuti oleh etnis Cina [1026 (829-1223) mU/mL] dan India [954 (744-1163) mU/mL] (P = 0.006), sementara kadar HDL-C paling tinggi dikalangan etnis Cina [1.53 (1.44-1.61) mmol/L] dikuti oleh etnis Melayu [1.44 (1.35-1.53) mmol/L] dan India [1.35 (1.26-1.45) mmol/L] (P = 0.035). Kesimpulan: Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa kadar Ab-oxLDL dan HDL-C berbeda-beda berdasarkan etnis dan Ab-oxLDL mungkin mempunyai sifat antiaterogenik dikalangan etnis Melayu.

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AbstractBackground: Some populations are more susceptible to atherosclerotic diseases than others. Indians had a higher mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD) than Chinese and Malays. Antibodies to oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ab-oxLDL) are produced as an immune response to oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL). The difference in prevalence of CHD among the ethnic groups may be related to the immune response. The objectives of this study were to determine the serum Ab-oxLDL levels and lipid profile among the three major Malaysian ethnic groups. Methods: The participants of this study were 150 healthy subjects consisting of 50 Malays, 50 Chinese and 50 Indians. Serum Ab-oxLDL was measured by enzyme immunoassay method. Serum triglycerides and total cholesterol were measured by enzymatic methods. Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was measured by precipitation method and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated using Friedewald formula. Results: AboxLDL level [adjusted mean (95% of CI)] was highest in Malays [1404 (1202-1607) mU/mL] followed by Chinese [1026 (829-1223) mU/mL] and Indians [954 (744-1163) mU/mL] (P = 0.006) and HDL-C level was highest in Chinese [1.53 (1.44-1.61) mmol/L] followed by Malays [1.44 (1.35-1.53) mmol/L] and Indians [1.35 (1.26-1.45) mmol/L] (P = 0.035). Conclusion: Our results indicate that Ab-oxLDL and HDL-C levels differed by ethnic and AboxLDL may have antiatherogenic properties among Malaysian ethnic groups."

"Sebagian besar masyarakat menyampaikan pengetahuan etnobotani secara lisan sehingga banyak dari pengetahuan mereka tidak terdokumentasikan. Tingkat pengetahuan etnobotani dipengaruhi oleh umur pada masyarakat. Namun, beberapa penelitian menyatakan bahwa tingkat pengetahuan etnobotani tidak dipengaruhi oleh umur. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pendekatan etnobotani untuk mendokumentasikan pengetahuan etnobotani dan mengetahui pengaruh umur pada masyarakat pada tingkat pengetahuan tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan pada masyarakat subetnis Batak Toba di Desa Peadungdung, Sumatera Utara. Pengumpulan data etnobotani dan deskripsi desa dilakukan dengan metode wawancara terbuka dan semistruktural. Analisis data dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif, yaitu mengelompokkan spesies tumbuhan berdasarkan kategori guna dan pendekatan kuantitatif, yaitu analisis UVs, ICS dan LUVI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 163 spesies tumbuhan berguna dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat dan dikelompokkan berdasarkan kegunaan, yaitu bahan pangan (71 spesies), kayu bakar (25 spesies), teknologi lokal (18 spesies), obat-obatan (92 spesies), konstruksi bangunan (13 spesies), tali-temali 15 spesies), pakan ternak (20 spesies), kerajinan (11 spesies), simbol (21 spesies) dan berpotensi ekonomi (12 spesies). Arenga pinnata merupakan spesies tumbuhan dengan nilai kultural (ICS) dan nilai guna (UVs) tertinggi. Bahan pangan merupakan kategori guna dengan nilai kepentingan lokal (LUVI) tertinggi, yaitu 9,9%. Tingkat pengetahuan etnobotani terendah pada kelompok responden berumur 17--30 tahun.

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Orally delivery about ethnobotanical knowledge cause the knowledge is not documented. The level of ethnobotanical knowledge in a society?s are different based on the age. However, some studies suggest that the level of ethnobotanical knowledge are not affected by age. Therefore, the ethnobotanical approach needs to documenting the ethnobotanical knowledge and identify the knowledge level of the local society about the use of plants.

The study was conducted in Batak Toba sub-ethnic society in Peadungdung rural, North Sumatera. This study used open interview and semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed qualitatively by categorizing plant species based on their use dan quantitatively by measuring ICS, UVs and LUVI.

The result show that 163 species of plant are used which are as food (71 species), fuelwood (25 species), local technology (18 species), medicines (92 species), the building materials (13 species), ropes (15 species), fodder (20 species), crafts (11 species), symbols (21 species) and economic potential (12 species). Arenga pinnata is the species with the highest value of ICS and UVs. Food is the most important use category because have the highest value of local interests (LUVI), that is 9,9%. The lowest level of ethnobotanical knowledge goes to 17--30 years-old respondent."

"Disertasi ini menguraikan tentang prosesual adaptasi etnis Tionghoa Palembangdari masa kolonial (1905) hingga pembubaran Lembaga Vreemdeoosterlingen1950 pasca Konfrensi Meja Bundar. Pendekatan adaptasi dari W. Bennetdigunakan untuk melihat proses adaptasi sosial etnis Tionghoa Palembang dalamsetiap masa penguasa yang berbeda. Penelian ini menemukan bahwa kelompoketnis Tionghoa Palembang mampu beradaptasi dan mempertahankan eksistensinyadi Palembang. Tercatat bahwa proses adaptasi tersebut berlangsung sejak masaKerajaan Sriwijaya dan semakin mengkristal pada masa Kesultanan Palembang.Segi budaya dan fleksibelitas dalam aspek religi etnis Tionghoa di Palembangmemainkan peran penting, baik sebagai katalisator maupun mempermudah untukberdinamika dalam ruang Palembang. Melalui integrasi keagamaan kelompok etnisTionghoa membangun sarana/lembaga pernikahan dengan masyarakat lokal sejakmasa Kerajaan Sriwijaya, hingga masa Kesultanan Palembang. Kebudayaan etnisTionghoa yang berasal dari negeri leluhur ternyata memiliki sedikit kemiripandengan kebudayan Melayu-Islam Palembang milik masyarakat lokal, sehinggamampu berpadu tanpa terjadi friksi/ konflik. Tradisi Ceng Beng yang berpadudengan tradisi ziarah kubur (Kubro) milik etnis Tionghoa Palembang, terserapnyabahasa Tionghoa ke dalam bahasa Melayu di Palembang, hingga aspek kuliner(Pempek) yang kemudian menjadi representasi kuliner bersama sebagai identitaskota Palembang menunjukkan bagaimana kemampuan adaptasi etnis Tionghoa diPalembang.

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This dissertation describes the process of adaptation of Palembang Chinese

ethnicity from the colonial period (1905) to the dissolution of the

Vreemdeoosterlingen Institute in 1950 after the Round Table Conference. The

adaptation approach from W. Bennett is used to see the process of social adaptation

of the Palembang Chinese ethnicity in each different ruling period. This research

found that the Palembang Chinese ethnic group was able to adapt and maintain its

existence in Palembang. It is recorded that this adaptation process took place since

the Sriwijaya Kingdom and became increasingly crystallized during the Palembang

Sultanate. In terms of culture and flexibility in the religious aspects of the ethnic

Chinese in Palembang, they play an important role, both as a catalyst and to

facilitate dynamics in Palembang's space. Through religious integration, the

Chinese ethnic group built marriage facilities/institutions with the local community

from the time of the Sriwijaya Kingdom to the Palembang Sultanate. It turns out

that the culture of the Chinese ethnic originating from their ancestral country has

little resemblance to the Palembang Malay-Islamic culture belonging to the local

community, so that they are able to blend together without friction/conflict. The

Ceng Beng tradition combined with the tradition of pilgrimage to graves (Kubro)

belonging to Palembang Chinese ethnicity, the absorption of Chinese into the

Malay language in Palembang, to the culinary aspect (Pempek) which later became

a joint culinary representation as the identity of the city of Palembang shows how

the Chinese ethnic adaptation ability in Palembang."