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"Coal is the main commodity required by various countries as a substitute for petroleum as an energy source. This study aims to look at the competitiveness of Indonesian coal exports and the development of Indonesian coal in eight countries of export destination and want to study the effect of the ratio of the price of coal, the export destination country's GDP, exchange rate, and the value of RCA against Indonesian coal exports. Export destinations in this study are China, India, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines and the study period is 2002-2012.. This study uses RCA index, EPD, and IIT and panel data regression analysis. The results show that in general the development of export coal to eight destination countries has increased. RCA results show Indonesian coal generally has a comparative advantage in the eight countries of export destination. Based on EPD index, almost in all destination countries except Hong Kong, Indonesia coal competitive position is a rising star. Based on the method of IIT, the nature of Indonesia's trade with all destination countries except Hong Kong are weak integration that is no integration. Variables that affect the volume of coal exports is real GDP export destinations, the real exchange rate of export destinations, and RCA. Meanwhile, the Indonesian coal price ratio does not significantly affect the volume of Australian coal exports."

"Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh suplementasi 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-karoten dan 400 IU alfa-tokoferol sehari selama. 2 minggu terhadap fimgsi makula perokok sedang.Desain: Uji klinik eksperimental secara acak dan tersamar gandaMetode: Empat belas perokok sedang mendapatkan suplementasi antioksidan (kelompok perlakuan) 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-karoten dan 400 IU alfa-tokoferol sehari selama 2 minggu. Empat belas perokok sedang mendapatkan plasebo (kelompok kontrol). Pemeriksaan fovea! threshold, photopic electrorelinography (ERG) dan kadar antioksidan total serum dilakukan pre- dan post-suplementasi.Hasil: Foveal threshold pads kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol bertuut turut adalah 35,0 ± 3,1 dB dan 31,1 ± 3,0 dB. Amplitudo photopic ERG pada kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol berturut turut adalah 124,3 ± 34,5 pV dan 72,1 ± 19,9 V. Waktu implistt photopic ERG pads kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol berturut-turut adalah 33,8 ± 1,4 msec dan 36,6 ± 1,8 msec. Kadar antioksidan total serum pada kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol berturut turut adalah I,48 ± 0,09 mg/dL dan 1,39 ± 0,11 mg/dL. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) antara kedua kelompok penelitian.Kesimpulan: Suplementasi 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-karoten dan 400 IU alfa-tokoferol sehari selama 2 minggu dapat meningkatkan fungsi makula perokok sedang, berupa peningkatan foveal threshold peningkatan amplitudo photopic ERG dan pemendekan waktu implisitphotopic ERG.

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Objective: To evaluate the effects of 2 weeks' supplementation of 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-carotene and 400 IU alpha-tocopherol daily on macular functions of moderate smokers.

Design: Randomized, double-blind experimental clinical trial

Methods: Fourteen moderate smokers assigned with antioxidants (subject group) 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-carotene and 400 IU alpha-tocopherol daily for 2 weeks. Fourteen moderate smokers assigned with placebo (control group). Pre- and post-supplementation examination of foveal threshold, photopic electroretinography (ERG) and serum total antioxidant level was done.

Results: Post-supplementation, foveal thresholds in subject group and control group were 35.0 + 3.1 dB and 31.1 + 3.0 dB respectively. Amplitudes of photopic ERG in subject group and control group were 124.3 + 34.5 p.V and 72.1 ± 19.9 RV. Implicit times of photopic ERG in subject group and control group were 33.8 ± 1.4 cosec and 36.6 + 1.8 cosec respectively. Serum total antioxidant levels in subject group and control group were 1.48 ± 0.09 mgldL and 1.39 + 0.11 mg/dL respectively. There were significant differences (p<0,05) between two groups.

Conclusion: Two weeks' supplementation of 500 mg vitamin C, 6 mg beta-carotene and 400 IU alpha-tocopherol daily significantly increases macular function of moderate smokers."

"Bukti, mengenai hewan khususnya tulang (termasuk gigi) banyak ditemukan pada situs-situs arkeologi baik situs prasejarah, klasik, Islam maupun kolonial. Hal ini dikarenakan hewan merupakan salah satu sumber alam yang dapat dimanfaaatkan oleh manusia untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya antara lain sebagai makanan dan keperluan-keperluan ritual. Dalam Skripsi ini dibahas mengenai penelitian tulang hewan yang berasal dari hasil ekskavasi situs Gilimanuk, Bali tahun 1994-1986. Data mengenai tulang diperoleh dari Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional (Puslit Arkenas), Balai Arkeologi (Balar) Denpasar dan Laboratorium Paleoekologi-Radiometri (Palrad) Bandung Tujuan dari, pene1itian ini adalah (1) mengetahui jenis hewan yang ditemukan di situs Gilimanuk. (2), keberadaan hewan di Gilimanuk dan (3) fungi hewan.Untuk mengetahui jenis Hewan dilakukan analisis khusus dengan metode perbandingan. Tulang atau gigi yang dianalisis dibandingkan bentuk ukurannya dengan tulang atau gigi yang telah diketahui jenis hewannya. Perbandingan ini dapat dilakukan melalui tulang atau gigi yang berasal dari situs yang sama yang telah dianalisis (kalau ada), gambar-gambar dari kepustakaan atau membuat acuan tulang sendiri. Untuk mengetahui keberadaan hewan di Gilimanuk diadakan studi kepustakaan tentang keadaan flora dan fauna Gilimanuk sekarang, geologi dan zoogeografi. Sedangkan untuk mengetahui fungsi hewan dilakukan analisis kontekstual, yaitu dengan melihat hubungan antara tulang hewan dengan temuan serta hubungan tulang hewan dengan lapisan tanah. Disamping itu untuk mengetahui fungsi ini dilakukan pula studi analogi etnografi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa jenis hewan yang ditemukan dari ekskavasi Gilimanuk ini berasal dari jenis hewan babi, rusa, anjing, ayam, ikan, tikus dan katak. Hewan-hewan tersebut, kecuali tikus dan katak berfungsi sebagai sumber makanan sehari-hari. Hewan babi dan ayam (juga anjing) berfungsi pula sebagai bekal kubur. Melihat keadaan Gilimanuk sekarang dari studi geologi dan zoogeografi diperkirakan hewan-hewan tersebut merupakan hewan setempat."

"Palm Kernel Meal is solid waste from Palm Oil extraction (Ng, 2003). Akubuo & Eje (2002) reported that mechanical extraction produced Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) dan Palm Kernel Meal (PKM). Perez (1997) mentioned that Palm Kernel Meal contains rich arginin, leusin, and sistein matters. Hem et al., (2008), utilizing Palm Kernel Meal pass through bioconversion process for developing larvae Hermetia illucens L. as alternative natural feedstuff in aquaculture industry. Macromolecule composition of Palm Kernel Meal like cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin can be degrade to be simply compound and can be used by another organism like larvae Hermetia illucens L. in bioconversion process. Bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal for feedstuff nutrition consist with microorganism assistance. Suharyanto et al., (2006) define bioconversion as a certain biological process which involving microorganism or enzyme that can change organic matters. Slime molds have great play role in process reduction macromolecule composition of Palm Kernel Meal. Molds have enzyme which can reduce cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin become more simple compound. Study about fermentation fungi already been done through isolation, identification, and fungi screening. However, only a few study about fungi related consist in process bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal reported in Indonesia. This study consist of two part. First part describes the isolation, identification, and growth screening fungi from bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal. Second part of this study describes the fermentation Palm Kernel Meal by selected indigenous fungi. The selected indigenous fungi obtained from result of the first part. The fermentation result included ash matters, crude fiber, crude protein and dry matters experiment. The study was carried out at the Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) Laboratory, Depok and the Laboratory of Microbiology, Departement of Biology, UI, Depok during April?Oktober 2009. The isolation of fungi was conducted with spread methods on Potato Dectrose Agar (PDA). Identification of the isolates was carried out on Potato Dectrose Agar (PDA), Czapeck Dox Agar (CDA), and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) based on macroscopic and microscopic morphological observation of the colonies. The Mimura agar (MA) was used for growth fungi screening. The isolation resulted in 15 representative isolates consisting of 4 group of fungi (Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium, and Geotrichum). Based on 7 days periods of fermentation processing, Mucor groups had the highest frequency distribution and Geotrichum had the highest quantity. After the growth fungi screening, 4 isolates (P3, P4, P10, P15) was selected for futher study in part II. Microscopic identification showed P3 (Penicillium chrysogenum), P4 (Mucor racemosus), P10 (Aspergillus flavus), and P15 (Geotrichum candidum). Mucor racemosus was the most wide diameter colony on Mimura agar?MA (9 cm) comparing to other isolates. These selected fungi was used for fermentation of Palm Kernel Meal as inoculant. After process bioconversion which fermented was done, proximate analysis were carried out to examine crude protein, crude fiber, ash matters, and dry matters. Ng (2003) methods was used for this Palm Kernel Meal fermentation and Hart & Fisher (1971) was used for proximate analysis. The results after 7 days fermentation showed that the increased nutrition of crude protein composition of Palm Kernel Meal fermented by fungus Aspergillus flavus (1,33%), Geotrichum candidum (5,90%), Mucor racemosus (0,29%), and Penicillium chrysogenum (12,09%). The increased crude fiber contains fermented by Aspergillus flavus (3,03%), Geotrichum candidum (1,93%), Mucor racemosus (4,32%), and Penicillium chrysogenum (14,11%). Chemical cellulose structure and fungi species influence the difference percentage of crude protein and crude fiber. Chemical cellulose structure which amorf shape was more easy to degrade better than crystal shape. Fungi species have difference complexity enzymes (cellulose, hemicellulose, ligninase) and optimum growth level. High oil that can blocked the optimum growth of fungi and raising temperature matter that have involved in aeration and water activity alteration were another influence factor that have made difference percentage of crude protein and crude fiber."

"Pasar modal (capital market) menjadi bagian yang sangat penting bagi perkembangan perekonomian suatu negara, karena jika kondisi pasar modal suatu negara baik, dalam arti perkembangan harga saham relatif naik, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa perekonomian Negara tersebut juga baik, Pada masa krisis moneter hebat-hebatnya yaitu periode Januari 1998 sampai dengan Desember 2000, bursa saham mengalami tekanan yang sangat hebat, hal tersebut terlihat dari penurunan harga-harga saham yang luar biasa drastis. Hal tersebut tentunya sangat merugikan investor.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana sebetulnya hubungan antara variabel-variabel ekonomi makro terhadap Imbal Hasil yang akan diterima oleh investor dalam hal ini diwakili oleh Imbal Hasil 1HSG dan Imbal Hasil LQ45. karena kedua indeks' tersebut mampu mewakili kinerja perusahaan-perusahaan yang ada di Indonesia khususnya yang listing di bursa saham.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh dari variabel-variabel makro tersebut tidaklah bersifat individu, namun secara bersama. Model untuk menduga hubungan antara Imbal Hasil IHSG dengan variabel ekonomi makro, sebaiknya menggunakan lag (Sakhowi, 1999; Suripno, 2002), sedangkan Imbal Hasil LQ45 menggunakan model tanpa lag."