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"The article examines the current political development of the integration process of the EU. The author takes a closer look at the electoral voles of three very important EU members of the EU. The result of the EU referendum in three EU member countries shows a different opinion and ideology of the European citizen. Spain's weak and meek "yes" to the EU constitution obtained through a massive campaign by the political establishment and jointly by government and opposition alike. The result "no " in the Netherlands has shown signs nationalistic backlash towards EU constitution. A part from Holland social decline, the "no "from the left was this time based on the ELI lack of appeal. And the French "no" with high electoral participation was based on the excesses of the free market system within the EU constitution., necessarily implying a lessening of the French social welfare system, increased unemployment, and lowering of living standards. The author concludes with the questions: what the EU will be to the European Union? and where the process of the EU integration or disintegration will lead"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merekonstruksi dampak kebijakan iklim Uni Eropa (EU) dan mengidentifikasi mekanisme hegemoninya terhadap berbagai aspek dan sektor yang ada di negara-negara ASEAN. EU sebagai aktor utama yang proaktif dalam penanganan masalah iklim global telah menghasilkan berbagai kebijakan, program, kerja sama, dan pengaruh-pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap negara maupun lembaga internasional di dunia, termasuk di wilayah ASEAN. Namun, rangkaian kebijakan dan program kerja sama iklim EU melalui mekanisme hegemoninya juga memberikan dampak negatif terhadap negara-negara ASEAN, khususnya Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Filipina. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif eksploratif dengan pendekatan kritis. Teori hegemoni dari Gramsci dan teori politik hijau dari Andrew Dobson digunakan dalam penelitian. Penelitian mengumpukan data dari tahun 2015-2023, terhitung sejak diberlakukannya Paris Agreement hingga pemberlakuan kebijakan EU Deforestation-Free Regulation di tahun 2023. Studi ini menemukan bentuk baru dari hegemoni politik iklim EU dan mekanismenya. Analisis penelitian juga berhasil menjelaskan berbagai implikasi negatif dari kebijakan iklim EU terhadap berbagai sektor dan aspek yang ada di ketiga negara ASEAN. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa mekanisme hegemoni politik kebijakan iklim EU terhadap ketiga negara ASEAN cenderung lebih memenuhi kepentingan ekonomi dan politik EU. Adapun kebijakan iklim EU kontradiktif dengan prinsip pengelolaan lingkungan yang ada di dalam politik hijau.

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This research focuses on reconstructing the European Union's (EU) climate policy impacts and identifying their hegemonic mechanisms in aspects and sectors in ASEAN countries. As the primary actor that is proactive regarding global climate issues, the EU produces various policies, programs, cooperation, and substantial influences on countries, regions, and international institutions around the world, including in the ASEAN. Despite being proactive on the climate issue, the EU's climate cooperation efforts and programs function through hegemony and have negative implications for ASEAN countries, particularly Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines. This study applies a qualitative-explorative research method with a critical approach. Gramsci's theory of hegemony and Andrew Dobson's green political theory are utilized in the study. The research spans from 2015 to 2023, beginning with the Paris Agreement and concluding with the enforcement of the EU Deforestation-Free Regulation proposal in 2023. The study reveals new forms of EU climate political hegemony and its mechanisms. In addition, the analysis shows that the EU’s climate policies have negative impacts on aspects and sectors in the three ASEAN countries. The conclusion of this study suggests that the political hegemony mechanism of EU climate policy towards the three ASEAN countries tends to fulfill the EU’s economic and political interests. In addition, the EU's climate policies are contrary to green political values."

"Tesis ini membahas fakta kedekatan diplomatik Ceska-Israel tidak menghasilkan kedekatan ekonomi kedua negara. Dalam penelitian ini, kedekatan ekonomi diukur dari volume perdagangan Ceska-Israel lalu dibandingkan dengan volume perdagangan Israel-anggota lain di Uni Eropa. Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dan memaparkan penyebab volume perdagangan Israel-Ceska lebih rendah dibandingkan volume perdagangan Israel-negara lain di UE yang punya kedekatan politik setara. Kedekatan politik diukur lewat jumlah dan lokasi perwakilan diplomatik serta hasil pemungutan suara di sidang Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa. Sementara dari sisi ekonomi menerapkan pendekatan gravitasi, memanfaatkan indeks komplementaritas perdagangan (TCI) dan Indeks Perdagangan Intra-industri (IIT) untuk memeriksa perdagangan Israel-Ceska dan Israel-negara anggota UE lainnya. Pemeriksaan menggunakan UNCTAD, Bank Dunia, International Trade Center (Intracen), serta CEPII. Dalam penelitian ditemukan, Jerman, Perancis, dan Ceska paling dekat secara politik dengan dengan Israel. Walakin, karena kapasitas ekonomi dan jenis komoditas perdagangannya, volume perdagangan Israel-Ceska lebih rendah dibandingkan volume perdagangan Israel-Jerman atau Israel-Perancis. Ceska-Israel perlu meningkatkan aras komplementaritas komoditasnya untuk mendorong kenaikan volume perdagangan.

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This thesis discusses Czech-Israel diplomatic propinquity is not reflected in their economic relations. In this research, economic proximity is measured with trade volume between Czech and Israel and then compared with the trade volume of other countries in the European Union to Israel. This study identifies and describes causative factors Czech-Israel trade volume is lower than Israel-other EU member states trade volume. This study identifies and explains the causes of lower Israeli- Czech trade volume compared to Israel-Czech trade volumes in other EU countries that have equal political affinity. Political closeness is measured by the number and location of diplomatic representatives and the results of voting at the General Assembly of the United Nations. Meanwhile, from an economic perspective, applying a gravity approach, utilizing the trade complementarity index (TCI) and intra-industri trade index (IIT) to examine Israel-Czech trade and Israel-other EU member states. The examination uses data from UNCTAD, the World Bank, the International Trade Center (Intracen), and CEPII. In the study it was found that Germany, France, and the Czech Republic were closest politically to Israel. However, due to its economic capacity and the type of trading commodities, the Israeli-Czech trade volume is lower than the Israeli-German or Israeli-French trade volume. Czech-Israel needs to increase the level of complementarity of its commodities to encourage an increase in trade volume."

"Drawing upon Croatia's past and present situation, this paper attempts to propose actions that need to be taken in adopting new economic, legal and political standards. Our approach shall include an overview of historical foundations of modern Europe. Accordingly, we shall conclude this paper with an assessment of future economic and societal directions of the European circle. Owing much to her geography and culture. Croatia has, in effect, belonged to the European community of nations throughout its thirteen-century long history. At the beginning of her historical route, having been a sovereign kingdom in the 10lh century. Croatia had existed as a functional part of European civilization. In Thousand Years that ensued, Croatia came under a number of multiethnic political entities. First, it entered the union with I lungary. then Austria, followed by Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 20'" century, it entered into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which later on was renamed the Kingdom of Jugoslavia. Following the end of WWII, Croatia entered Socialist Federative Yugoslavia, together with other South Slavic peoples. However, Croatia has only recently as the 1990s become an independent nation state, in a modern sense. In this way, Croatia can effectively fulfil her historical path by entering the European Union, therefore reverting to her historical roots. It is the challenges of this most recent era of Croatian history, that form the backbone of this paper. Several basic aspects of Croatian accession to the EU are put into perspective. First, we make certain assumptions regarding the integration, with respect to the shift from transition to transformation brought about by integration. Second, we bring to mind the procedure of European integration, both in form and content. Third, we talk about the effects of integration, from societal to economic achievements."

"Buku yang berjudul "The penguin companion to literature 2: European" ini merupakan sebuah buku yang membahas tentang kesusastraan Eropa."