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"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas tentang proses berlangsungnya konflik seluruh anggota organisasi perpustakaan yang melibatkan pimpinan, pustakawan dan staf perpustakaan MBRC. Tujuannya ialah untuk memahami proses berlangsungnya konflik dalam pelaksanaan tugas dan mengidentifikasi cara penyelesaian konflik yang terjadi di antara anggota perpustakaan MBRC. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif dengan metode interaksionisme simbolis. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa, proses berlangsungnya konflik di perpustakaan disebabkan karena pemaknaan yang berbeda antara masing-masing individu di organisasi dalam interaksi sosialnya sehingga menimbulkan konflik; Sebagian besar pustakawan dan staf perpustakaan dapat memaknai bahwa konflik dalam organisasi perpustakaan adalah hal yang alamiah terjadi dan tidak bisa untuk dihindari; Konflik yang terjadi di perpustakaan MBRC tergolong konflik interpersonal; Penyelesaian konflik di perpustakaan MBRC antara pimpinan dan staf sampai dengan saat ini masih berproses, menuju penyelesaian dengan metode menang-menang yang direspons dengan gaya kompromi.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis is about the process of conflict all members of the library organization involving leaders, librarians and library staff MBRC. The goal is to understand the process of conflict in the implementation of tasks and identification of means of solving conflicts among member libraries MBRC. This study used a qualitative research approach with the method of symbolic interactionism. The results showed.The process of the ongoing conflict in the library due to the different meanings of each individual in the organization in their social interactions, giving rise to conflicts; Most librarians and library staff can interpret, the conflict in the library organization is a natural thing to occur and can not be avoided; Conflicts in the MBRC library is interpersonal conflict; Conflict resolution in the MBRC library among leaders and staff are still proceeds, towards completion by the win-win method that responded in compromise style."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang proses pelaksanaan Perjanjian Malino dan menganalisis dampaknya terhadap penyelesaian konflik Maluku. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif-deskriptif Data diperoleh dari para informan yang terdiri dari tokoh-tokoh Perjanjian Malino, yakni anggota Delegasi Islam dan Kristen, Mediator, Peninjau dan tokoh tertentu yang dianggap kompeten. Para informan juga diambil dari tokoh-tokoh yang menentang pelaksanaan dan basil basil Perjanjian Malino. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori-teori konflik, khususnya tend sandmen primordial dari Clifort Geertz yang menjelaskan tentang cumber konflik. Berkenaan dengan proses penyelesaian konflik, digunakan teori resolusi konflik (conflict resolution) dari Than Borton dan dan teori konflik dan konsensus yang diperkenalkan oleh Maswadi Rauf.Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pertama, Perjanjian MaIino telah berransung dalam suasana dialogis, damai dan demokratis. Para pihak yang bertikai berhasil mensepakati 11 butir kesepakatan perdamaian karena keinginan yang kuat untuk mengbentikan konflik di Maluku. Kedua, dampak positif Perjanjian Malino adalah berkurangnya eskalasi konflik dan kekerasan di Maluku, bahkan saat ini konflik sudah berhenti sama sekali. Ada tiga hal yang menyumbangkan kepada kondisi tersebut. 1) Keberhasilan memulangkan Laskar Jihad dan pembubaran FKM/RMS, 2) Keberhasilan melakukan penegakan hukum dan keamanan, dan 3) Keberhasilan pemulihan kehidupan ekonomi dan sosial. Namun demikian, penelitian ini rnenemukan bahwa Perjanjian Malino masih menyimpan beberapa kelemahan yang cukup serius, sebab perjanjian tersebut tidak menyentuh persoalan mendasar yang menjadi altar persoalan konflik Maluku. Seperti menguatnya sentimen keagamaan, kecemburuan sosial dan ekonomi serta konflik alit politiilc dan birokrasi.Secara teoritis penelitian ini rnemprkuat teori primordialisme-Geertz bahwa sentimen primordial yang disusupi oleh factor-factor eksternal seperti politic, ekonomi dan provokasi akan melahirkan konflik yang sangat dahsyat. Untuk menyelesaikan konflik sosial seperti yang terjadi di Maluku, maka pendekatan teori konsensus belumlah mencukupi, sehingga diperlukan langkah langkah resolusi konflik yang bersifat transformatif, untuk menjamin perdamaian secara berkelanjutan.

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This thesis examines the implementation process of Malino Agreement and analyse its impact to conflict resolution in Molucca. In this research, the method of descriptive qualitative is applied. Data is collected from informants, who are main actors of the agreement, such as delegation members from Islam and Christian sides, mediator, observer and certain competence people who oppose the implementation of the agreement. Theory which is used is theory of conflict, especially the theory of primordial from Clifford Geertz that explains the sources of conflict. Related to the conflict resolution, the theory of conflict resolution from John Borton and the theory of conflict and consensus from Maswadi Rauf are applied in this thesis.

The conclusions of the research are 1) Malino Agreement has proceeded in discursive, peaceful and democratic situation. The actors involved in the agreement have achieved 11 items of peace agreement because of forceful eagerness to end up the conflict; 2) positive impact of the agreement is the decrease of conflict escalation and anarchism in MoIucca, yet nowadays the conflict has completely stopped. There are three factors which contribute to that condition, which are the accomplishment of the returning of Laskar Jihad and the dismissal of FKMIRMS, the success of law enforcement, and the ability to restore social economic life. However, this research found that the agreement has several serious weak points because it does not affect basic problems of the root of the conflict. For example of the basic problems are religion sentiment, social economic discrepancy and political and bureaucratic conflict elite.

Theoretically, this research is strengthen the theory of primordialism initiated by Geertz that primordial sentiment is interfered by other external factors such as politics, economic, and provocation that endorse greater conflict. To resolve social conflict in Molucca, hence the approach of consensus theory is not enough, hence transformative conflict resolution is needed to guarantee permanent harmony."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konflik tugas, konflik afektif, dan konflik peran terhadap komitmen organisasi, serta menentukan intervensi yang tepat untuk mengatasi masalah organisasi. Dalam menelusuri permasalahan organisasi, peneliti melakukan pengambilan data kuantitatif dan kualitatif, dimana data kuantitatif dijadikan sebagai data utama dan data kualitatif dijadikan sebagai data pendukung. Peneliti menyebarkan kuesioner konflik tugas, konflik afektif, konflik peran dan komitmen organisasi. Dugaan awal sesuai penggalian data kualitatif yaitu adanya pengaruh antara konflik tugas, konflik afektif, konflik peran secara bersamaan terhadap komitmen organisasi. Untuk mengetahui dugaan tersebut, kemudian peneliti mengukur korelasi antara konflik tugas, konflik afektif, dan konflik peran dengan komitmen organisasi. Hasil perhitungan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan negatif signifikan antara konflik tugas, konflik afektif, konflik peran terhadap komitmen organisasi. Kemudian ketiga konflik tersebut secara bersamaan diuji pengaruhnya terhadap komitmen organisasi dengan menggunakan metode perhitungan standard multiple regression. Melalui perhitungan tersebut diketahui bahwa ketiga konflik berpengaruh terhadap komitmen organisasi. Selain itu, dari ketiga jenis konflik tersebut, konflik tugas memiliki skor kontribusi (sr2) terbesar terhadap komitmen organisasi. Artinya konflik tugas memiliki kontribusi paling penting dalam mempengaruhi komitmen karyawan terhadap organisasi di Divisi EM PT. XYZ. Kemudian melalui hasil tersebut diperoleh pula bahwa intervensi yang tepat untuk mengatasi masalah organisasi adalah intervensi pelatihan team building. Pelatihan team building dinyatakan efektif dalam meningkatkan pemahaman peserta terkait dengan materi yang diberikan.

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The study was conducted to determine the effect of task conflict, affective conflict, and role conflict on organizational commitment, and determine appropriate interventions to address organizational issues. In tracing the organizational problems, researchers conducted a quantitative and qualitative data collection, where quantitative serve as the primary data and qualitative data used as supporting data. Researcher distributing questionnaires task conflict, affective conflict, role conflict and organizational commitment. Preconception of appropriate qualitative data mining which is the relationship between task conflict, affective conflict, role conflict on organizational commitment. To find out the allegations, then the researchers measured the correlation between task conflict, affective conflict, and conflict with the role of organizational commitment.

The results of these calculations indicate that there is a significant negative relationship between task conflict, affective conflict, role conflict on organizational commitment. Then the three conflicts simultaneously tested their effects on organizational commitment using standard multiple regression methods of calculation. Through calculations it was found that all three conflicts affect organizational commitment. In addition, the three types of conflict, task conflict has the largest score contribution (sr2) organizational commitment. This means that task conflict has contributed the most important in influencing employee commitment to the organization at EM Division PT. XYZ. Then through the results obtained are that the appropriate interventions to address the problems the organization is team building training interventions. Team building training is declared effective in improving participants' understanding related to the material provided."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas konflik antara KONI dan KOI terkait tugas dan fungsi berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 3 Tahun 2005 mengenai Sistem Keolahragaan Nasional. Tesis ini menggambarkan latar belakang dikeluarkannya UU Sistem Keolahragaan Nasional, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan konflik, bentuk-bentuk konflik, dampak-dampak yang ditimbulkan konflik, langkah-langkah pengelolaan konflik, serta hambatan-hambatan dalam pengelolaan konflik tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah konflik yang terjadi dikategorikan sebagai konflik antar organisasi yang sifatnya horizontal. Konflik bersumber dari struktur organisasi, tata tertib serta anggaran. Ditinjau dari teori konflik Dahrendorf, konflik yang terjadi di antara kedua organisasi memiliki sumber struktural yakni pertanyaan tentang keabsahan kekuasaan yang ada. Namun demikian, dalam setiap konflik selalu melekat perubahan. Penelitian ini memberikan beberapa rekomendasi dalam pengelolaan konflik. Pertama, melakukan revisi atas Undang-Undang Sistem Keolahragaan Nasional melalui Judicial Review di Mahkamah Konstitusi. Kedua, tetap berpegang teguh pada amanat Undang-Undang Sistem Keolahragaan Nasional tapi dengan menambah poin sinkronisasi dan koordinasi pada peraturan turunannya. Ketiga, membuat peraturan baru terkait tugas pengiriman atlet ke ajang internasional yang menjadi pokok konflik yakni standardisasi kualifikasi, proses pengiriman, serta evaluasi. Penelitian ini juga merekomendasikan untuk ditetapkannya sasaran atau target perubahan yakni individu, kelompok dan struktur sosial, serta penggunaan strategi sikap dalam mengkonversi konflik menjadi perubahan yang bermanfaat bagi semua pihak.;

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ABSTRACTThis study described about conflict between KONI and KOI related to task and function according to UU No. 3 Year 2005 about National Sport System. This study described about causes of regulation publishment, causes of conflict, type of conflict, the conflict?s impacts, managements and also constraints in solving the conflict. This study is qualitative research whose descriptive design. Result of this study is this conflict can be categorized as inter organizational conflict whose horizontal character. Sources of conflict are structure of organization, regulation, and also budgeting. According to Dahrendorf?s theory, conflict between two organizations had structural sources such as the question of power legitimacy. However, every conflict has a change. This research gave several recommendations in managing conflict. First of all, part of society, including the organization that involved in conflict, proposed a revise toward UU. No. 3 Year 2005 through Judicial Review Process in Constitutional Court (MK). Second, standing on UU No. 3 Year 2005 but doing synchronization and coordination way in derivative regulation. Third, publishing a new regulation that rules about sending of athletes to international events including making same qualification and same standard both sending and evaluation. This research also recommend to make target of change and using behavioral strategy to convert the conflict.;This study described about conflict between KONI and KOI related to task and function according to UU No. 3 Year 2005 about National Sport System. This study described about causes of regulation publishment, causes of conflict, type of conflict, the conflict?s impacts, managements and also constraints in solving the conflict. This study is qualitative research whose descriptive design. Result of this study is this conflict can be categorized as inter organizational conflict whose horizontal character. Sources of conflict are structure of organization, regulation, and also budgeting. According to Dahrendorf?s theory, conflict between two organizations had structural sources such as the question of power legitimacy. However, every conflict has a change. This research gave several recommendations in managing conflict. First of all, part of society, including the organization that involved in conflict, proposed a revise toward UU. No. 3 Year 2005 through Judicial Review Process in Constitutional Court (MK). Second, standing on UU No. 3 Year 2005 but doing synchronization and coordination way in derivative regulation. Third, publishing a new regulation that rules about sending of athletes to international events including making same qualification and same standard both sending and evaluation. This research also recommend to make target of change and using behavioral strategy to convert the conflict.;This study described about conflict between KONI and KOI related to task and function according to UU No. 3 Year 2005 about National Sport System. This study described about causes of regulation publishment, causes of conflict, type of conflict, the conflict?s impacts, managements and also constraints in solving the conflict. This study is qualitative research whose descriptive design. Result of this study is this conflict can be categorized as inter organizational conflict whose horizontal character. Sources of conflict are structure of organization, regulation, and also budgeting. According to Dahrendorf?s theory, conflict between two organizations had structural sources such as the question of power legitimacy. However, every conflict has a change. This research gave several recommendations in managing conflict. First of all, part of society, including the organization that involved in conflict, proposed a revise toward UU. No. 3 Year 2005 through Judicial Review Process in Constitutional Court (MK). Second, standing on UU No. 3 Year 2005 but doing synchronization and coordination way in derivative regulation. Third, publishing a new regulation that rules about sending of athletes to international events including making same qualification and same standard both sending and evaluation. This research also recommend to make target of change and using behavioral strategy to convert the conflict.;This study described about conflict between KONI and KOI related to task and function according to UU No. 3 Year 2005 about National Sport System. This study described about causes of regulation publishment, causes of conflict, type of conflict, the conflict’s impacts, managements and also constraints in solving the conflict. This study is qualitative research whose descriptive design. Result of this study is this conflict can be categorized as inter organizational conflict whose horizontal character. Sources of conflict are structure of organization, regulation, and also budgeting. According to Dahrendorf’s theory, conflict between two organizations had structural sources such as the question of power legitimacy. However, every conflict has a change. This research gave several recommendations in managing conflict. First of all, part of society, including the organization that involved in conflict, proposed a revise toward UU. No. 3 Year 2005 through Judicial Review Process in Constitutional Court (MK). Second, standing on UU No. 3 Year 2005 but doing synchronization and coordination way in derivative regulation. Third, publishing a new regulation that rules about sending of athletes to international events including making same qualification and same standard both sending and evaluation. This research also recommend to make target of change and using behavioral strategy to convert the conflict., This study described about conflict between KONI and KOI related to task and function according to UU No. 3 Year 2005 about National Sport System. This study described about causes of regulation publishment, causes of conflict, type of conflict, the conflict’s impacts, managements and also constraints in solving the conflict. This study is qualitative research whose descriptive design. Result of this study is this conflict can be categorized as inter organizational conflict whose horizontal character. Sources of conflict are structure of organization, regulation, and also budgeting. According to Dahrendorf’s theory, conflict between two organizations had structural sources such as the question of power legitimacy. However, every conflict has a change. This research gave several recommendations in managing conflict. First of all, part of society, including the organization that involved in conflict, proposed a revise toward UU. No. 3 Year 2005 through Judicial Review Process in Constitutional Court (MK). Second, standing on UU No. 3 Year 2005 but doing synchronization and coordination way in derivative regulation. Third, publishing a new regulation that rules about sending of athletes to international events including making same qualification and same standard both sending and evaluation. This research also recommend to make target of change and using behavioral strategy to convert the conflict.]"

"ABSTRAKKomunikasi dalam mengelola konflik menjadi sesuatu hal yang sangat penting dan menjadi dasar dalam menentukan resolusi konflik. Kepala ruangan sebagai manajer operasional memiliki peran penting dalam pengelolaan konflik karena dianggap sebagai orang yang mampu dalam menyelesaikan masalah.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari arti dan makna pengalaman penerapan komunikasi dalam mengelola konflik pada kepala ruangan di BLUD RSU Banjar.Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan desain fenomenologi dan jumlah sampel tujuh partisipan.Hasil penelitian memperoleh empat tema yaitu bentuk komunikasi dalam mengelola konflik, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi komunikasi dalam mengelola konflik, arah komunikasi dalam mengelola konflik, dan keterampilan komunikasi dalam mengelola konflik. Komunikasi yang efektif akan mendorong terciptanya resolusi konflik yang tepat sehingga konflik dapat dijadikan sebagai energi positif untuk perkembangan rumah sakit.Penelitian ini memberikan saran untuk penetapan kebijakan sebagai upaya meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan komunikasi dalam mengelola konflik bagi kepala ruangan.

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ABSTRACT

Communication in managing conflict is the basic principles in determining conflict resolution problem solving. Head of department a operational managers play an important role in managing conflict because he considered be able to solve the problems.

The aim of The study was to find out conflict implementation performed by head of department in BLUD RSU Kota Banjar.

This study implemented qualitative method under design of phenomenology. There were seven participants involved in this study.

The result of the study revealed four findings there were communication form in conflict management, direction in conflict management, factors influence communication in conflict management, and skills communication in conflict management. Communication can lead to Effective encourage of conflict resolution. Problem solving in the creation of appropriate conflict resolution so that the positive energy for hospital service improvement.

This study provides suggestions for setting policy improve knowledge and communication skills in managing conflict for head of department."

"The practices of good offices as a mean of peaceful settlement of dispute have been recognized by states and international organizations for ages. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an international regional organization in the Southeast Asia region, which has a dispute settlement mechanism for its member states through the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation 1976, ASEAN Charter 2007, and Protocol to the ASEAN Charter on Dispute Settlement Mechanisms 2010. Indonesia?s implementations of good offices under the ASEAN mechanism as a member state of ASEAN were depicted in the Moro National Liberation Movement Case, Dispute of Spratly Islands, as well as in the Thailand and Cambodia Border Dispute. Despite the fact there have not been many good offices practices within the ASEAN, this method has given significant results due to its implementation upon the previous disputes.

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Praktek good offices sebagai bentuk penyelesaian sengketa internasional secara damai telah diakui oleh negara maupun organisasi internasional sejak lama. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) merupakan organisasi internasional regional di kawasan Asia Tenggara memiliki mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa bagi negara-negara anggotanya melalui good offices yang tertuang dalam Treaty of Amity and Cooperation 1976, Piagam ASEAN 2007, dan Protocol to the ASEAN Charter on Dispute Settlement Mechanisms 2010. Penerapan good offices Indonesia sebagai salah satu anggota ASEAN berdasarkan mekanisme ASEAN telah diterapkan dalam kasus pemberontakan Front Pembebasan Bangsamoro, sengketa atas Kepulauan Spratly, dan sengketa perbatasan antara Thailand dan Kamboja. Metode good offices belum banyak digunakan dalam lingkup ASEAN, akan tetapi metode ini telah membuahkan hasil yang signifikan pada sengketa-sengketa yang telah diselesaikan menggunakan metode good offices."

"Memorandum of Understanding Helsinki pada tahun 2005 merupakan capaian terbaik sebuah negara dalam menyelesaikan konflik asimetris secara damai. Perundingan yang terjadi antara Pemerintah Indonesia dengan pihak GAM menjadi titik paling menarik selama proses ini karena tidak banyak aktor negara yang berinisiatif untuk menyelesaikan sebuah konflik asimetris dengan menggunakan cara-cara yang non- koersif. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mengajukan pertanyaan mengapa Pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dan Jusuf Kalla membuka mediasi dengan pihak GAM dalam proses resolusi konflik Aceh tahun 2004-2005? Dengan menggunakan teori rekonsiliasi, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa cara non-koersif yang digunakan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia pada proses resolusi konflik Aceh tahun 2004-2005 bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan momentum kemunduran GAM, membentuk citra positif di dunia internasional, serta rekonstruksi pasca-bencana. Temuan tersebut merupakan hasil dari penelitian yang dilakukan dengan metode process tracing yang memelajari percabangan-percabangan sejarah dari genealogi konflik Aceh dalam periode waktu tahun 2004 sampai dengan tahun 2005.

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The 2005's Memorandum of Understanding of Helsinki was known as a state?s best response to asymmetric conflict using peaceful way. The negotiations between the Government of Indonesia and the Aceh Free Movement, or GAM, had become the core of the process since the rarity of such occassion in which a state solving an asymmetric conflict using non-coercive ways. Thus, this research asks why the Yudhoyono and Kalla administration opens a mediation with the Aceh Free Movement during the Aceh conflict resolution process in 2004-2005?

Using reconciliation theory, this research finds that the Government of Indonesia?s choice in using non-coercive ways is due to maximizing the moment of the setback of the Aceh Free Movement, creating positive image among international community, and the post-disaster reconstruction. Those findings are the result of a process tracing method in which this research study the genealogy of the conflict of Aceh and its disjunctures of events during 2004-2005."

"ABSTRAKNahdlatul Ulama (NU) dan Muhammadiyah sebagai dua Ormas yang memiliki dan mengelola lembaga pendidikannya masing-masing di Indonesia memperjuangkan kepentingannya masing-masing terlibat dalam konflik kepentingan implementasi Permendikbud 23/2017 tentang Hari Sekolah. NU sebagai kelompok yang menolak aturan lima hari sekolah menganggap aturan tersebut berpotensi menggerus eksistensi Madrasah Diniyah sebagai lembaga pendidikan yang dikelola NU. Sementara Muhammadiyah menyetujui aturan yang dikeluarkan oleh Mendikbud Muhadjir yang juga merupakan kader terbaik Muhammadiyah. Selain itu, kebijakan lima hari sekolah telah lama diterapkan disekolah-sekolah Muhammadiyah. Tesis dengan metode penelitian kualitatif ini berupaya menganalisis bagaimana konflik kepentingan terjadi di antara kedua kelompok penekan ini dan bagaimana keduanya memperjuangkan kepentingan masing-masing hingga lahir Perpres 87/2017 tentang Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter.Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa konflik kepentingan yang terjadi diakibatkan oleh adanya ideologi penyelenggaraan pendidikan yang berbeda antara NU dan Muhammadiyah serta ancaman kebijakan bagi NU. Pada akhirnya, NU menjadi kelompok yang memiliki kekuatan lobbying paling besar sehingga memengaruhi pembuat kebijakan untuk melahirkan Perpres 87/2017 yang banyak mengakomodasi kepentingan NU. Hal ini sekaligus mengonfirmasi teori grup Earl Latham. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa isu sentimen terkait erat juga dengan polemik ini mengiringi konflik realistis berupa perebutan aturan hari sekolah. Hal ini juga mengonfirmasi pandangan Lewis A. Coser terkait teori konflik kelompok.

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ABSTRACTNahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah as the two CSOs owning and managing their respective educational institutions in Indonesia are fighting for their respective interests involved in the conflicts of interest in the implementation of Permendikbud 23/2017 on School Day. NU as a group that reject the rule of five school days consider the rule has the potential to erode the existence of Madrasah Diniyah as an educational institution managedby NU. While Muhammadiyah approved the rules issued by Mendikbud Muhadjir who is also the best cadre of Muhammadiyah. In addition, the five-day school policy has been implemented in Muhammadiyah schools before the Permendikbud issued. This qualitative research analyzes how the conflict of interest takes place between these two pressere groups and how the two struggle for their respective interests until the birth of Presidential Decree87/2017 on Strengthening Character Education.This study found that the conflict of interest that occurred due to the differentideology of education between NU and Muhammadiyah and also the threat of policy for NU. In the end, NU became the group with the greatest lobbying power that influenced policy makers to issue the Presidential Regulation 87/2017 which accommodated NU's interests. This study confirms Earl Latham group theory. This study also found that the issue of sentiment is closely related to this polemic accompanying realistic conflict in the form of school day rule. This also confirms Lewis A. Coser's view of the theory of group conflict."

"Dalam benua Afrika pada wilayah Sahel tengah, yang mencakup negara-negara Burkina Faso, Mali, dan Niger. Terdapat tantangan besar pada wilayah Sahel adalah konflik bersenjata, ketidakamanan ekonomi, dan dampak buruk dari perubahan iklim adalah beberapa tantangan terbesar yang mempengaruhi kawasan ini. Negara-negara G5 Sahel yang terdiri dari, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, dan Niger telah menghadapi sejumlah besar tantangan yang kompleks, termasuk meningkatnya ancaman ekstremisme yang pada berujung kekerasan. Permasalahan mengenai terorisme yang akan menjadi fokus pada penelitian ini ialah pada permasalahan terorisme di wilayah Sahel dan sekarang mempengaruhi negara-negara yang sebelumnya terhindar meskipun strategi operasional nasional dan internasional diperbarui dan implementasi hukum humaniter dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap warga sipil dalam konflik bersenjata organisasi G5 Sahel melawan terorisme skala regional. Penelitian ini bersifat normatif yang memiliki fokus pada peran organisasi regional yang bersifat militeristik dalam menangani masalah terorisme di wilayahnya serta pelaksanaan prinsip-prinsip perlindungan penduduk sipil dalam situasi konflik bersenjata yang dimana kelompok bersenjata non-negara yang menguasai wilayah tersebut. Analisis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode pengumpulan data studi pustaka. Studi pustaka merupakan metode pengumpulan data yang diarahkan kepada pencarian data dan informasi melalui dokumen-dokumen, baik dokumen tertulis, dan dokumen elektronik yang dapat mendukung dalam proses penulisan.

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Within the African continent in the central Sahel region, which includes the countries of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. There are major challenges in the Sahel region as armed conflict, economic insecurity and the adverse impacts of climate change are some of the biggest challenges affecting the region. The G5 Sahel countries consisting of Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger have faced a number of complex challenges, including the growing threat of violent extremism. The problem regarding terrorism that will be the focus of this research is on the problem of terrorism in the Sahel region and now affects countries that were previously spared even though national and international operational strategies were updated and the implementation of humanitarian law in providing protection to civilians in the armed conflict of the G5 Sahel organization against regional terrorism. This research is normative which focuses on the role of militaristic regional organizations in dealing with the problem of terrorism in their territory and the implementation of the principles of protecting the civilian population in situations of armed conflict where non-state armed groups control the area. The analysis in this study uses a literature study data collection method. Literature study is a data collection method that is directed at searching for data and information through documents, both written documents and electronic documents that can support the writing process."

"Penelitian ini berjudul “Penyebaran Demokrasi di Timur Tengah oleh Amerika Serikat: Studi Kasus Implementasi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat dalam Konflik Suriah (2011-2016)”. Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh Konflik Suriah yang terjadi setelah serangkaian aksi demonstrasi yang menuntut reformasi pemerintahan di Suriah di bawah kepemimpinan Presiden Bashar al- Assad. Konflik Suriah telah menarik perhatian komunitas internasional, hal ini disebabkan oleh berbagai pelanggaran HAM yang terjadi, dan Amerika menjadi salah satu negara yang fokus terhadap isu tersebut. Penelitian ini memiliki rumusan masalah, bagaimana Amerika mengimplementasikan kebijakan luar negerinya di Suriah di tengah keterlibatan berbagai pihak yang bertikai, baik kelompok domestik maupun internasional. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menyediakan analisis mengenai evaluasi implementasi kebijakan luar negeri Amerika dalam konflik Suriah. Penelitian ini juga akan menyajikan kepentingan nasional Amerika dalam keterlibatannya di Konflik Suriah.Pada penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode library research atau penelitian kepustakaan. Adapun sumber data yang digunakan adalah data-data primer dan sekunder dari press release, serta data dari berbagai kementerian Amerika Serikat. Untuk menganalisis kebijakan Amerika di Suriah, penulis menggunakan neorealisme digunakan sebagai teori utama dalam penelitian ini, disertai dengan rational choice theory dan konsep balance of power. Setelah mengumpulkan data, penulis kemudian mengelompokkan data-data tersebut dan menganalisisnya menggunakan teori dan konsep di atas.Berdasarkan pada analisis yang telah dilakukan, penulis menemukan berbagai pokok kebijakan Amerika Serikat di Suriah. Mulai dari diplomasi, ekonomi hingga militer. Penulis juga menemukan bahwa kebijakan Obama di Suriah memiliki banyak kekurangan yang perlu di evaluasi. Hal ini berkaitan dengan efektivitas, konsistensi dan standar ganda yang terdapat dalam kebijakan yang diimplementasikan di Suriah.

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This research entitled "U.S. Democracy Promotion in the Middle East: A Case Study on the Implementation of U.S. Foreign Policy in Syrian Conflict (2011-2016)". This research is motivated by the Syrian conflict which occurred after a series of demonstrations demanding government reform in Syria under the leadership of President Bashar al-Assad. The Syrian conflict has attracted the attention of the international community, this is due to the various human rights violations that have occurred, and America has become one of the countries that has focused on this issue. This research has a problem identification on how America implements its foreign policy in Syria amid the involvement of various warring parties, both domestic and international groups. This research was conducted to provide an analysis regarding the evaluation of the implementation of American foreign policy in the Syrian conflict. This research will also present America's national interest in its involvement in the Syrian Conflict.

In this research, the authors used the library research method. The data sources used are primary and secondary data from press releases, as well as data from various US ministries. To analyze U.S. policy in Syria, the author uses neorealism as the main theory in this study, accompanied by rational choice theory and the concept of balance of power. After collecting the data, the writer then classifies the data and analyzes it using the theory and concepts above.

Based on the analysis that has been carried out, the author finds various main points of US policy in Syria. Starting from diplomacy, economy to military. The author also finds that Obama's policy in Syria has many flaws that need to be evaluated. This is related to the effectiveness, consistency and double standard of the policies implemented in Syria."