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"ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui modernisasi yang dijalankan oleh Republik Aljazair selama periode tahun 1962-1992 dan ketegangan-ketegangan yang terjadi akibat proses modernisasi. Metode yang dilakukan untuk mendapatkan data adalah dengan studi pustaka. Data-data yang tersedia di analisa dan kemudian ditarik kesimpulan. Modernisasi yang dijalankan oleh 3 presiden Aljazair dari tahun 1962-1992 menyebabkan ketergantungan ekonomi pada negara lain. Ben Bella, Houari Boumedienne dan Chadli Bendjedid tidak mampu menjaga perekonomian yang mandiri yang menyebabkan hutang negara tinggi. Dibidang politik modernisasi yang dijalankan tidak menyebabkan berlangsungnya proses demokratisasi. Pola patron-client yang dijalankan oleh semua presiden Aljazair menyebabkan lemahnya negara. Faktor ideologi yang seharusnya memperkuat basis negara dilemahkan oleh ketergantungan pada ketiga pemimpin puncak Aljazair. Kondisi ini dapat berlangsung dengan bantuan militer yang selalu mendominasi kehidupan negara. Puncak dari perekonomian yang tidak mandiri dan politik yang bersandarkan pada karisma pemimpin negara menimbulkan kerusuhan 1988. Selanjutnya pembaharuan politik dan ekonomi dijalankan. Pembaharuan politik memungkinkan bermunculan partai-partai politik. Kemenangan Partai Islam Front Islamique du Salut (FIS) membuktikan lemahnya ideologi negara Aljazair dan tidak kuatnya negara.

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"The authors here explain regarding the role of regulation to onticipating information security . By sociological approaches it has reflected on the Indonesian conditions which had not adequate orgonized. Existing arranged is limited on certain sectors. social group, and corporations group either domestic and multinational levels. Most efforts to reach to better level have been initiated by many parties such as public sector. education, information technology industrial, professional community and civil. Here also recommended needs for clear policy and the whole implementation which be coordinated integrally under government chiefs. Government leads under the authority to accomplishing the state under effective law and regulations."

"Implementing local governance since local autonomy is forced in 1999, needs a comprehensive evaluation system. It is aimed to evaluate the capability of local autonomy implementation and performance of implementing local governance in the framework of supporting in achieving the goal of nation and state. Now , after Law No. 32/ 2004 on Local Governance has been forcing , evaluation instrument on local governance implementation has been arranging in Government Regulation No. 6/2004. Thus, the evaluation result of local governance implementation can give positive contribution to the establishment of good governance."

"Corporate social responsibility, in United States of America. has kown as "corporate citizenship The most principle about their some meanings are designated to corporation is effort to conduct social and environmental care integrally in to their business by voluntary methods. The practice of community development in Indonesia that have been conducted both State Owned Enterprise (SOE) and private companies need to be more intensified. This program cannot be exercised by charity ways, but needs phases to its persistence. Then it will result better situation on both corporation and local people- In legal aspect in indonesia the program has not controlled in particularly regulation but spread in many regulations. In the author's sight those needs more government effords to secure that this agenda will continue by the aimed considerations."

"Peraturan Perpajakan sangat banyak, kompleks dan ambigu. Pemahaman petugas administrasi pajak dan Wajib Pajak sering berbeda, dalam arti perkatanya, pengaplikasiannya dan bukti transaksi yang dibutuhkan. Perbedaan pemahaman tersebut menimbulkan sengketa perpajakan. Pada akhirnya menimbulkan biaya yang tidak sedikit, dari sisi Direktorat Jenderal Pajak maupun Wajib Pajak. Penelitian ini mengenai penegasan peraturan perpajakan dimuka advance tax ruling sebagai alternatif pencegahan sengketa yang diharapkan dapat meringankan biaya kepatuhan pajak dan meningkatkan kepastian hukum. Saat ini penegasan peraturan telah ada, namun tidak mengikat. Belanda menggunakan Surat Perjanjian antara otoritas pajaknya dengan Tax Payer. Keunggulannya adalah mengikat kedua pihak dan juga pengadilan.

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Tax regulation are abundant, complex and multi interpretations. Tax Officials and Taxpayers sometimes interpret the regulations differently, concerning the precise meaning of statutory language, the application of the law to specific factual situation, and the type of evidence sufficient to establish necessary fact. These conditions are likely create tax disputes. It is costly, on both side, Directorate General of Taxes and also Taxpayers. The study aims Advance Tax Ruling ATR to avoid tax disputes that hopely reduce cost of compliance and also created more certainty. Today, ATR exist but not binding. The Netherland has used contractual letter between Tax Official and Taxpayer. The advantages are binding not only to the parties but also the court."

"In its development of the last three years, there has been a new phenomenon in Indonesia jurisdiction; i.e. public claims made using a class action procedure. The utilization of such a procedure has been made so frequently and obtained legal forces because it has got us opportunity and justification in a variety of Indonesian legislations; among other things: law no. 23, 1997 concerning environmental management, law no. 8, 1999 regarding consumer protection and law no. 41 governing forestry followed up by a litigation procedure through the supreme court?s regulation no. 1, 2002. such a regulation has bridged the concept and legal theory which is subsequently used to execute .civil dalm procedures since there has been a shift from using an individual model to using a representative one. before the supreme court issued this regulation, courts had always' rejected collective claims on the ground that Indonesias civil law, especially section 123 of hir, a revised indonesia's law, stated that such claims could be brought up their claimants or by hiring Iavvyers. without a special authorization, however, lawyers could not represent class interest to be in session of court now, on the basis of article 4 of supreme court regulation to represent a ciass interest, the representative is not required to have this special authorization from the group he represents. social groups having the some case shoulclnot bring their case individually to prevent a recurrent case from happening. this oollective claim, class action, can be made at a lower cost so that the general public may bring their claims to court. in addition, to void mutually controversial verdicts, when each individual make his own claim, class action constitutes to be a more effident procedure. class action as a litigation procedure has its historical, social and cultural background in the common law system. therefore, class action as an effort of civil law reform in Indonesia has a tendency toward the civil law system; from legal comparison viewpoint, lt requires brillian thoughts on the part of judges in order to implement the existing laws actively; let alone, when we consider that the supreme court regulation no. 1, 2002 is but a way of transferring on America or Australian model. on the other hand, class action as a legal protection over Indonesian communities can be exercised as a social control; i.e. as social norms against deviant behaviours and their effects that include prohibitions, demands, condemnation and compensation. dispude resolution procedures with regard to compensation over unlawful deeds in class action should be prepared in detail, covering mechanism of its distribution for all members of a class including suggestions on court proving or panel to help distribute compensation more smoothly. when a compensation demand is approved, a judge isobliged to decide in detail the class grouping, compensation distribution mechanism`and steps to be taken by class representatives such as the obligation of notification. among the frequent cases are environmental function recovery, waste management improvement, pollution source eradication, compensation for the affected group and attitudinal changes among law breakers.Besides, class action as a tool of social engineering, that is, when a gap between law and social change appears, should find its solution whereas class action as a social emancipation means the equal right among various aspects of social life.based on the fact that court decision in class action is binding to all, any interest group using this procedure should help reduce administrative problems. this new phenomenon in Indonesia jurisdiction, public claims using a class action procedure, ls relevant to Frederick Calvert's theory. the people?s interest represented by a class action is in accordance with the theoiy of utilitarianism proposed by Jeremy Bentham. judges, accordingly, should make their decision on the basis of equilibrium principle between individual and collective interests as put forward by John Rawls In his theory of justice. rules are then needed to avoid a conflict of interests, between individual and collective ones. law as an umpire is indispensable."

"ABSTRAKin its development of the last three years, there has been a new phenomenon in Indonesia jurisdiction; i.e. public claims made using a class action procedure. The utilization of such a procedure has been made so frequently and obtained legal forces because it has got us opportunity and justification in a variety of Indonesian legislations; among other things: law no. 23, 1997 concerning environmental management, law no. 8, 1999 regarding consumer protection and law no. 41 governing forestry followed up by a litigation procedure through the supreme court?s regulation no. 1, 2002. such a regulation has bridged the concept and legal theory which is subsequently used to execute .civil dalm procedures since there has been a shift from using an individual model to using a representative one. before the supreme court issued this regulation, courts had always' rejected collective claims on the ground that Indonesias civil law, especially section 123 of hir, a revised indonesia's law, stated that such claims could be brought up their claimants or by hiring Iavvyers. without a special authorization, however, lawyers could not represent class interest to be in session of court now, on the basis of article 4 of supreme court regulation to represent a ciass interest, the representative is not required to have this special authorization from the group he represents. social groups having the some case shoulclnot bring their case individually to prevent a recurrent case from happening. this oollective claim, class action, can be made at a lower cost so that the general public may bring their claims to court. in addition, to void mutually controversial verdicts, when each individual make his own claim, class action constitutes to be a more effident procedure. class action as a litigation procedure has its historical, social and cultural background in the common law system. therefore, class action as an effort of civil law reform in Indonesia has a tendency toward the civil law system; from legal comparison viewpoint, lt requires brillian thoughts on the part of judges in order to implement the existing laws actively; let alone, when we consider that the supreme court regulation no. 1, 2002 is but a way of transferring on America or Australian model. on the other hand, class action as a legal protection over Indonesian communities can be exercised as a social control; i.e. as social norms against deviant behaviours and their effects that include prohibitions, demands, condemnation and compensation. dispude resolution procedures with regard to compensation over unlawful deeds in class action should be prepared in detail, covering mechanism of its distribution for all members of a class including suggestions on court proving or panel to help distribute compensation more smoothly. when a compensation demand is approved, a judge isobliged to decide in detail the class grouping, compensation distribution mechanism`and steps to be taken by class representatives such as the obligation of notification. among the frequent cases are environmental function recovery, waste management improvement, pollution source eradication, compensation for the affected group and attitudinal changes among law breakers.besides, class action as a tool of social engineering, that is, when a gap between law and social change appears, should find its solution whereas class action as a social emancipation means the equal right among various aspects of social life.based on the fact that court decision in class action is binding to all, any interest group using this procedure should help reduce administrative problems. this new phenomenon in Indonesia jurisdiction, public claims using a class action procedure, ls relevant to Frederick Calvert's theory. the people?s interest represented by a class action is in accordance with the theoiy of utilitarianism proposed by Jeremy Bentham. judges, accordingly, should make their decision on the basis of equilibrium principle between individual and collective interests as put forward by John Rawls In his theory of justice. rules are then needed to avoid a conflict of interests, between individual and collective ones. law as an umpire is indispensable."