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"Masalah status. golongan etnis Cina di Indonesia merupakan masalah penting yang mempengaruhi hubungan Indonesia - RRC, 1949-1967. Salah satu masalah status golongan etnis Cina yang harus segera diselesaikan adalah masalah dwikewarganegaraan. Sebagai dua buah negara yang baru merdeka RRC dan Indonesia hanya mengadopsi asas kewarganegaraan yang dianut oleh penguasa sebelumnya di negara masing-masing. Pemerintah RRC tetap mempertahankan Undang-undang kewarganegaraan tradisionalnya yang pada dasarnya menganut asas Ius-Sanquinis, sedangkan pemerintah Indonesia pada dasarnya menganut asas lus-Soli. Kewarganegaraan golongan etnis Cina di Indonesia harus jelas, sehingga perlakuan terhadap mereka menjadi tegas, yakni apakah mereka itu menjadi Warga Negara Indonesia atau Warga Negara RRC. Masalah status golongan etnis Cina dalam dunia perdagangan juga menjadi masalah penting dalam hubungan Indonesia-RRC pada periode ini. Peraturan Presiden no 10 tahun 1959 yang melarang orang asing melakukan kegiatan perdagangan eceran di daerah pedesaan Indonesia menimbulkan reaksi yang merusak hubungan Indonesia RRC.Keinginan untuk bebas dari dominasi Asing."

"Salah satu masalah krusial dalam bidang lingkungan hidup pada sektor kehutanan dunia saat ini adalah masalah Illegal Logging. Indonesia merupakan salah satu pemilik hutan tropis terbesar di dunia. Tetapi keberadaan hutan di Indonesia saat ini sangat kritis, salah satu penyebabnya yaitu meningkatnya kegiatan illegal logging. Hal ini tidak hanya memberikan dampak yang negatif untuk Indonesia, tetapi juga bagi negara-negara yang ada di kawasan. Bagaimanapun juga, kegiatan illegal logging ini, tidak berdiri sendiri tetapi dalam bentuk suatu jaringan kejahatan lintas batas negara. Berdasarkan hal tersebut diatas, Indonesia dan Jepang sepakat untuk membentuk suatu forum yang dinamakan Asia Forest Partnership (AFP), khususnya mengatasi permasalahan kehutanan di kawasan Asia-Pasifik.Forum AFP merupakan inisiatif kemitraan yang terdiri dari klaborasi antar negara, organisasi antar pemerintah, kelompok bisnis, LSM yang bergerak di bidang linkungan. Forum ini menitik beratkan pada masalah illegal logging, kebakaran hutan dan rehabilitasi lahan. Tetapi pada dasarnya, forum ini bertujuan untuk mempromosikan Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) atau Manajemen Hutan Lestari di kawasan Asia. Pertemuan tahunan dilakukan setahun sekali, dan dalam setiap pertemuannya akan menghasilkan workPlan, yang akan dievaluasi pada pertemuan berikunya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan suatu proses, dalam hal ini masalah Illegal logging yang sudah lama ada, khususnya di Indonesia, dikaitkan dengan kemunculan forum AFP. Disamping itu, tujuan penelitiannya juga untuk menggambarkan hubungan AFP dengan Indonesia, dan bagaimana forum AFP ini memberikan dorongan terhadap upaya Indonesia dan dilihat dari pertemuan tahunan yang diadakan serta peran aktif delegasi Indonesia di setiap pertemuannya. Untuk membahas hal ini, maka digunakan perspektif pluralis oleh Paul R. Viotti dan Mark Kauppi, serta lebih menekankan pada pendekatan partnership. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut diatas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Forum AFP merupakan pondasi dengan proses yang panjang dari kerjasama internasional didalam mempromosikan manajemen hutan lestari di Asia. Negaranegara Asia, salah satunya Indonesia menghadapi permasalahan yang hampir sama didalam mengimplementasikan manajemen hutan lestari. Terlihat bahwa forum AFP memang menjalankan fungsinya sebagai sebuah wadah yang membahas masalahmasalah kehutanan khususnya masalah Illegal Logging, tetapi tidak terlepas dari tujuan utamanya yaitu mempromosikan Sustainable Forest Management (SFM).Dalam kemitraan yang bersifat tidak mengikat dan sukarela, setidaknya membuktikan bahwa jenis atau tipe kerjasama internasional seperti ini sangat diperlukan dan dapat diterapkan serta memberikan implikasi bagi hubungan AFP dengan Indonesia Diharapkan kemitraan ini dapat menumbuhkan lebih besar lagi kesadaran bagi setiap negara-negara di dunia, khususnya kawasan Asia, bahwa didalam mengatasi permasalahan global seperti masalah kehutanan ini, kita dapat mengatasi dan menghadapi secara bersama-sama dan tidak menutup kemungkinan juga bagi negaranegara di kawasan tersebut dapat mencapai kepentingan nasionalnya masing-masing karena memang itulah hakekat suatu kerjasama internasional (partnership).

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Forest as an international agenda since 1992 Earth summit. Subsequently, the discussions on forest continue at the global level with the establishments of various United Nations related forum. Along this line, there has been a consensus among the broad stakeholders that regional discussions on sustainable forest management may contribute significantly to the progress in debating the issues concerned at the global level. The Asia Forest Partnership was born during the 2002 World Summit Sustainable Development, ten years after the Earth Summit. Indonesia has been involved in AFP since its preparation stage and early inception stage. This undoubtedly reflects Indonesia?s commitment to work with partners in synergising efforts to attain sustainability of remaining natural forests in Asia.Asia Forest Partnership (AFP) has now been recognised as a forum for promoting partnership among multiparties to address major issues in dealing with sustainable forest management. Indonesia with its large share of remaining tropical forests in Asia, remains important partner to the forum, and situation over its forests appears as of mutual concerns to all, in particular the co-partners of AFP. There are 3 focus issues had been identified under AFP, namely: Illegal logging, forest fires and forest rehabilitation. Moreover, the three topics mentioned are indeed the national priority issues of the forestry sector in the country. Illegal logging in Indonesia has been the main focus of the AFP, and correspondingly, it is first priority program of the Ministry of Forestry. The reasons for that are obvious: Indonesia has suffered greatly from rampant practice of illegal logging and its associated illicit trade. This paper tries to describe a process, the relation of Asia Forest partnership (AFP) with Indonesia to combating Illegal Logging. To describe this case, there is used pluralism perspective by Paul R. Viotti and Mark Kauppi, and partnership approach by Brinkerhoff."

"Dari pembitjaraan2 jang telah saja lakukan dalam bagian-bagian sebelum ini agaknja dapatlah saja sertakan disini beberapa kesimpulan jang diantaranja mungkin sadja saja ambil terlalu bersifat umum. Kesimpulan2 tersebut ialah: 1. Persoalan jang paling banjak dikemukan ialah kawin paksa. Sembilan dari empat belas buku jang dibitjarakan dalam tindjauan ini membawakan soal kawin paksa..."

"[ABSTRAKWilayah udara yang berada di atas sebuah negara merupakan hak negara tersebutsecara penuh dan eksklusif. Namun, ketentuan itu tidak selalu dapat diikuti. Halini ditunjukkan dengan adanya pengaturan wilayah penerbangan di atas negara ?negara di dunia, Flight Information Region (FIR), yang tidak selalu mengikutigaris batas negara. Kondisi tersebut dialami oleh Indonesia. Sebagian wilayahudara di kawasan Kepulauan Riau dan Natuna didelegasikan kepada Singapurakarena ketidakmampuan Indonesia konon dalam mengelola navigasi penerbangan.Melalui pendelegasian wilayah udara tersebut, terdapat berbagai kerugian yangdiderita oleh Indonesia. Namun, pemerintah Indonesia tetap meneruskan kerjasama pengelolaan wilayah udara tersebut walaupun perjanjian pendelegasian,yang dibuat pada tahun 1995, telah berakhir masa berlakunya, dan kondisiIndonesia telah memungkinkan untuk mengambil kembali kewenangannya. Halinilah yang menjadi anomali dari sikap negara berdaulat. Oleh sebab itu, tesis inimenggunakan teori politik birokratik (bureaucratic politics theory) dalampembedahan isu untuk melihat proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri diantara birokrasi ? birokrasi di dalam negeri. Pembedahan tesis dibagi sesuaidengan variabel dalam teori ini, yaitu aktor/birokrasi yang terlibat, faktor yangmenentukan masing ? masing aktor, dan sikap aktor dalam menyatukanpertimbangan untuk menghasilkan keputusan dan tindakan pemerintah. Setelahmendapatkan ketiga variabel penelitian, langkah selanjutnya adalah memetakanpolitik birokratik Indonesia terkait isu tersebut. Pada akhirnya, ditemukan adanyamasalah politik birokratik intranasional yang menyebabkan limitasi pilihan bagipemerintah dalam proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri menanggapi isupendelegasian wilayah udara nasional kepada Singapura. Masalah ini jugamerefleksikan persaingan antara Indonesia dan Singapura di beberapa aspek.

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ABSTRACTAir territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.;Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects., Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country’s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state’s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.]"

"This article does endeavor to launch many issues in recent agrarian reform in Indonesia. Many factors become considerations to conduct newly agrarian reforms and momentously. The prior agrarian reforms outstanding in the ideal agrarian and land tenure structure that has reflected many land conflicts needs adequate resolution. That situation coincides to the huge number of deprived people who living in less in public service such as food education, health, living hood that have reflected any social-economic gaps. All of them ideally are the mostly agrarian concern to be accomplished by mainly idea to create ideal land tenure and access to land itself Ultimately, the unfinished on delegation of power between central to local government in post decentralization law since 1999 has been substantial problems."