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"Skripsi ini menceritakan tentang kebijakan ekonomi yang dikeluarkan oleh Pemerintah Malaysia pada tahun 1971 Walaupun sudah ada yang melakukan tapi tema ini tetap menarik untuk di teliti.Kebijakan Ekonomi baru dikeluarkan setelah peristiwa kerusuhan anti-Cinapada 13 Mei 1969. Dengan adanya kebijakan tersebut diharapkan kerusuhan yang sama tidak akan terjadi lagi di Malaysia. Karena perbedaan ekonomi antara etnis Melayu dan Cina diduga sebagai salah satu penyebab terjadinya kerusuhan. Sehingga pemerintah Malaysia merasa perlu mengeluarkan Kebijakan yang tujuannya untuk memperbaiki ekonomi masyarakat Malaysia, khusunya ekonomi orang-orang melayu.

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This Undergraduate thesis explain the economic policy that was released by the goverment of Malaysia in 1971. Although this theme has been written before but it still interesting to analyze. The Economic Policy was released after the anti-China riot event on May 13 th 1969. This policy expected to solve riot in Malaysia. The indiferent of the economic level between Malayan ethnic and Chinese ethnic is considered as one of the caused of the riot. Therefore, the Goverment of Malaysia thought of need to release the policy which was aimed to improve the economic of Malaysian, especially for the Malayan ethnic."

"Presents a policy-oriented stocktake and evaluation by academics, policy-makers, and business people on Malaysia's achievements, present work-in-progress endeavours, and some of the future challenges facing the nation in its pursuit to achieve a developed high-income country status. "

"Skripsi ini dibuat untuk menjelaskan mengapa Jerman mengubah sikap politik dankebijakannya terhadap isu pengungsian di tengah krisis pengungsian global. Denganmetode kualitatif dan studi literatur, skripsi ini mencoba menjelaskan mengapa terjadiperubahan Kebijakan Jerman dalam Penanganan Krisis Pengungsi pada 2015. Teoripergeseran kebijakan Jeffrey Legro yang menjelaskan mengapa suatu negara dapatmengubah sikap dan kebijakannya dalam suatu hal tertentu secara drastis dalam waktusingkat, dipakai sebagai alat bantu analisa. Teori ini menjelaskan kalau suatu negaramenggeser kebijakannya apabila gagasan kolektif pemerintah maupun publik mengenaisuatu isu berubah. Sebagai temuan, terjadinya lonjakan arus masuk pengungsi keJerman membawa beberapa konsekuensi yang tak terduga sebelumnya dan yang tidaksesuai dengan ekspektasi kolektif Jerman; ekspektasi kolektif Jerman yakni bahwaketerbukaan dan pembukaan perbatasan dapat menyelesaikan krisis pengungsianinternasional. Oleh karena dinyatakan, gagasan kolektif Jerman yang berubah membawapengaruh pada kebijakan, bergeser dari keterbukaan menjadi pembatasan.

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This undergraduate thesis tries to explain why the Germany Government changed its

policies regarding issue of refugee amid the global refugee crisis in 2015. By using a

an change its

attitudes and policies in a particular case drastically in a short period of time. This

theory clarifies that a country changes its policies if the collective ideas of the

government and the public on an issue change. With a qualitative method and literature

studies, the author found that the surge in refugee inflows into Germany brought several

resolve refugee crisis,

and then they agreed to change the policies to more restrictive as their collective ideas

change. That is one of the reasons why German policies has been changed, shifted from

openness to restrictions at the time."

"Penelitian yang dibahas dalam tulisan ini ditujukan untuk menjelaskan alasan dan penilaian Mahathir Mohamad memilih untuk menerapkan kembali kebijakan new economic policy dalam upaya mengatasi dampak krisis finansial Asia tahun 1997, dan menolak secara tegas paket bantuan yang ditawarkan oleh International Monetary Fund dan Bank Dunia. Alasan Mahathir Mohamad dapat dijelaskan secara rasional melalui penilaian-penilaian terhadap konsekuensi yang akan didatangkan dari kebijakan alternatif yang akan diterapkan. Pilihan tersebut memberikan dampak pada pembangunan ekonomi dan politik di Malaysia.Dengan menggunakan teori pilihan rasional karya Raymond Boudon, dan konsep experience & decision Value milik Kahneman dan Tversky, tulisan ini berusaha untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik pilihan rasional dalam pengambilan kebijakan publik yang berkembang di Malaysia. Hal ini diindikasikan melalui kebijakan yang diambil oleh pemerintah Malaysia didasarkan pada kebijakan-kebijakan ekonomi politik yang dijalankan sebelumnya, yakni New Economic Policy (1970-1990) dan National Development Policy (1991-1996). Selain itu, Mahathir juga menilai konsekuensi yang akan terjadi, apabila Malaysia menerima paket bantuan IMF, maka akan terjadi liberalisasi pasar dan intervensi asing serta merusak tatanan ekonomi dan politik Malaysia yang telah dibangun selama ini.

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The research discussed in this article is intended to explain the reason and judgment Mahathir Mohamad chose to reimplement new economic policy in an effort to overcome the impact of the Asian financial crisis of 1997, and explicitly reject the aid package offered by International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Mahathir Mohamad reason can be explained in a rational way through assessments of the consequences that will come from alternative policies that will be applied. The options have an impact on economic and political development in Malaysia.Using the theory of rational choice by Raymond Boudon, and the concept of experience value and decision value by Value Kahneman and Tversky, this paper seeks to identify the characteristics of rational choice in developing public policy in Malaysia. This is indicated by measures taken by the Malaysian government is based on political economic policies that run before, the new economic policy (1970-1990) and national development policy (1991-1996). Moreover, Mahathir also assess the consequences will be if Malaysia receive IMF aid package, there will be liberalization of markets, foreign intervention and undermine economic & political order Malaysia that have built over the years."

"In the wake of Malaysia’s 13th General Election some commentators speak of a sharpening of ethnic politics — with Prime Minister Najib blaming a “Chinese tsunami” for his government’s polling setbacks; others are optimistic about the arrival of a new “non-racialized form of politics” and the emergence of “transethnic solidarity”. This book, which engages with both the race paradigm and its opponents, warns that change is likely to come slowly — but is not impossible. Malaysia’s race paradigm is a man-made ideological construct — one that has been contested in the past, and could realistically be contested in the future. In confronting the continuing challenge of globalization, Malaysians should not neglect the history of ideas — and ideology — as they search for new options."