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"Insomnia adalah salah satu masalah yang paling umum bagi lanjut usia (lansia). Seperti gangguan psikologis lainnya, terdapat berbagai tipe dan penyebab insomnia. Walaupun demikian, mencari penyebab dan membeda-bedakan berbagai tipe insomnia seringkali tidak bermanfaat dalam menangani insomnia. Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa semua tipe dan penyebab insomnia dapat menerima manfaat terapi. Terapi yang paling efektif dan direkomendasikan untuk menangani insomnia adalah multi-komponen cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Teknik yang umumnya termasuk dalam paket terapi adalah sleep hygiene, stimulus control, sleep restriction, dan pendekatan kognitif. Penelitian ini menggunakan paket terapi tersebut ditambah teknik pemecahan masalah yang efektif untuk menangani insomnia. Terapi dibawakan dalam kelompok yang terdiri dari 8-sesi dan berlangsung selama 4 minggu. Setiap minggu terdapat dua sesi, sehingga terdapat sekitar 3-4 hari pada antar sesi. Desain penelitian adalah kuasi eksperimen pre-post within group. Partisipan adalah lima lansia (64-75 tahun) yang terdiagnosis dengan insomnia berdasarkan Research Diagnotic Criteria untuk insomnia (Edinger, dkk., 2004). Untuk mengukur efektivitas terapi, partisipan diwawancarai dan mengisi kuesioner Skala Mengantuk Epworth, kuesioner Insomnia Severity Index, dan sleep diary. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa intervensi efektif dalam mengurangi simtom insomnia. Sebagian besar partisipan mengalami penurunan skor ISI yang besar dan penurunan yang lebih dari 50% pada waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk tidur dan waktu bangun setelah tidur. Selanjutnya, sebagian besar partisipan mengakui peningkatan kualitas tidurnya dan hilangnya simtom insomnia. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa CBT multi-komponen kelompok dapat menurunkan simtom insomnia dengan cukup besar pada lansia Indonesia. Hasil penelitian yang menunjukkan efektivitas CBT multi-komponen kelompok penting untuk menyediakan intervensi psikologis evidence based yang efektif dan ekonomis bagi lansia.

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Insomnia is one of the most common problems for the elderly. Like other psychological disorders, there are differing types and causes of insomnia. However, discovering the causes and differentiating insomnia types is often not useful in treating insomnia. Researches have shown that all insomnia types and causes can benefit from therapy. The most effective and recommended therapy for treating insomnia is multicomponent cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). The usual techniques included in the therapy package are sleep hygiene, stimulus control, sleep restriction, and a cognitive approach.

This research used the usual therapy package with an additional problem solving technique, which has been shown effective for treating insomnia. The therapy is delivered in group setting, which consists of 8-sessions. The therapy takes 4 weeks with 2 sessions per week, leaving around 3-4 days between sessions.

The research design is a quasiexperiment pre-post within group design. The participants are five older adults (64-75 years old) that are diagnosed with insomnia based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for insomnia (Edinger, et. al., 2004). To measure the effectiveness of the therapy, the participants are interviewed and completed Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and sleep diary.

The result showed that the intervention is effective in reducing insomnia symptoms. Most participants experience a large reduction of ISI scores during the therapy and more than 50% reduction of sleep onset time and wake time after sleep onset. Furthermore, most participants acknowledge their sleep improvement and the disappearance of insomnia symptoms. This research shows that group multicomponent CBT can achieve clinically significant reduction of insomnia symptoms in Indonesian elderly. This finding provides evidence on using group multicomponent CBT to treat insomnia for Indonesian elderly. Evidence for the effectiveness of group multicomponent CBT is important in providing evidence based psychological intervention that is effective and economical for the elderly."

"ABSTRAKPenurunan jumlah aktivitas pada lansia biasa dikaitkan dengan pengalaman tidak menyenangkan seperti tidak memiliki teman, perasaan hampa dan kesepian. Pengalaman tersebut didefinisikan sebagai loneliness yang sifatnya subjektif dan mempengaruhi kualitas hidup serta kesehatan individu. Loneliness ditemukan dapat mempengaruhi tekanan darah sistolik pada lansia yang mengarahkan lansia pada gangguan hipertensi.Fenomena terkait loneliness dapat ditemukan pada para lansia di Depok. Peneliti memberikan Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) pada 3 (tiga) orang lansia untuk menurunkan tingkat loneliness yang dialaminya. Jika loneliness telah menurun, maka peneliti juga mengharapkan tekanan darah lansia dapat turun dan stabil. Penelitian dijalankan dengan menggunakan desain single-subject repeated measures dengan melakukan tiga kali pengukuran di awal, pertengahan dan akhir rangkaian intervensi untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian terapi terhadap loneliness yang dialami partisipan.Hasil dari penelitian adalah ketiga partisipan mengalami penurunan loneliness yang terlihat dari wawancara, observasi, dan pengukuran menggunakan The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, The De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, dan Personal Definitions of Loneliness. Seluruh partisipan juga mengalami penurunan tekanan darah menurut hasil pemeriksaan menggunakan tensi meter digital. Penurunan loneliness diperkirakan terjadi karena ketaatan partisipan dalam menjalani terapi terutama dalam melakukan perubahan perilaku serta adanya motivasi yang tinggi dalam pelaksanaan terapi. Penurunan loneliness akan lebih signifikan jika partisipan memiliki dukungan sosial untuk mempertahankan perilaku positif serta kemampuan bahasa yang lebih baik. Selain itu, Partisipan telah mampu mempraktikkan teknik-teknik yang diberikan dalam terapi seperti mengenali loneliness yang dialami, relaksasi, pemecahan masalah, dan melawan pikiran buruk.

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ABSTRACT

In older adults, reduced activities often related to unpleasant experiences, such as having no friends, feeling of emptiness and loneliness. Feeling of loneliness is subjective to individuals and affects their health and quality of life. It is found that loneliness can have impact on systolic blood pressure among older adults and result in hypertension.

Phenomena related to loneliness happen among older adults in Depok. This study evaluated the efficacy of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) in reducing level of loneliness among older adults, so that their blood pressure would get lower and stay in a stable condition. Design of the study was single-subject repeated measures with three participants, and three times measurement (initial, middle, final).

Results of the study suggest that all three participants' level of loneliness reduced, which can be seen from interview, observation, and scores of quantitative inventories (The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, The De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, and Personal Definitions of Loneliness). Participants' blood pressure also reduced. Participants' compliance to therapy processes, such as high motivation and changes in behavior, contributed to the reduced level of loneliness. It is assumed that loneliness scores would be reduced more significantly if participants had better social support, maintained positive behaviors, and had better verbal capacity. Despite of lack of verbal capacity, participants were able to practice some techniques, such as identifying loneliness, relaxation, problem solving, and countering negative thoughts."

"Latar belakang: Nyeri kronis dapat mempengaruhi berbagai aspek di dalam kehidupan penderitanya. Tingginya penerimaan terhadap nyeri kronis dapat membantu penderita untuk menghadapi nyeri kronisnya dengan baik. Tujuan: Untuk melihat efektivitas pemberian manajemen nyeri dengan intervensi multi-komponen kelompok cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) dalam meningkatkan penerimaan lansia Depok terhadap nyeri kronis yang dideritanya. Metode: Enam orang lansia yang menderita nyeri kronis diberikan intervensi multi-komponen kelompok cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) sebanyak delapan kali pertemuan. Intervensi ini terdiri dari sharing, latihan relaksasi, psikoedukasi, self-monitoring, activity scheduling, restrukturisasi pikiran negatif, dan teknik pemecahan masalah. Pengukuran efektivitas dilakukan dengan metode pretest-posttest menggunakan Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ). Hasil: Seluruh partisipan mengalami peningkatan penerimaan nyeri kronis setelah mengikuti manajemen nyeri dengan intervensi multi-komponen kelompok cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) ini. Meskipun demikian, tidak seluruh partisipan mengalami peningkatan dalam masing-masing komponen penerimaan nyeri kronis, yaitu pain willingness dan activity engagement. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa para partispan dapat beradaptasi dengan nyeri kronis yang dideritanya dengan cara yang lebih baik. Di samping itu, latihan relaksasi nampak bermanfaat untuk menurunkan intensitas nyeri yang dirasakan partisipan. Kesimpulan: Intervensi multi-komponen kelompok cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) efektif dalam meningkatkan penerimaan lansia Depok terhadap nyeri kronis yang diderita.

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Background: Chronic pain can affect many aspects of sufferers?s life. High level of acceptance towards chronic pain can helps sufferers to cope well with chronic pain.

Purpose: To see the effectiveness of the provision of pain management with multi-component group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention in improving acceptance of chronic pain of elderly in Depok.

Methods: Six elderly people who have chronic pain are given multi-component group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention as much as eight times. This intervention consist of sharing, relaxation training, psychoeducation, self-monitoring, activity scheduling, negative thought restructuring, and problem solving techniques. Measurement of effectiveness was assessed with pretest-posttest method using the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ).

Results: All participants have improvement in acceptance of chronic pain after participating in this pain management. However, not all participants experienced improvement in component of acceptance toward chronic pain, the pain willingness and activity engagement. The result also indicate that the participant can adapt to chronic pain in a better way. In addition, relaxation training seems beneficial to reduce the intensity of pain felt by the participants.

Conclusion: The multi-component group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention is effective to improve acceptance of chronic pain of elderly in Depok."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang Diabetes melitus tipe 2 adalah penyakit kronis yang perawatannya sangat bergantung kepada kemampuan penderitanya untuk mematuhi regimen medis berupa pengaturan pola makan, berolahraga, pengecekan kadar glukosa darah, dan meminum obat sesuai anjuran. Ketidakpatuhan terhadap regimen medis dapat mengakibatkan kontrol glukosa darah memburuk dan memperbesar resiko komplikasi penyakit, seperti gangguan mata dan hipertensi. Pada lansia dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2, kepatuhan medis menjadi suatu isu yang lebih kompleks, karena semakin bertambah usia seseorang maka regimen medis yang dimiliki juga akan menjadi lebih kompleks, sedangkan kemampuan kognitif dan memori mengalami penurunan. Oleh karena itu, peneliti mencoba menjawab permasalahan tersebut dengan memberikan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy kepada 2 (dua) orang lansia dengan diabetes melitus tipe 2 yang bermasalah dengan kepatuhan medis. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan single subject design. Pengukuran dilakukan saat pra-intervensi, pertengahan intervensi, dan pasca-intervensi. Hasil pengukuran intervensi melalui pengisian 8-Item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), wawancara dan observasi, serta pengukuran kadar glukosa darah, menunjukkan kenaikan tingkat kepatuhan medis dari rendah menjadi menengah pada kedua partisipan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa Cognitive Behavioral Therapy efektif untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan medis pada para lansia dengan penyakit diabetes melitus tipe 2. Partisipan juga merasa mendapatkan manfaat dari teknik-teknik yang diajarkan dalam terapi ini dan memahami bahwa untuk mempertahankan kepatuhan medis yang mereka miliki, partisipan perlu untuk selalu menerapkan teknik-teknik tersebut dalam keseharian mereka.

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ABSTRACT

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which its treatment heavily depend on patients ability to adhere to their medical regimens. Type 2 diabetes mellitus medical regimen consists of healthy diets, frequent exercises, blood glucose level control, and regular taking of medications. Non-adherence to medical regimen could lead to worse blood glucose control and result in the increase of another disease complication, such as glaucoma and hypertension. In older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, medical adherence becomes a more complex issue, because as people grow old, their medical regimen will become more complex. Meanwhile, their cognitive and memory ability decrease. In this research, the researcher will provide Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for 2 (two) older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus and have problems with their medical adherence. Research design use single subject design. There are three assessments that were taken, pre-intervention, mid-intervention, and post-intervention. Result assessments through 8-Item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8), interview, observation, and blood glucose control showed increase in medical adherence levels, from low medical adherence to medium medical adherence in both participants. Conclusion this research proved that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is effective to increase medical adherence in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. All participants also experienced the benefits from techniques that were given during therapy and understood that to maintain the medical adherence they achieved; they need to keep applied those techniques into their daily life."

"Latar Belakang: Rheumatoid arthritis merupakan kondisi nyeri yang menyakitkan dan mempengaruhi berbagai aspek kehidupan penderitanya, seperti fisik, psikologis, dan psikososial. Nyeri yang dialami penderita ini dapat membuatnya merasa lemah dan kesulitan dalam beraktivitas sehari-hari. Dampak paling buruk yang dialami oleh penderita rheumatoid arthritis ialah pengaruh negatifnya terhadap kualitas hidupnya. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui efektivitas pemberian manajemen nyeri dengan intervensi multi-component cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup pada penderita rheumatoid arthritis. Metode: Dua orang partisipan yang menderita rheumatoid arthritis diberikan intervensi multi-component cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) sebanyak enam kali pertemuan. Intervensi ini terdiri dari identifikasi masalah dan sharing mengenai penyakit yang dialami, psikoedukasi, latihan relaksasi, self monitoring, dan restrukturisasi pikiran negatif. Pengukuran efektivitas dilakukan dengan metode pretest-posttest menggunakan Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) untuk melihat perubahan skor intensitas nyeri yang dialami dan Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life (RAQoL) untuk melihat perubahan skor kualitas hidup. Hasil: Kedua partisipan mengalami peningkatan kualitas hidup seiring dengan menurunnya intensitas nyeri yang dirasakan setelah mengikuti manajemen nyeri dengan intervensi multi-component cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) ini. Hasil penelitian secara kualitatif juga menunjukkan bahwa latihan relaksasi merupakan teknik yang paling bermanfaat bagi kedua partisipan untuk menurunkan intensitas nyeri yang dirasakan. Kesimpulan: Intervensi multi-component cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) efektif dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup pada penderita rheumatoid arthritis.

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Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a painful condition which is painful and affects many aspects of life of sufferers, such as physical, psychological, and psychosocial. Pain experienced by the patient can make her feel weak and difficulties in daily activities. The worst impacts experienced by people with rheumatoid arthritis are negative effects on quality of life.

Purpose: To know the effectiveness of pain management with intervention multicomponent cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to improve quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods: Two patients with rheumatoid arthritis as participants given intervention multi-component of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as many as six sessions. This intervention consists of identifying problems and sharing about disease experienced, psychoeducation, relaxation training, self-monitoring, and restructuring negative thoughts. Effectiveness measurement was conducted using a pretest-posttest using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) to see the change in pain intensity scores experienced and Rheumatoid Arthritis Quality of Life (RAQoL) to see the change in quality of life scores.

Results: Both participants experienced improved quality of life along with a decrease in the intensity of pain experienced after following pain management with multi-component intervention of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Qualitative research results also show that the relaxation exercise is the most beneficial technique for both participants to reduce the perceived pain intensity.

Conclusions: Interventions multi-component cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective to improve the quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis."

"Kecemasan adalah suatu perasaan gelisah atau ketakutan terhadap sesuatu yang dapat dialami oleh semua individu, termasuk diantaranya lanjut usia. Pada lansia, kecemasan dapat disebabkan oleh perubahan kondisi fisik yaitu kondisi geriatrik, perubahan psikologis yaitu perubahan fungsi kognitif, perkembangan temprament individu, dan perubahan lingkungan seperti kemiskinan, seringnya terjadi kekerasan, pola adaptasi yang gagal, serta peristiwa hidup yang negatif. Kecemasan pada lansia dapat menyebabkan munculnya beberapa penyakit, diantaranya penyakit jantung, hipertensi, hingga berujung pada kematian.Fenomena kecemasan ini cukup sering ditemui di usia lanjut. Di Indonesia, fenomena ini sering ditemui di beberapa kota dengan tingkat populasi lansia yang tinggi seperti di Kota Depok. Penelitian ini berusaha menjawab fenomena yang ada dengan memberikan intervensi psikologis kepada lansia yang berdomisi di Depok. Intervensi ini merupakan intervensi kelompok cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) yang diberikan kepada 5 orang partisipan. Pegukuran dilakukan pada saat pra-intervensi dan pasca-intervensi untuk mengetahui perubahan tingkat kecemasan yang jelas pada masing-masing partisipan. Kelima partisipan yang mengikuti intervensi ini mengalami penurunan tingkat kecemasan yang diukur menggunakan skala PSWQ (Penn State Worry Questionaire) dan STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory). Penurunan pada kelima partisipan bervariasi tergantung dari masalah dan ketaatan partisipan saat mengikuti intervensi.Kelima partisipan telah mengikuti teknik-teknik yang sudah diberikan selama proses intervensi seperti mengenali gejala, reaksi tubuh dan dampak cemas, membuat dan mengevaluasi rencana kegiatan, mengenali pikiran negatif, merekonstruksi pikiran negatif, mencari solusi dari masalah, dan berlatih relaksasi. Keberhasilan penelitian tergantung dari motivasi untuk sembuh, kepatuhan dalam mengikuti intervensi dan keinginan untuk melakukan teknik-teknik yang sudah diberikan selama intervensi.

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Anxiety can be defined as a feeling of discouraged or frightened about something, occur in human beings, as well as to the old ages. For older people, anxiety can be caused by the changing of their physical condition e.g. geriatric condition, the changing of psychological condition e.g. the change of cognitive function, individual temperament development, the changing of their surroundings e.g. poverty, violence, the failure of adaptation pattern, and the negative side of life. Anxiety for the old ages may lead to some diseases such as coronary heart disease, high blood pressure which could lead them to death.

This anxiety phenomenon often appears in the old ages. In Indonesia, this phenomenon can be found in some cities with high population of the old ages such as in Depok. This research was trying to figure out the answer by giving a psychological intervention for old aged individual living in Depok. The intervention was group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) given to 5 participants. The measurement was done at pre intervention and post intervention to find the changing of anxiety level of each participant.

All participants who joined this intervention experienced decrease of anxiety level which was measured by PSWQ scale (Penn State Worry Questionnaire) and STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory). Various result was found depends on problems and the obediency of the participant during the intervention. The success of this research may be influenced the motivation of healing, obedient, and willingness to do the techniques given by participants."

"ABSTRAKDiabetes melitus merupakan salah satu penyakit kronis yang paling sering dialamilanjut usia di Indonesia. Mereka yang menderita diabetes tidak hanya memilikimasalah dalam hal fisik, namun juga bermasalah secara psikologis. Kondisi fisikyang lemah memiliki korelasi dengan tingkat harapan (hope) pada individu.Harapan yang rendah berdampak pada rendahnya kebahagiaan serta kesejahteraanhidup. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk menguji efektivitas cognitivebehavioraltherapy (CBT) dalam meningkatkan harapan pada lanjut usia yangmenderita diabetes melitus.Penelitian dilakukan di Panti Werdha Bina Bhakti, Serpong, Tangerang.Desain penelitian berupa kuasi eksperimen dengan desain pretest-posttest danwithin-subjects, dengan jumlah partisipan sebanyak tiga orang (berusia 65 sampai85 tahun). Dari hasil penelitian, dua dari tiga partisipan mengalami peningkatanuntuk skor harapan dan disertai dengan penurunan kadar gula dalam darah.Peningkatan harapan ini diwujudkan dengan kepatuhan (adherence) terhadapaturan medis yaitu pengontrolan konsumsi makanan yang mengandung glukosa.Disamping itu, peningkatan harapan juga diwujudkan dengan perasaan yangtenang dan bahagia, serta merasa diperhatikan dan dipedulikan. Kondisi tersebutjuga dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap penurunan kadar gula dalam darah.Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa CBT cenderung efektif dalammeningkatkan harapan pada lanjut usia yang menderita diabetes melitus.

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ABSTRACTDiabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic disease suffered by theelderly in Indonesia. Those who suffered from diabetes are not only physicallyimpaired, but psychologically impaired as well. Weak physical condition has acorrelation with the level of individual hope. Low level of hope has an impact onthe low level of well being. The aim of this research was to measure theeffectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in enhancing hope for olderadults who suffered from diabetes melitus.The research was conducted in Panti Werdha Bina Bhakti, Serpong,Tangerang. Research design was made in the form of quasi experiment withpretest-posttest and within-subjects design, and with the three participants (aged65 to 85 years). From the research, two out of three participants increased theirlevel of hope and decreased their sugar levels in blood. This increasing level ofhope was manifested with the adherence of medical rules in controlling foodconsumption containing glucose. Besides that, the higher hope was alsomanifested with a calm and happy feeling, and also feel cared for. Such conditionscould give a contribution to the decreased sugar levels in blood. Thus, it could beconcluded that CBT tends to be effective in increasing the level of hope for olderadults who suffered from diabetes mellitus."

"Depresi merupakan gangguan perasaan yang dapat dialami individu dari berbagai golongan usia, termasuk lanjut usia atau lansia. Pada lansia, depresi dapat disebabkan oleh perubahan yang terjadi dalam diri mereka saat memasuki usia lanjut, misalnya berhenti bekerja, penurunan kondisi kesehatan, dan lain-lain. Depresi pada lansia ini perlu ditangani karena dapat menyebabkan mereka tidak mampu melakukan aktivitas harian, memunculkan masalah kesehatan, menurunkan kualitas hidup, hingga mempercepat kematian. Fenomena mengenai lansia yang mengalami depresi ditemukan di Depok.Para lansia di Depok dinaungi oleh lembaga Perhimpunan Gerontologi Indonesia cabang kota Depok yang bertujuan meningkatkan kesejahteraan lansia di Depok. PERGERI Depok seringkali mendapati anggotanya mengalami depresi, tetapi tidak memiliki tenaga pendukung untuk menangani masalah ini, karena selama ini perhatian hanya difokuskan pada penanganan masalah fisik. Untuk itu, peneliti mencoba menjawab kebutuhan tersebut dengan memberikan Terapi Kognitif- Perilaku kepada 3 (tiga) orang lansia di Depok yang mengalami depresi. Penelitian dijalankan dengan menggunakan desain single-subject repeated measures. Pengukuran dilakukan saat pra-intervensi, pertengahan intervensi, dan pasca-intervensi untuk mendapatkan gambaran perubahan tingkat depresi yang jelas pada masing-masing partisipan. Ketiga partisipan yang menjalani Terapi Kognitif-Perilaku mengalami penurunan tingkat depresi yang dilihat melalui hasil wawancara dan observasi, status mental, serta pengukuran menggunakan alat ukur Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), dan BDRS (Brief Depression Rating Scale). Salah satu partisipan mengalami penurunan yang tidak terlalu besar dibandingan dua partisipan lain, diperkirakan karena kurangnya ketaatan (adherence) dalam menjalani terapi dan adanya riwayat depresi cukup berat yang pernah ia alami sebelumnya. Selain itu, para partisipan sudah mampu mempraktekkan teknik-teknik yang diberikan dalam rangkaian terapi, mulai dari mengenali ciri depresi, memonitor perasaan, mempraktekkan rencana kegiatan harian, berlatih relaksasi, memecahkan masalah, mengenali pikiran negatif dan melakukan restrukturisasi pikiran. Para partisipan pun memahami bahwa keberhasilan terapi ditentukan oleh kemandirian dan niat mereka untuk menjalankan teknik-teknik tersebut dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

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Depression is a mood disturbance that can be experienced by all ages, including the elderly. Depression in older adults can be caused by changes due to the aging process, such as: being in pension, declining health conditions, etc. Its imperative to treat depression in older adults as it disable them from their daily activities, raise health problems, impede quality of life, and increase mortality.

The depression phenomenon occurs to the elderly residents in Depok. The Association of Gerontology Indonesia (Perhimpunan Gerontologi Indonesia/ PERGERI) in Depok is an organization that aimed to improve the welfare of older adults in Depok. Older adults in Depok often have depression, but PERGERI does not have the personnel to deal with this problem, because so far it is only focused on treating physical health problems. In this research, I provide Cognitive- Behavior Therapy for 3 (three) older adults with depression in Depok. This study use single-subject design, repeated measures. There are pre-test, mid-test, and post-test assessment to show clear changes in depression level for each participant.

All participants experienced decreased levels of depression, that are assessed from interviews and observations, mental status, and psychological measures. The measurements are Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and BDRS (Brief Depression Rating Scale). One of the participants experienced lower therapy effect compared to the other two participants, presumably due to lack of adherence and a history of depression. Furthermore, all participants can successfully practice the techniques presented in the therapy, such as recognizing depression features, mood monitoring, daily activity scheduling, relaxation training, problem solving, recognizing negative thoughts, and cognitive restructuring. The participants understand that therapeutic success is determined by their independence in doing all techniques in their daily lives."

"[Latar Belakang : Konflik relasi berpacaran rentan dialami oleh dewasa muda. Konflik yang tidak terselesaikan memunculkan kekerasan dalam pacaran. Kekerasan dalam pacaran mungkin terjadi dalam bentuk fisik, psikologis, seksual dan ekonomi. Riwayat pengalaman traumatis yang dialami sebelumnya oleh individu, membentuk self-esteem rendah pada individu dan membuka peluang pada individu untuk kembali terjebak pada relasi berkekerasan yang serupa, salah satunya kekerasan dalam pacaran. Self-esteem yang rendah mengakibatkan korban sulit untuk keluar dari siklus relasi berkekerasan tersebut. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan intervensi untuk meningkatkan self-esteem pada dewasa muda yang mengalami kekerasan dalam pacaran. Intervensi yang telah terbukti efektif dalam menangani self-esteem yang rendah adalah cognitive behavior therapy. Metode : Penelitian ini berupa intervensi CBT pada 4 orang partisipan. Desain penelitian ini termasuk dalam one group pretest-posttest design (before and after). Analisis : Analisis dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan data kuantitatif dari hasil pre-test dan post-test pada alat ukur RSES. Analisa kualitatif dilakukan melalui wawancara dan observasi terhadap perkembangan dan perubahan yang dialami partisipan. Hasil : CBT cukup berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan self-esteem pada partisipan, namun demikian intervensi selama 6 sesi pertemuan ini dirasa belum cukup untuk mengatasi permasalahan kekerasan dalam pacaran secara menyeluruh. Partisipan mengalami perubahan aspek kognitif dan perilaku. Partisipan merasa percaya diri dan nyaman terhadap penampilan fisik maupun kemampuan yang dimiliki. Partisipan memperoleh pemikiran yang lebih realistis untuk keluar dari relasi pacaran yang tidak sehat.

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Background: Conflicts in dating relationship are commonly experienced by young adults. Unfinished conflict provokes violence in dating relationship. Dating violence may occur in physical, psychological, sexual, and economic matter. Previous traumatic events, experienced by individual, conceive low self-esteem and provide more possible chance for individual to get back to the same violence based relationship, including dating violence. Low self-esteem causes the victims to withdraw themselves from the violence-based relationship. Hence, interventions are required to enhance self-esteem on young adults who experience dating violence. Cognitive behavior therapy is considered effective in enhancing self-esteem. Method: This research investigated CBT intervention on 4 participants with the research design of one group pretest-posttestdesign(before and after). Analysis: Analysis was carried out by comparing quantitative data of pre-test and post-test result acquired from RSES instrument. Qualitative analysis was carried out through interview and observation on the development and changes experienced by participants. Results: CBT is influential enough in enhancing self-esteem on participants, nevertheless 6 meetings session of intervention are considered less effective in solving dating violence entirely. Qualitative result indicated that participants experienced changes in cognitive and behavior aspects. Participants felt confident and secure either about their physical performance or their competence. Participants obtained realistic thinking to withdraw themselves from unhealthy dating relationship.;Background: Conflicts in dating relationship are commonly experienced by young adults. Unfinished conflict provokes violence in dating relationship. Dating violence may occur in physical, psychological, sexual, and economic matter. Previous traumatic events, experienced by individual, conceive low self-esteem and provide more possible chance for individual to get back to the same violence based relationship, including dating violence. Low self-esteem causes the victims to withdraw themselves from the violence-based relationship. Hence, interventions are required to enhance self-esteem on young adults who experience dating violence. Cognitive behavior therapy is considered effective in enhancing self-esteem. Method: This research investigated CBT intervention on 4 participants with the research design of one group pretest-posttestdesign(before and after). Analysis: Analysis was carried out by comparing quantitative data of pre-test and post-test result acquired from RSES instrument. Qualitative analysis was carried out through interview and observation on the development and changes experienced by participants. Results: CBT is influential enough in enhancing self-esteem on participants, nevertheless 6 meetings session of intervention are considered less effective in solving dating violence entirely. Qualitative result indicated that participants experienced changes in cognitive and behavior aspects. Participants felt confident and secure either about their physical performance or their competence. Participants obtained realistic thinking to withdraw themselves from unhealthy dating relationship., Background: Conflicts in dating relationship are commonly experienced by young adults. Unfinished conflict provokes violence in dating relationship. Dating violence may occur in physical, psychological, sexual, and economic matter. Previous traumatic events, experienced by individual, conceive low self-esteem and provide more possible chance for individual to get back to the same violence based relationship, including dating violence. Low self-esteem causes the victims to withdraw themselves from the violence-based relationship. Hence, interventions are required to enhance self-esteem on young adults who experience dating violence. Cognitive behavior therapy is considered effective in enhancing self-esteem. Method: This research investigated CBT intervention on 4 participants with the research design of one group pretest-posttestdesign(before and after). Analysis: Analysis was carried out by comparing quantitative data of pre-test and post-test result acquired from RSES instrument. Qualitative analysis was carried out through interview and observation on the development and changes experienced by participants. Results: CBT is influential enough in enhancing self-esteem on participants, nevertheless 6 meetings session of intervention are considered less effective in solving dating violence entirely. Qualitative result indicated that participants experienced changes in cognitive and behavior aspects. Participants felt confident and secure either about their physical performance or their competence. Participants obtained realistic thinking to withdraw themselves from unhealthy dating relationship.]"

"Kecemasan merupakan kondisi yang dapat dialami banyak orang. Namun kecemasan yang berlebihan dapat mengganggu kegiatan sehari-hari seseorang. Gangguan kecemasan pada anak yang tidak ditangani dengan efektif dapat membuat anak rentan terhadap masalah dalam fungsi kehidupannya dan mempengaruhi perkembangan emosinya. Tesis ini memiliki desain penelitian single case dan menerapkan bentuk intervensi Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) untuk menurunkan kecemasan pada anak. Partisipan penelitian adalah anak perempuan berusia 9 tahun yang mengalami kecemasan pada sejumlah hal, antara lain cemas menyeberang jalan, pergi ke sekolah dan di rumah atau di kamar mandi sendirian. Sesi terapi dilakukan sebanyak dua belas kali selama lebih kurang 45 - 80 menit setiap sesinya. Pengukuran efektivitas terapi ini dilakukan menggunakan alat ukur SCARED (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders), FSSC-R (Fear Survey Schedulle for Children - Revised), dan CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist). Hasil dari terapi ini adalah CBT tidak efektif untuk menurunkan kecemasan partisipan. Hal ini terlihat dari masih adanya indikasi gangguan kecemasan yang diukur menggunakan SCARED dan FSSC-R.

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Anxiety is a common emotional condition in human life. Unfortunately, when the anxiety becomes too intense, it can impair people daily activities. Failure to intervene anxiety disorder in children with effective treatment may render the child vulnerable to impairments in a wide range of functioning and result in deleterious effect on his or her long-term emotional development. This thesis uses a single case research design and applies the Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) in order to reduce anxiety in middle age children. The research participant is a nine-year old girl having anxiety in several things, such as crossing the street, going to school and staying in home or toilet alone. Therapy is conducted through 12, 45-80 minute sessions. This therapy effectivity is assessed by SCARED (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders), FSSC-R (Fear Survey Schedulle for Children - Revised), and CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist).The results of this therapy is an ineffective CBT to reduce the child's anxiety. The child has not experienced reduced scores in SCARED and FSSC-R. This indicated that she still has anxiety disorder."