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"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kriteria yang digunakan oleh negaranegara anggota ASEAN dalam memberikan Tax Holiday, perbedaan dan persamaan kriteria yang digunakan, kekurangan dan kelebihannya, serta mengetahui kriteria yang dapat diterapkan di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa seluruh negara anggota ASEAN menerapkan kriteriakriteria tertentu dalam pemberian fasilitas Tax Holiday. Kriteria-kriteria yang diterapkan tergantung pada kebijakan masing-masing negara. Dengan menerapkan kriteria-kriteria tersebut dalam memberikan fasilitas Tax Holiday, pemerintah setempat dapat menjaring investasi yang benar-benar dibutuhkan dalam memajukan perekonomian negara di masa datang, terutama apabila seluruh kriteria diterapkan secara konsisten. Namun demikian, penerapan kriteria-kriteria tersebut menimbulkan diskriminasi antar industri.

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This study aims to analyze the criterias implemented by ASEAN member countries on the granting of Tax Holiday, the similarities and the differences of those criterias, pluses and minuses, and to determine criterias that can be implemented in Indonesia. The result of this study concludes that ASEAN member countries are implementing certain criterias on granting the Tax Holiday depending on their national interest. By implement those criterias, governments have greater opportunities to attract the most qualified investment. In other hand, the implementation of those criteria reflects discrimination policy of government in industrial sectors."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana penerapan insentif pajak berupa tax allowance dan tax holiday di Indonesia dan melihat bagaimana dampaknya terhadap kegiatan penanaman modal terutama setelah Pemerintah melakukan relaksasi terkait kedua kebijakan tersebut, serta mengetahui perbandingan kedua kebijakan tersebut di Indonesia dengan ASEAN. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun Pemerintah telah melakukan relaksasi, peminat kedua insentif tersebut masih relatif sedikit. Banyak investor yang tetap menanamkan modalnya di Indonesia meskipun tidak memanfaatkan insentif karena mereka mempertimbangkan faktor lain selain insentif pajak. Namun, insentif ini tetap diberlakukan karena Indonesia masih memiliki kekurangan terutama di bidang infrastruktur. Insentif pajak dalam hal ini menjadi kompensasi atas kekurangan yang ada. Penerapan insentif ini di ASEAN berbeda-beda tergantung pada kebijakan dan kebutuhan masing-masing negara. Untuk tax holiday, negara yang paling memberikan kemudahan adalah Singapura. Sedangkan untuk tax allowance, negara yang paling menguntungkan adalah Vietnam. Untuk memperbaiki kebijakan insentif pajak di Indonesia, Indonesia dapat mencontoh negara-negara lain di ASEAN.

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This research aims to analyze the implementation of tax allowance and tax holiday in Indonesia and to see the implication of the tax incentives on investment activities, especially after the government relaxes the policy, also to understand the comparison between tax incentives in Indonesia and in ASEAN member countries. This research approach is descriptive qualitative.

The result of this research concludes that although the government has relaxed the policy, the amount of investors who took those incentives is relatively small. There are many investors who still invested in Indonesia even though they did not get the incentives because they considered other factors besides tax incentives. But, tax incentives are still needed to compensate the lack of infrastructure.

The implementation of tax incentives in ASEAN are different depends on the policies and the needs of each country. For tax holiday, the country which provides the most convenience policy in terms of tax holiday is Singapore. For tax allowance, the most profitable country in terms of paying taxes is Vietnam. Indonesia can take advantages from other countries in ASEAN and use them as an example to improve tax incentive policies."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mengkaji persaingan pajak di negara-negara anggota ASEAN selama periode 1990 - 2012 karena adanya fenomena penurunan tarif pajak penghasilan badan. Negara yang diteliti adalah enam negara ASEAN-6 yang dianggap cukup merepresentasikan ASEAN, yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Singapura, Thailand, dan Vietnam. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan mixed methods, diawali dengan analisis kuantitatif deskriptif atas perbandingan tarif statuter PPh Badan yang berlaku (statutory tax rate), perhitungan tarif efektif PPh Badan -baik Effective Marginal Tax Rate (EMTR) maupun Effective Average Tax Rate (EATR)- berdasarkan formula Devereux, serta pengalihan pengenaan PPh Badan kepada jenis pajak lainnya yang dianggap sebagai bentuk pengalihan penerimaan pajak untuk menutupi kekurangan penerimaan akibat penurunan tarif PPh Badan. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis dengan menggunakan ekonometri dari data panel negara ASEAN-6.Dalam mengkaji persaingan pajak, penelitian ini tidak hanya melihat dari aspek tarif pajak, melainkan juga mempertimbangkan aspek lainnya seperti sistem pengenaan pajak, administrasi pajak, dan insentif pajak yang diterapkan di negara ASEAN-6. Berdasarkan analisis berbagai aspek, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat cukup bukti mengenai indikasi persaingan pajak di kawasan ASEAN.Dengan memperhatikan beberapa aspek dalam kajian persaingan pajak, terlihat bahwa daya saing Indonesia di bidang perpajakan berada di bawah Singapura, Malaysia, dan Thailand. Aspek yang lebih banyak mendapat perhatian investor adalah terkait dengan peraturan dan administrasi pajak, sedangkan tarif pajak Indonesia masih dinilai cukup kompetitif.Tahapan harmonisasi kebijakan pajak yang dilakukan negara anggota ASEAN dalam rangka mewujudkan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN tahun 2015 -dengan merujuk pada tahapan harmonisasi pajak yang disampaikan Velayos- menunjukkan telah terjadi tahap konvergensi, yaitu gerakan reaktif masing-masing negara karena terpengaruh kebijakan negara lain, khususnya dalam hal tarif PPh Badan. Tahap harmonisasi tersebut mulai berkembang pada awal tahap kerjasama, dengan adanya beberapa kesepakatan berupa pemberian bantuan timbal balik untuk kepentingan bersama, meskipun belum cukup efektif. Perkembangan kerjasama di bidang perpajakan diwujudkan dalam bentuk kesepakatan pertukaran informasi untuk tujuan perpajakan serta komitmen untuk melaksanakan standar transparansi internasional.

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This research was conducted in order to review tax competition in the ASEAN member countries during the period 1990 - 2012, due to corporate tax rate declining phenomenon. Samples of this study were six ASEAN countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, which sufficient to represent ASEAN. This research used a mixed methods approach, starting from quantitative descriptive analysis of statutory corporate income tax rate, calculation of the effective rate of corporate income tax - both Effective Marginal Tax Rate (EMTR) and Effective Average Tax Rate (EATR) - based on the Devereux?s formula, and revenue shifting of corporate income tax to other taxes are considered to cover decreasing of corporate income tax revenue. Further, analysis used panel data of ASEAN-6 countries.In reviewing tax competition, this research is not only examined tax rates aspect, but also consider other aspects such as the tax system, tax administration, and tax incentives applied by the ASEAN-6. Based on the analysis of various aspects, this research did not found sufficient evidence regarding indications of tax competition in the ASEAN region. Regarding some tax aspects, it appears that Indonesia's competitiveness in the field of taxation under Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. The more attractive aspect for investor is tax regulation and tax administration, while Indonesian tax rate is quite competitive.Tax harmonization of ASEAN member countries in order to realize the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015 -refer to the stage of tax harmonization conveyed by Velayos- show a convergence stage, which there were reactive action of each country, influenced by other countries policy, particularly in terms of corporate income tax rates. Tax harmonization phase develop in the early stages of cooperation, with the presence of several agreements for the provision of mutual assistance, though not effective yet. Cooperation in the field of taxation, including information exchange agreements for tax purposes and commitment to implement international standards of transparency.;This research was conducted in order to review tax competition in the ASEAN member countries during the period 1990 - 2012, due to corporate tax rate declining phenomenon. Samples of this study were six ASEAN countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, which sufficient to represent ASEAN. This research used a mixed methods approach, starting from quantitative descriptive analysis of statutory corporate income tax rate, calculation of the effective rate of corporate income tax - both Effective Marginal Tax Rate (EMTR) and Effective Average Tax Rate (EATR) - based on the Devereux?s formula, and revenue shifting of corporate income tax to other taxes are considered to cover decreasing of corporate income tax revenue. Further, analysis used panel data of ASEAN-6 countries.In reviewing tax competition, this research is not only examined tax rates aspect, but also consider other aspects such as the tax system, tax administration, and tax incentives applied by the ASEAN-6. Based on the analysis of various aspects, this research did not found sufficient evidence regarding indications of tax competition in the ASEAN region. Regarding some tax aspects, it appears that Indonesia's competitiveness in the field of taxation under Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand.The more attractive aspect for investor is tax regulation and tax administration, while Indonesian tax rate is quite competitive. Tax harmonization of ASEAN member countries in order to realize the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015 -refer to the stage of tax harmonization conveyed by Velayos- show a convergence stage, which there were reactive action of each country, influenced by other countries policy, particularly in terms of corporate income tax rates. Tax harmonization phase develop in the early stages of cooperation, with the presence of several agreements for the provision of mutual assistance, though not effective yet. Cooperation in the field of taxation, including information exchange agreements for tax purposes and commitment to implement international standards of transparency."

"Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menginvestigasi, mengeksplorasi, dan menganalisis pengaruh antara perpajakan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan untuk negara-negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara yang tergabung dalam ASEAN untuk periode 1998-2019 dengan model data panel. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik estimasi two stage least square (2SLS) dengan fixed effect dan variabel instrumen. Instrumen perpajakan dibagi menjadi dua, volume pajak yang diwakili oleh tax ratio dan struktur pajak yang diwakili oleh pajak langsung, pajak tidak langsung dan pajak penghasilan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa instrumen pajak yang mempunyai peran untuk mengurangi ketimpangan pendapatan adalah tax ratio, pajak langsung dan pajak penghasilan.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate, explore, and analyze the effect of taxation on income inequality for countries in the Southeast Asian region that are members of ASEAN for the period 1998 to 2019 with a panel data model. The method used in this study is a two-stage least square (2SLS) estimation technique with fixed effects and instrumental variables. The tax instrument is divided into two, the volume of taxes represented by the tax ratio and the tax structure defined by direct taxes, indirect taxes and income taxes. The results of this study indicate that tax instruments that have a role in reducing income inequality are the tax ratio, direct tax and income tax."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini menganalisa tentang keefektifan pemberian insentif pajak berupafasilitas tax holiday di Indonesia untuk menarik investor luar dan dalam negeri.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan metode analisa deskriptif.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah pemberian insentif pajakberupa tax holiday mampu memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadappeningkatan investasi di Indonesia. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwaterdapat berbagai faktor dan tujuan investasi yang menciptakan suatu lingkunganinvestasi yang merupakan pertimbangan utama bagi investor sebelum mengambilsuatu keputusan investasi. Lingkungan investasi di Indonesia sudah relatif baik,sehingga ada tidaknya fasilitas tax holiday yang ditawarkan tidak berpengaruhsecara signifikan terhadap keputusan investasi. Selain itu, pemberian tax holidaybagi penanam modal asing hanya akan efektif apabila metode penghindaran pajakberganda yang dianut adalah credit method yang disertai tax sparing danexemption method. Dari kesimpulan tersebut maka disarankan agar pemerintahmempertahankan dan memperbaiki lingkungan investasi secaraberkesinambungan dan memberikan transparansi bagi para penanam modalsehingga peningkatan investasi dapat direalisasikan.

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ABSTRACTThe focus of this thesis is to analyze the effectiveness of tax incentives in the formof tax holiday in Indonesia to attract both foreign and domestic investor. Thisresearch utilises qualitative approach and descriptive analytical method. Thepurpose of this research is to identify whether such tax incentive in the form of taxholiday is capable to encourage the growth of investment rate in Indonesia. Thefinding from this research indicates that many factors and investment purpose thatcreates condusive investment environment are the main considerations forinvestors to make any investment decision. Investment environment in Indonesiahas been relatively good thus regardless tax holiday facility offered, there is nosignificant impact toward investment decision. Besides, tax holiday facility givento foreign investors would only be effective if the type of tax treaty implementedis credit method with tax sparing and exemption method. From previousconclusion, it is recommended that govenrment maintain and improve investmentenvironment continuously and offers transparency for investors so that increase ininvestment could be realized."

"Tax Holiday merupakan salah satu bentuk insentif pajak penghasilan yang sedang digencarkan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia untuk dapat meningkatkan investasi asing di Indonesia. Saat ini kebijkan tax holiday dituangkan dalam PMK Nomor 150/PMK.010/2018, yang mana ketentuan tersebut termasuk ke dalam kebijakan yang tercantum dalam Paket Kebijakan Ekonomi XVI. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai faktor apa saja yang membuat kebijakan tax holiday sebelum diterbitkannya PMK Nomor 150/PMK.010/2018 tidak optimal, dan juga membahas mengenai implementasi kebijakan tax holiday dalam PMK Nomor 150/PMK.010/2018. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif dan juga akan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat 3 faktor yang menyebabkan kebijakan tax holiday dalam peraturan sebelumnya tidak berjalan dengan optimal antara lain adalah, faktor ketidakpastian dalam pemberian keputusan tax holiday, faktor birokrasi dan persyaratan yang menyulitkan, serta faktor lain selain pajak, berupa kepastian hukum, stabilitas ekonomi, dan juga ketersediaan infrastruktur. Selain itu, berdasarkan teori implementasi yang dikemukakan oleh Grindle (1980), implementasi kebijakan tax holiday dalam PMK Nomor 150 Tahun 2018 sudah dilakukan dengan cukup baik. Aturan yang tertuang dalam PMK Nomor 150 Tahun 2018 sudah jauh lebih baik dibandingkan dengan peraturan sebelumnya, yang ditunjukan dengan kebijakan tax holiday yang lebih mengedepankan kepastian, kemudahan, dan kepercayaan kepada Wajib Pajak. Tetapi tetap saja masih terdapat beberapa kelemahan yang terdapat dalam proses implementasi kebijakan tersebut. 

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Tax Holiday is one of the income tax incentives policy that being intensified by Indonesian Government to increase foreign direct investment in Indonesia. Tax holiday policy that contained in the MoF Regulation of the Republic Indonesia Number 150/PMK.010/2018 is included in XVI Economic Policy Package. Therefore this research is intended to analyse factors that make former tax holiday policy before Mof 150/PMK.010/2018 is not optimal, and also to analyse the  implementation of tax holiday policy that contained in MoF Regulation Number 150/PMK.010/2018. This research is using qualitative approach with descriptive researh type and qualitative analysis technique.

The result showed that there are three factors that make tax holiday policy before MoF 150/PMK.010/2018 is not optimal which are, uncertainty of the decision making of tax holiday, bureaucracy and difficult requirements factor, and also other non-tax factors such as certainty of law, economic stability, and infrastructure availibility. Furthermore, based on implementation theory stated by Grindle (1980), the implementation of tax holiday policy in Mof Regulation Number 150/PMK.010/2018 is already quite well. The regulation  itself is better than before, indicated by the fact that the new tax holiday policy is uphold certainty, simplicity, and trust to the taxpayer. However there are still some deficiency found in the implementation process of that policy. "

"Penelitian ini mengangkat permasalahan yaitu alasan pemerintah menerapkan tax holiday, proses formulasi tax holiday, dan tanggapan pelaku industri yang sudah existing terhadap tax holiday. Pendekatan penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa alasan pemerintah menerapkan kebijakan tax holiday karena amanat dari undang-undang, tax competition, dan dampak positif dari tax holiday. Proses formulasi kebijakan tax holiday telah mengikuti Peraturan Menteri Negara Pendayagunaan Aparatur negara Nomor: PER/04/M.PAN/4/2007, model rasional sederhana Patton dan Savicky, dan aspek-aspek insentif pajak menurut Easson. Akan tetapi, formulasi kebijakan tax holiday tersebut belum mengikutsertkan secara langsung pihak swasta, asosiasi, dan pemerintah daerah sehingga kurang aspiratif. Tanggapan pelaku industri yang sudah existing terhadap tax holiday adalah positif. Akan tetapi, ketentuan tax holiday kurang jelas dan rumit, serta diskriminasi antara investor baru dengan investor lama.

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The issues of this underthesis are the reason of the government implemented tax holiday, formulation process of tax holiday, respone of industry players who already existing about tax holiday. The research approach is qualitative to the type of descriptive research. The result showed that the reason of the government implemented tax holiday because of the mandate of law, tax competition, and positive effect of tax holiday. The formulation process has followed the stages of the Minister of Administrative Reform Number: PER/04/M.PAN/4/2007, according to a simple rational model of Patton and Savicky, and importance aspects of Easson. Nevertheless, the formulation is not directly involve private sector, association, and local government, so that less aspiration. Responses of existing industry to tax holiday is a positive. However, the provision of tax holiday is less clear and complex, as well as discrimination between new and old investors."

"ABSTRAKTax holiday merupakan salah satu insentif pajak yang diberikan oleh pemerintah dalam menarik investor asing. Meskipun bukan merupakan faktor utama yang mendorong investasi, tax holiday masih menjadi pilihan utama. Namun hal ini memicu timbulnya isu harmful tax competition di suatu kawasan regional. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui implemetasi kebijakan di Indonesia dan Malaysia serta menganalisis potensi harmful tax practices di kedua negara bersangkutan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam serta studi literatur. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kedua negara memiliki potensi harmful tax practices meskipun tidak berpotensi pada tax evasion yang serius. Kedua negara tetap memiliki kedaulatan atas kebijakan pajak dengan melakukan koordinasi pajak bersama negara-negara satu kawasan regional.

 

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ABSTRACT

Tax holiday is one of the tax incentives provided by the government in attracting foreign investors. Although it is not the main factor that drives investment, the tax holiday is still the main choice. However, this creates a harmful tax competition issue in a regional. The purpose of this study was to determine policy implementation in Indonesia and Malaysia and to analyze the harmful tax practices in the both countries concerned. The study used a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews and literature studies. The results of this study indicate that both countries have the potential for harmful tax practices but have no potential for serious tax evasion. Both of countries still have sovereignty over tax policy by carrying out tax coordination with others countries in the same region.

 

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"Penelitian ini mengangkat permasalahan yaitu kerumitan yang terjadi dalam prosedur pengajuan pemanfaatan fasilitas tax holiday oleh Wajib Pajak pemohon dan analisisnya jika dilihat dari asas ease of administration ( certainty, simplicity, dan efficiency). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis penerapan asas ease of administration dalam prosedur pengajuan fasilitas tax holiday oleh investor asing dan juga kendala yang dihadapi oleh investor asing saat dalam masa prosedur. Pendekatan penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif. Penelitian dilakukan dengan wawancara terhadap informan terkait berdasarkan pedoman wawancara yang disusun, dan juga menggunakan data-data pendukung lainnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa asas certainty belum sepenuhnya diterapkan asas simplicity sudah sepenuhnya diterapkan, sedangkan asas efficiency belum sepenuhnya diterapkan. Wajib Pajak pemohon juga menghadapi beberapa kendala selama mengajukan permohonan pemanfaatan fasilitas tax holiday seperti tidak adanya kriteria pasti penentuan durasi pembebasan Pajak Penghasilan Badan, terlalu lamanya menunggu hasil keputusan dari komunikasi antara Presiden dengan Kementerian pengusul, dan terlalu lamanya proses verifikasi dokumen oleh Tim Verifikasi.

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This issue of underthesis are the difficulties which happened during the procedure in proposing tax holiday facility by applicant and its analysis from ease of administration principle (certainty, simplicity, and efficiency).

The purposes of this research are to analysis the implementation of ease of administration principle in the procedure of proposing tax holiday facility and the obstacle which are faced by company during procedure period. The research approach is quantitative to the type of desciptive research. The research was conducted by asking informants regarding several questions in survey benchmark and used additional data.

The result showed that certainty principle is not fully fulfiled, simplicity principle is fully fulfiled, while efficiency principle is not fully fulfiled. The applicant also face several obstacle during the procedure period such as un certain criteria in determining corporate tax free duration and too long duration in waiting decision’s communication between President and related Ministry and also verification process from Verification Team."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini merupakan studi terhadap alasan pemerintah Indonesia melakukanperubahan terhadap kebijakan tax holiday. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga mengkajibiaya-biaya potensial yang timbul sebagai akibat dari diberikannya insentif dalambentuk tax holiday. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalahpendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian deskriptif berdasarkan tujuannya.Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi literatur dan wawancaramendalam. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan alasan pemerintah merubah kebijakantersebut adalah penyempurnaan legal dan tidak banyak yang memanfaatkan fasilitasini. Selain itu, biaya-biaya yang timbul akibat dari kebijakan tax holiday berupabiaya langsung dan tidak langsung, dan dapat dikelompokan sesuai konsep biayainsentif yang disampaikan Zee, Stotsky dan Ley menjadi biaya penerimaan, biayaalokasi sumber-sumber, biaya penerapan dan kepatuhan, biaya yang berkaitandengan korupsi dan transparensi.

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ABSTRACTThis research is analyzing government rationales regarding policy changes in taxholiday regulation. Furthermore, this research also studies about potential costs oftax incentive that incurred as a consequence incentives giving in the form of taxholiday. This research uses qualitative approach and based on its purpose iscategorized as descriptive research. Data collection techniques used are literaturesstudy and depth interview. The result shows that government rationales changingthe tax holiday policy are legal improvement and narrow use of the policy. Otherthan that, the costs arise as a result of giving tax holiday are direct and indirect cost.Based on Zee?s, Stotsky?s, and Ley?s concept regarding cost of incentive, those costcan be categorized to revenue cost, resource allocation cost, enforcement andcompliance cost, and cost related with corruption and transparency."