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"Hakkō ichiu adalah ideologi yang digunakan Jepang untuk memperluas Kekaisarannya. Hakkō ichiu dipakai sebagai alasan untuk mengekspansi negara lain dengan dalih persaudaraan yang mengatasnamakan takdir absolut Kaisar. Kegigihan Jepang untuk mewujudkan wilayah Kekaisarannya terbukti dari banyaknya kuil Shinto yang dibangun di luar Jepang. Selain itu, barisan militer dan Kempeitai polisi militer juga dikerahkan Jepang untuk mengamankan internal Jepang serta memperluas Kekaisarannya di wilayah jajahan eksternal . Militer ditanamkan dengan nilai bushido untuk mengabdi kepada Kaisar agar berani berperang, begitu juga Kempeitai yang tugasnya menginvestigasi kaum anti-Jepang. Namun, praktek Hakkō ichiu dalam militer dan Kempeitai sangat bertolak belakang dengan asas persaudaraan yang telah dipropagandakan menjelang Perang Dunia II. Ketika Perang Dunia II, perlakuan Jepang semakin kejam terhadap para tawanannya, dan meninggalkan luka mendalam di negara-negara bekas jajahannya, khususnya di Cina. Tujuan penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui kesesuaian ideologi Hakkō ichiu berasas persaudaraan dengan praktek invasinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka. Hasil dari penelitian diharapkan mampu mengisi kekurangan dari penelitian sebelumnya dan turut memperkaya ilmu pengetahuan di bidang studi Jepang.

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Hakkō ichiu was Japanese ideology that used to expand its imperium. In the name of Lord, Hakkō ichiu was used as a tool to excuse for ldquo Old Brother rdquo propaganda to make expansion. Japan rsquo s ambition could be seen from plentiful Shinto shrines that built in abroad to create its imperium. Beside that, Japan mobilized military lines and Kempeitai military police to guard internal Japan and extended its imperium in occupied territories outside external Japan . In the service of the Lord, military was indoctrinated by bushido spirit for the sake of entering battleships and so did Kempeitai to investigate suspected persons who denied Japanese imperium. In fact, the using of Hakkō ichiu in military and Kempeitai did not run properly as they propagandized towards World War II. In World War II, Japanese atrocities against prisoners became ruthless more and more. It left horrible memories in occupied territories especially in China. The objective of this research is to acknowledge the conformity of Hakkō ichiu propaganda as ldquo Old Brother rdquo and its implementation in occupied territories towards and during World War II. The method used literature reviews. The research hopefully results new perspective than other perpectives used before and contributes the science for Japanese education."

"The andromeda galaxy and the rise of modern astronomy examines the astronomical studies of Andromeda and its importance to our developing knowledge of the universe. The book discusses how M31 was described both by the Ancients, but more importantly, by astronomers from the nineteenth century to the present. While at the start of the twentieth century the universe was thought of as a finite cosmos dominated by the Milky Way, the study of Andromeda galaxy shattered that image, leading ultimately to the conception of an infinite universe of countless galaxies and vast distances. Even today, M31 is a major focal point for new astronomical discoveries, and it also remains one of the most popular (and rewarding) celestial objects for amateur astronomers to observe and study. This book reveals the little-known history of M31 and the scientists who study it."