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"Tesis ini membahas peran arsitektur dalam pengendalian resiko bahaya kebakaran pada bangunan. Tingginya angka kasus kebakaran di Jakarta setiap tahunnya menimbulkan kerugian bagi banyak pihak. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kuantitatif, menggunakan konsep beban api (Fire Load) dengan menggunakan logika deduksi pada pendekatan studi kasus untuk bangunan kantor di Jakarta. Beban api merupakan perhitungan terhadap potensi kandungan energi yang dihasilkan apabila seluruh bangunan berikut isinya mengalami kebakaran. Perhitungan energi beban api belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia, yang digunakan selama ini hanya asumsi berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di negara lain. Kenyataannya, beban api pada bangunan kantor di Jakarta sangat jauh melewati perhitungan beban api yang ada. Perbedaan beban api mencapai ± 3-4 kali lipat dari yang dilakukan di negara lain. Hasil penelitian menyarankan perlunya upaya dari seluruh pemangku kepentingan terutama peran seorang arsitek dalam menentukan kebijakan saat melakukan perencanaan bangunan, agar dapat menghasilkan rancangan bangunan yang handal terhadap bahaya kebakaran, yang tidak hanya selesai hingga tahap perancangan tetapi berlanjut hingga tahap operasional.

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The focus of this study is architecture?s role in controlling fire-hazard risk in buildings. The number of fire incidents happened every year in Jakarta has caused great loss to many parties. This research is done with quantitative methods, using fire load concept with deductive logic on case study approach toward office buildings in Jakarta. Fire load calculates the quantity of heat/energy that can be generated when a building along with its content caught fire. Such calculation has never been done in Indonesia, the fire load data used up till now was only assumption based on fire load calculations made in other countries. The truth is that the actual fire loads of office buildings in Jakarta are above the current fire load data. The difference is up to 3-4 times from the data taken from other countries. The researcher suggests that all related officials, the architect in particular, to determine policies when making building plans, which will resulted in designs to a more fire incident-proof building, not only in the planning stage but also in the operational stage."

"Bahaya kebakaran yang timbul pada bangunan tinggi akan menyebabkan kerugian baik kehilangan aset (bangunan itu sendiri), jiwa dan kegiatan bisnis dimasa depan. Hal ini terjadi karena Fire Safety Design yang ada tidak mampu bertahan terhadap bahaya kebakaran tersebut. Dalam rangka mengatasi hal tersebut diatas maka dimulai dari tahap perencanaan maka pihak yang terkait dalam hal ini pihak Konsultan Perancang dapat memahami dan melakukan perencanaan terutama Fire Safety Design dengan efektif dan efisien sehingga dapat meminimalkan resiko kebakaran serendah mungkin. Walaupun telah dilakukan perencanaan sistem Fire Safety Design, namun resiko terhadap terjadinya kebakaran tetap ada, yang nantinya akan menimbulkan kerugian. Untuk menanggulangi hal tersebut diatas maka kerugian tersebut dapat dialihkan kepada pihak asuransi.Penelitian ini akan menganalisa model konsultan perancang yang mampu melakukan perencanaan bangunan tinggi khususnya dalam bidang Fire Safety Design sehingga nantinya bangunan tinggi tersebut akan mampu bertahan terhadap bahaya kebakaran.Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini didapat faktor penentu yang berpengaruh pada score kehandalan bangunan adalah 81.5% dipengaruhi oleh kursus/pelatihan/seminar tenaga ahli mengenai fire safety design dan 6% dipengaruhi oleh pengalaman konsultan secara umum. d. Variabel lain yang berpengaruh diluar variabel penentu yang masuk kedalam variabel dummy adalah kesesuaian dengan tuntutan proyek dalam hal jadwal, biaya dan mutu.Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan memberikan kontribusi terhadap upaya pemerintah untuk meningkatkan kehandalan bangunan tinggi perkantoran terhadap bahaya kebakaran, memberikan masukan terhadap owner dalam menentukan konsultan perancang yang dapat menghasilkan rancangan yang handal, memberikan informasi pada kontraktor agar dapat mengetahui cara-cara/nmetode yang tepat untuk meningkatkan kehandalan bangunan, memberikan informasi bagi konsultan perancang sebagai obyek penelitian, agar selalu melaksanakan prosedur/metode untuk menghasilkan rancangan yang handal, dengan mengetahui factor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kehandalan bangunan maka pihak asuransi dapat memperkirakan tingkat risiko yang harus ditanggungnya."

"The Fire damage occurs in unpredictable time and can cause losses to the owner because of the damage. It can occur in buildings that do not have Fire Protection and Fire Safety Management System in the building. By detecting and preventing against fire damage, which arise in unpredictable times will prevent loss of lives and assets of the buildings.There has been considerable research into the fire damage such as at the Polo Condominium in Colorado. The Polo Condominium that was built in 1967 caught fire on October 31' because it did not have the Fire Protection System in each floor. When the fire came and burned the building interior, the building could not extinguish the fire because it did not have fire detector and sprinklers in place.To solve the problem, in Jakarta there are a lot of guidelines such as the Minister Of Public Works Decree # 02IKPTSI1985 for Fire Safety in building. But from many fire damages, the guidelines could not accommodate the problem because the buildings did not incorporate Fire Protection and Fire Safety Management System. Relevant research indicated that Fire Protection and Fire Safety Management System are very important to detect and prevent against fire damage. In this research, the Fire Protection and Fire Safety Management System are defined as Fire Safety Design which have been taken from many relevant theories and journals.From 50 questionnaires sent to various high rise office buildings in Jakarta, 30 responses were received to be viable for in depth analysis. The result of the analysis shows clearly that the Fire Safety Design is positively correlated in a linear manner to four of the key Fire Safety Design variables. The four key variables influencing building reliability in design carried out by the consultant and controlled by the construction manager in the projects are : detection and fire alarm, building architecture, the designer's fire certificate and special equipment to stop fire_ This research can then be used to control and measure the quality of Future Fire Safety Design of the high rise building reliability in Jakarta."

"Influence of Fire Safety Management (FSM) to Building Reliability in Preventing Fire Damage at Hotel Buildings in JakartaJakarta is the center of economic, politic, cultural activities and also the center of the state defense. Along with development in many sectors, numbers of building development grows accordingly with numerous functions: hotel, office, apartment, shop, amusement center, restaurant or a mix at the aforementioned functions. A commercially managed hotel should meet certain standards; one of them is fire prevention through a system that called Fire Safety Manage, rent. The existence of Fire Safety Management is important as most hotel guests have no or little knowledge at how to respond in case of fire.This research on hotel Fire Safety Management is used to observe the correlation between application of Fire Safety Management and reliability of building in preventing and controling the damages caused by fire at hotels in Jakarta.This research uses primary and secondary data. Primary data is gathered by distributing questioners to hotel building managers, data gathered is then analyzed by using statistic program SPSS 10.0 to obtain measurable and relevant indicators to improve reliability at a hotel building.Data analysis shows same parameters in Fire Safety Management, Which are: Pre-estinguishment at fire : 50,0 %, Response to alarm and signal : 33,6 % , other variable from dummy analysis is : Identification potential at fire : 12, 3 %. The result at this research can be used to improve role of Fire Safety Management in building reliability in general and hotel building in specific."

"The paper reviews the standard ot' design and installation of the Active Fire ProtectionSystems for hotel buildings to minimize tire risk. When a tire occurs, activeprotection system is necessary that pinpoints its location. Once detected, the first lineof defense against tire is a sprinkler system or other active tire protection systems.Active Fire Protection Systems are detectors & alarm systems, automatic sprinklersystems, risers, extinguishing systems, and smoke control, all of which is aimed tosolve the problem of fire damage.ln major cities around the world especially in Jakarta, hotel buildings have been, areand will be designed and built to provide safe and comfortable space for human lifeand various activities. The fire risk is inherent in the building itself and it is of utmostimportance to eliminate or keep this risk and its consequences as small as possible.On December 3 lst, 1986 a tire occurred in the Dupont Plaza Hotel and Casino, SanJuan, Puerto Rico, lt happened because The Hotel did not have dispensary ot`the tireprotection system in each floor. When thc iirc came and burncd, the building couldnot extinguish the tire because it did not have the needed tire detector and sprinklersin place.From 50 questionnaires sent to various hotel buildings in Jakarta, 30 responses werereceived to be viable for in dept analysis. The result of analysis shows clearly that theactive fire protection .tyvtents are positively correlated in a linear manner to three ofthe key active fire protection variables. The key variables influencing buildingreliability in good design and 'installation standard. The threc variables are heatdetector, portable exting-uis/ter, and rzulomatic sprinkler. This research can bc used t0control and measure the standard design and installation of the hotel buildings."

"Di Indonesia, khususnya di Jakarta tingkat kcbakaran pada bangunan gcdung scjak rahun 1981 hingga 2001 dari segi materi mcmpunyai kooenderungan mcningkax. (Dinas Kcbakaran DKI Jakarta, |981-2000) Kcrugian yang ditimbulkan akibat kebakaran meliputi kehilangan jiwa, Iuka bcrat atau tingan, kchilangan hafta benda, kerusakan pcralatan pada bangxman. Mcningkatnya iickuensi kcbakaran scbagaimana ditunjukkan pada statistik kcbakaran dipengaruhi oleh berbagai filktor. Pcmbangunan yang berdesak-desakan tanpa memperhitungkan jarak bangunan, penggunaan bahan bangunan yang mudah tcrbakar, instalasi listrik yang sudah menua dan kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap bahaya kebakaran. Selain itu tingkat kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi mcmpengaruhi pula mcningkalnya kemungkinan timbulnya kebakaran.Kebakaran mcmiliki risiko yang sangat tinggi. Untuk menghindari kemungkinan risiko bahaya kebalmmn pada bangunan, digunakan asuransi kebakaran. Tetapi, prcmi asuransi kcbakaran yang ada sckarang ini masih belum jelas Pcnclitian dilakukan dcngan menyebarkan kuesioncr kepada beberapa perusahaan asuransi yang bcrgerak dibidang asumnsi kebakaran dan kepada beberapa pemilik bangunan dnggi di Jakara, sodangkan pengolahan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan bantuan paket program SPSS untuk mendapatkan model matematik dan simulasi montccarlo dcngan bantuan program crystal ball unlnuk mendapatkan optimasinya.Hasil penelitian menuniukan bahwa premi asuransi dipengamhi oleh variabel bebas Xw (Kualitas Tcrbakar Penuh, Bahan bangunan yang dipakai ) dan Xu (KHHUGS kocelakaan (instalasi listrik) ) sedangkan dari hasil simulasi montccarlo menunjukan bahwa batas risiko minimal berada pada selang anmm Xl., minima] dan XB maksimal."

"Jakarta is the center of economic, politic, cultural activities and also the center of the state defense. Along with development in many sectors, numbers of building development grows accordingly with numerous functions: hotel, office, apartment, shop, amusement center, restaurant or a mix at the aforementioned functions. A commercially managed hotel should meet certain standards; one of them is fire prevention throughta system that called Fire Safety Management. The existence of Fire Safety Management is important as most hotel guests have no or little knowledge at how to respond in case of fire. This research on hotel Fire Safety Management is used to observe the correlation between application of Fire Safety Management and reliability of building in preventing and controlling this caused by fire in hotels in Jakarta. This research uses primary and secondary data. Primary data is gathered by distributing questioners to hotel building managers, data gathered is then analyzed by using statistic program SPSS 10.0 to obtain measurable and relevant indicators to improve reliability at a hotel building. Data analysis shows same parameters in Fire Safety Management, which are: Pre-estinguishment at fire : 50,0, Response to alarm and signal: 33,6 , other variable from dummy analysis is : Identification potential at fire : 12, 3 . The result at this research can be used to improve role of Fire Safety Management in building reliability in general and hotel building in specific."

"Pengendalian risiko tertentu pada tahap operasi bangunan tinggi dapat dilakukan dengan cara mengalihkan risiko melalui asuransi yaitu kepada pihak ketiga. Pengendalian risiko bahaya kebakaran sebagai salah satu risiko dimaksud dilakukan dengan mengalihkan risiko kepada pihak asuransi melalui suatu ikatan kontrak yang disebut polis sebagai bentuk ikatan legal. Dari hasil analisis risiko bahaya kebakaran pada tahap pengoperasian bangunan tinggi di Jabotabek, teridentifikasi empat belas dari dua puluh delapan variabel aspek hukum yang berkaitan dengan tingkat pengendalian risiko bahaya kebakaran. Kemudian berdasarkan hasil analisis faktor keempat belas variabel tersebut dikelompokkan ke dalam empat faktor aspek hukum yaitu faktor instrumen regulasi asuransi secara umum (general insurance regulation instrument), faktor prinsip-prinsip dasar asuransi kebakaran (fire insurance principles), faktor prinsip perikatan perjanjian antara para pihak dalam asuransi (agreement between parties) serta faktor regulasi operasional pada tingkat lokal (local operational practices).Analisis regresi menghasilkan suatu model yang menggambarkan korelasi positif non linier antara aspek hukum asuransi kebakaran dengan tingkat pengendalian risiko bahaya kebakaran pada bangunan tinggi di Jabotabek, dengan dua variabel penentu utama yaitu fire safety management (X6) dan Peraturan Daerah tentang IMB, IPB dan IPPB (X23). Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan hipotesis bahwa peningkatan kualitas pengaruh aspek hukum asuransi kebakaran akan meningkatkan tingkat pengendalian resiko bahaya kebakaran pada bangunan tinggi di Jabotabek.

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Modeling the Influence of Law Aspects of High-Rise Building Constructions Fire Insurance To The Level of Control of Fire Risk In JabotabekCertain risk control during operation phase of high-rise buildings could be treated by transferring the risk through insurance to a third party. Fire risk control during operation phase of a high-rise building is addressed by transferring the fire risk law aspects through insurance to a third party thus binding a contract work policy as a legal document. Analysis of fire risk during operation phase of high-rise building constructions in Jabotabek identified fourteen from twenty eight law aspect variables obtained from state of art research. Factor analysis successfully classed the variables into four significant factors namely general insurance regulation instrument, fire insurance principles, agreement between parties and local operational practices to be observed. Regression analysis produced a positive non-linear model relating the law aspect of construction fire insurance to the level of control found in high-rise building fire risk in Jabotabek. Two determinant variables that strongly influence the level of control of the fire risk were fire safety management (X6) and local government regulation related to building construction certification/IMB, building operation certification/IPB, and extending building operation certification/IPPB (X23). Finally, result of this thesis provided clear proof that increasing the influence of law aspect in high-rise building constructions through fire insurance will also increase the level of control of the fire risk."