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"Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 menjamin bahwa setiap warga negara berhak memperoleh informasi. Hal ini dikuatkan secara lebih detail dan spesifik oleh UU No. 14 Tahun 2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik. Namun, selain informasi yang dikecualikan oleh undang-undang, negara menegaskan berhak untuk memiliki rahasia. Secara umum, di negara-negara lain di dunia rahasia negara menjadi mekanisme yang lazim digunakan oleh penguasa untuk membebaskan diri dari kontrol warganya. Oleh karena itu, penting mengkaji sejauh mana negara boleh memiliki rahasia atas warganya agar tidak menciderai kebebasan memperoleh informasi yang telah menjadi kontrak antara negara dan warganya.

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Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 ensures that every citizen is entitled to obtain information. This is confirmed in more detail and specifically by the Law no. 14 of 2008 on Public Information. However, other than information exempted by statute, the state asserts the right to have secrets. In general, in other countries in the world of state secrets to be a common mechanism used by the authorities to free themselves from the control of its citizens. Therefore, it is important examine the extent to which the state may have a top secret so as not to injure its citizens freedom of information which has been a contract between the state and its citizens."

"Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 menjamin bahwa setiap warga negara berhak memperoleh informasi. Hal ini dikuatkan secara lebih detail dan spesifik oleh UU No. 14 Tahun 2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik. Namun, selain informasi yang dikecualikan oleh undang-undang, negara menegaskan berhak untuk memiliki rahasia. Secara umum, di negara-negara lain di dunia rahasia negara menjadi mekanisme yang lazim digunakan oleh penguasa untuk membebaskan diri dari kontrol warganya. Oleh karena itu, penting mengkaji sejauh mana negara boleh memiliki rahasia atas warganya agar tidak menciderai kebebasan memperoleh informasi yang telah menjadi kontrak antara negara dan warganya.Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 ensures that every citizen is entitled to obtain information. This is confirmed in more detail and specifically by the Law no. 14 of 2008 on Public Information. However, other than information exempted by statute, the state asserts the right to have secrets. In general, in other countries in the world of state secrets to be a common mechanism used by the authorities to free themselves from the control of its citizens. Therefore, it is important examine the extent to which the state may have a top secret so as not to injure its citizens freedom of information which has been a contract between the state and its citizens."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas manajemen peralatan sandi dalam mengamankan informasirahasia negara guna menunjang ketahanan nasional. Terjadinya kasuskasuskebocoran informasi rahasia negara merupakan indikasi bahwa manajemenperalatan sandi sebagai salah satu komponen dalam aspek keamanan masih belummaksimal serta belum tercapainya ketahanan informasi. Ketahanan informasiadalah salah satu penunjang terwujudnya ketahanan nasional. Penelitian ini adalahpenelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif, dengan metode wawancara,observasi, dan dokumentasi. Informan penelitian ini terdiri atas 3 (tiga) orang dariinstansi yang berkaitan langsung dengan persandian. Teori yang digunakan dalampenelitian ini adalah teori manajemen persandian, teori informasi, teori ketahanannasional, dan teori kedaulatan. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa untukmewujudkan ketahanan nasional diperlukan beberapa unsur, salah satunya yaituketahanan informasi. Ketahanan informasi meliputi tiga aspek, yaitu kedaulatanteknologi informasi, keamanan, dan kelancaran. Saat ini, hampir seluruhinfrastruktur, hardware, dan software teknologi informasi merupakan produkasing sehingga tidak ada jaminan dalam mengamankan informasi rahasia negara,bahkan dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pihak asing untuk melakukan penyadapan.Dalam hal perencanaan, perancangan, penerapan, dan pengawasan terhadaphardware maupun software, manajemen peralatan sandi belum mampu memenuhiaspekaspekketahanan informasi. Pada tahap perencanaan belum bisa dilakukanpenelitian yang mendalam dan berkesinambungan untuk merancang peralatansandi yang aman sesuai dengan tuntutan perkembangan teknologi, sekaligusnyaman dalam pengoperasiannya sehingga diharapkan mampu mengubah polapikir seluruh komponen bangsa untuk lebih memilih menggunakan peralatansandi yang dapat menjamin keamanan informasi rahasia negara daripadamenggunakan peralatan teknologi informasi yang bersifat umum dengan segalaresikonya. Hal ini dikarenakan Indonesia belum memiliki regulasi yang secarakhusus mengatur tentang persandian. Dengan adanya UndangUndangPersandian,maka manajemen peralatan sandi akan dapat dimaksimalkan dalam mengamankaninformasi rahasia negara guna menunjang ketahanan nasional.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis describes crypto tools management in securing state secret informationto support national resilience. The occurrence of cases of leakage of confidentialinformation is an indication that the crypto tools management as one componentin the safety aspect has not yet achieved a maximum and also resilience ofinformation has not been reached. Resilience of information is one of supportingthe realization of national resilience. This study is a qualitative study with adescriptive design, with interview, observation, and documentation method.Informants of this study consists of three persons from agencies that are directlyrelated to coding. The theory used in this research is the management of codingtheory, information theory, the theory of national resilience and sovereigntytheory. Results of the study suggest that in order to realize the national resilienceneeded several elements, one of which is the resilience of information. Resilienceof information includes three aspects, namely the sovereignty of informationtechnology, security, and smoothness. Nowadays, almost the entire infrastructure,hardware, and software information technology is a foreign product so that thereare no guarantees in securing state secret information, and even can be used byforeigners to conduct wiretaps. In terms of planning, design, implementation, andmonitoring of hardware and software, crypto tools management has not been ableto meet aspects of information resilience. In the planning stage can not be done indepthresearch and continuous to design crypto tools that is safe accordance withthe demands of technological developments, as well as comfortable in operationthat are expected to change the mindset of all people to prefer to use crypto toolsthat can guarantee the security of the confidential state information than usinginformation technology equipment that is common to all hazards. This is becauseIndonesia does not have a regulation that specifically regulates the coding. Withthe Act coding, then the crypto management tools will be maximized in securingstate secret information to support national resilience;This thesis describes crypto tools management in securing state secret informationto support national resilience. The occurrence of cases of leakage of confidentialinformation is an indication that the crypto tools management as one componentin the safety aspect has not yet achieved a maximum and also resilience ofinformation has not been reached. Resilience of information is one of supportingthe realization of national resilience. This study is a qualitative study with adescriptive design, with interview, observation, and documentation method.Informants of this study consists of three persons from agencies that are directlyrelated to coding. The theory used in this research is the management of codingtheory, information theory, the theory of national resilience and sovereigntytheory. Results of the study suggest that in order to realize the national resilienceneeded several elements, one of which is the resilience of information. Resilienceof information includes three aspects, namely the sovereignty of informationtechnology, security, and smoothness. Nowadays, almost the entire infrastructure,hardware, and software information technology is a foreign product so that thereare no guarantees in securing state secret information, and even can be used byforeigners to conduct wiretaps. In terms of planning, design, implementation, andmonitoring of hardware and software, crypto tools management has not been ableto meet aspects of information resilience. In the planning stage can not be done indepthresearch and continuous to design crypto tools that is safe accordance withthe demands of technological developments, as well as comfortable in operationthat are expected to change the mindset of all people to prefer to use crypto toolsthat can guarantee the security of the confidential state information than usinginformation technology equipment that is common to all hazards. This is becauseIndonesia does not have a regulation that specifically regulates the coding. Withthe Act coding, then the crypto management tools will be maximized in securingstate secret information to support national resilience, This thesis describes crypto tools management in securing state secret informationto support national resilience. The occurrence of cases of leakage of confidentialinformation is an indication that the crypto tools management as one componentin the safety aspect has not yet achieved a maximum and also resilience ofinformation has not been reached. Resilience of information is one of supportingthe realization of national resilience. This study is a qualitative study with adescriptive design, with interview, observation, and documentation method.Informants of this study consists of three persons from agencies that are directlyrelated to coding. The theory used in this research is the management of codingtheory, information theory, the theory of national resilience and sovereigntytheory. Results of the study suggest that in order to realize the national resilienceneeded several elements, one of which is the resilience of information. Resilienceof information includes three aspects, namely the sovereignty of informationtechnology, security, and smoothness. Nowadays, almost the entire infrastructure,hardware, and software information technology is a foreign product so that thereare no guarantees in securing state secret information, and even can be used byforeigners to conduct wiretaps. In terms of planning, design, implementation, andmonitoring of hardware and software, crypto tools management has not been ableto meet aspects of information resilience. In the planning stage can not be done indepthresearch and continuous to design crypto tools that is safe accordance withthe demands of technological developments, as well as comfortable in operationthat are expected to change the mindset of all people to prefer to use crypto toolsthat can guarantee the security of the confidential state information than usinginformation technology equipment that is common to all hazards. This is becauseIndonesia does not have a regulation that specifically regulates the coding. Withthe Act coding, then the crypto management tools will be maximized in securingstate secret information to support national resilience]"

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai perlindungan hukum bagi kreditor (bank) atas batalnya hak atas tanah yang dijadikan obyek hak tanggungan. Fungsi utama bank adalah sebagai penghimpun dan penyalur dana masyarakat. Perlindungan hukum bagi kreditor (bank) diperlukan karena bank sebagai lembaga keuangan mengelola dana masyarakat dalam bentuk simpanan berupa giro, deposito berjangka, sertifikat deposito, tabungan, dan/atau bentuk lainnya yang dipersamakan dengan itu. Berbagai macam jasa dan kemudahan layanan yang ditawarkan oleh lembaga perbankan menjadi salah satu daya tarik tersendiri bagi masyarakat pengguna jasa perbankan. Bank sebagai salah satu badan usaha yang memberikan pinjaman uang kepada masyarakat dalam bentuk pemberian kredit mensyaratkan adanya penyerahan jaminan kredit oleh pemohon kredit. Hak Tanggungan merupakan jaminan kebendaan atas benda tidak bergerak (tanah) muncul setelah diundangkannya UU Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tanggal 9 April 1996. Obyek Hak Tanggungan suatu ketika dapat menjadi obyek perkara di pengadilan yang dalam keputusannya nanti dapat merugikan pihak kreditor (bank). Berangkat dari latar belakang tersebut, penulis akan meneliti bagaimanakah perlindungan hukum bagi kreditor (bank) terhadap obyek hak tanggungan yang dibatalkan sertipikatnya. Kemudian apa yang dapat dilakukan bank untuk memenuhi prinsip collateral dalam sistem perbankan setelah sertipikat tanah atas obyek hak tanggungan dibatalkan oleh pengadilan. Penelitian tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian bersifat deskripsi analisis, dengan pendekatan melalui penelitian kepustakaan dan wawancara kepada pihak yang berkepentingan. Hasil penelitian yang didapat adalah meskipun didalam UU Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 maupun UU Nomor 10 Tahun 1998 tidak mengatur perlindungan hukum bagi kreditor (bank) terhadap obyek hak tanggungan yang dibatalkan sertipikatnya, namun karena bukan lagi sebagai kreditor preferen maka dilindungi oleh Pasal 1131 KUH Perdata kedudukannya sebagai kreditor konkuren dan perlindungan tidak hapusnya utang yang dijamin (Pasal 18 Ayat (4) UU Hak Tanggungan). Kemudian upaya yang dapat dilakukan Bank untuk memenuhi prinsip collateral dalam sistem perbankan setelah sertipikat tanah atas obyek Hak Tanggungan dibatalkan oleh pengadilan yaitu: (a) meminta kepada debitor agar memberikan jaminan pengganti sampai utangnya lunas; atau (b) meminta kepada debitor agar memberikan jaminan fidusia sebagaimana diatur menurut UU Nomor 42 Tahun 1999 tentang Jaminan Fidusia; atau (c) meminta kepada debitor agar memberikan jaminan gadai sebagaimana diatur dalam Bab XX Buku II KUH Perdata Pasal 1150 sampai dengan Pasal 1160.

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This thesis discusses the legal protection for creditor (bank) for the cancellation of the land rights which made security right on land object. The main function of the bank is as collector and distributor of public funds. Legal protection for creditor (bank) necessary because the bank as a financial institution managing public funds in the form of deposits in the form of demand deposits, time deposits, certificates of deposit, savings, and/or other equivalent forms of it. A wide range of services and amenities offered by banking institutions to be one of the main attraction for the public users of banking services. Bank as one of the business entity that provides lending money to the community in credit requires the submission of credit guarantees by the loan applicant. Security right on land is a guarantee of the object is not moving material (soil) emerged after the enactment of Law Nu. 4 of 1996 dated 9 April 1996. One time security right on land object can be an object of the court case in which the decision later can be detrimental to the creditor (bank). From this background, the author will examine how legal protection for creditor (bank) to the object of security right on land certificate canceled. Then what can be done by bank to satisfy the principle of collateral in the banking system after a land certificate of security right on land object overturned by the court. This thesis is a research method of description analysis, through literature research and interview to interested parties.

The result obtained are even in the Law Nu. 7 of 1992 and Law Nu. 10 of 1998 does not regulate legal protection for creditor (bank) on the object that was canceled encumbrance certificate, but, because it is no longer a priority creditor so it is protected by Civil Code Section 1131which equated his position as a creditor and the abolishment of protection not secured debt (Article 18 Paragraph (4) Security Right On Land Act). Then attempt to do the bank to meet the principles of collateral in the banking system after the land certificate of security right on land is overturned by the court, namely: (a) ask the debtor to provide substitute collateral untill the debt is paid off; or (b) require the debtor to provide fiduciary assurance as stipulated by Law Nu. 42 Year 1999 on Fiduciary; or (c) ask the borrowers to provide collateral lien as provided in Chapter XX Book II Civil Code Article 1150 to Article 1160."

"Rahasia dagang merupakan salah satu hak kekayaan intelektual yang semakin populer di kalangan pengusaha. Rahasia dagang dapat diberikan perlindungan sepanjang informasi tersebut terjaga kerahasiaannya dan tidak diungkapkan ke publik. Walaupun begitu, dalam kenyataannya pemilik rahasia dagang mau tidak mau harus mengungkapkan informasi kepada karyawan untuk menunjang kegiatan usaha. Biasanya, dalam suatu perjanjian kerja akan disertakan klausula non-disclosure dan non-competition. Namun, masih terdapat kasus di mana terjadi dugaan penyalahgunaan rahasia dagang oleh mantan karyawan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlindungan rahasia dagang dan efektivitas klausula non-competition dalam kasus dugaan penyalahgunaan informasi oleh mantan karyawan perusahaan kosmetik di Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat. Penulisan ini disusun menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal. Tinjauan ini ditujukan untuk membahas isu hukum yang ada dalam rahasia dagang serta pentingnya perlindungan hukum terhadapnya. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pentingnya beban pembuktian dalam proses persidangan serta klausula non-competition dinilai hanya efektif dalam jangka waktu tertentu saja. Klausula ini hanya merupakan upaya dan tidak bisa menjamin terjaganya aspek kerahasiaan. Sedangkan, mantan karyawan akan selalu membawa pengetahuan tersebut dan bisa kapan saja mengungkapkan informasi tersebut. Namun, hendaknya perjanjian disepakati dengan asas berkeadilan untuk menjamin kesejahteraan karyawan agar tidak melanggar hak untuk bekerja.

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Trade secrets are an increasingly popular form of intellectual property among entrepreneurs, providing protection as long as the information remains confidential. However, business operations often necessitate the disclosure of such information to employees, typically managed through non-disclosure and non-competition clauses in employment agreements. Despite these measures, there are still instances where former employees are accused of misusing trade secrets. This study aims to analyze the protection of trade secrets and the effectiveness of non-competition clauses in cases of alleged misuse by former employees in cosmetic companies in Indonesia and the United States. Using doctrinal research methods, this study examines the legal issues surrounding trade secrets and underscores the importance of robust legal protections. The findings highlight the critical role of the burden of proof in court proceedings and reveal that non-competition clauses are only effective for a limited time. These clauses are only efforts to maintain confidentiality but do not guarantee it, as former employees may still disclose the information. However, agreements should be made based on the principle of fairness to ensure employee welfare and prevent violations of the right to work."

"Pandemi wabah novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) merupakan salah satu ancaman kesehatan masyarakat yang dampaknya menyebar ke berbagai sektor bernegara lainnya, seperti politik, ekonomi dan sosial budaya. Menghadapi ancaman tersebut, Pemerintah Indonesia memanfaatkan segala unsurnya dalam upaya menekan penyebaran Covid-19, diantaranya melibatkan Badan Intelijen Negara (BIN) sebagai salah satu aktor keamanan nasional. Pada prosesnya, berbagai aktifitas BIN seperti swab massal, edukasi, pengadaan alat laboratorium dan terutama keterlibatannya pada penelitian obat Covid-19 dianggap tidak sesuai dengan fungsi intelijen sebagai penyampai informasi melalui cegah dini dan deteksi dini. Berbagai kontra narasi juga mengemuka, terutama menganggap bahwa wabah Covid-19 bukan menjadi ranah intelijen, sehingga pelibatan BIN dalam penanganan wabah mematikan tersebut melahirkan adanya tumpang tindih kewenanganan (overlapping) sekaligus pengerdilan lembaga pemerintah lain yang lebih berkompeten dalam sektor kesehatan masyarakat. Melalui pendekatan konstruktivisme, hasil penelitian berupa wawancara dan studi pustaka telah diverifikasi melalui Teori Kesiapsiagaan Pandemi dan Teori Intelijen Strategis serta keterkaitannya dengan beberapa regulasi mengenai keterlibatan multisektor dalam penanganan pandemi dan kedaruratan kesehatan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa BIN mempunyai wewenang untuk menangani pandemi Covid-19 karena didukung oleh urgensi, peran dan fungsinya dalam deteksi dini, peringatan dini, pencegahan, penangkalan dan penanggulangan setiap hakikat ancaman. Namun begitu, berbagai irisan dan tumpang tindih kewenangan dengan otoritas kesehatan masyarakat, menjadikan berbagai aktifitas BIN tersebut berpotensi menghasilkan penyimpangan (bias) yang justru kontra produktif terhadap penanganan pandemi dan ancaman terhadap kesahatan masyarakat di masa depan.

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The pandemic of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) is one of the public health threats whose impact has spread to various other sectors of the country, such as politics, economy and socio-culture. Facing this threat, the Government of Indonesia is using all its elements in an effort to suppress the spread of Covid-19, including involving the State Intelligence Agency (BIN) as one of the national security actors. In the process, various BIN activities such as mass swabs, education, procurement of laboratory equipment and especially its involvement in Covid-19 drug research were deemed incompatible with the intelligence function as a transmitter of information through early prevention and early detection. Various counter-narratives have also emerged, especially considering that the Covid-19 outbreak is not the realm of intelligence, so that the involvement of BIN in handling the deadly outbreak has resulted in overlapping powers (overlapping) as well as dwarfing other government institutions that are more competent in the public health sector. Through a constructivist approach, research results in the form of interviews and literature studies have been verified through Pandemic Preparedness Theory and Strategic Intelligence Theory and their relationship to several regulations regarding multi-sectoral involvement in handling pandemics and health emergencies. The conclusion of this study shows that BIN has the authority to handle the Covid-19 pandemic because it is supported by the urgency, its role and function in early detection, early warning, prevention, deterrence and countermeasures any nature of threats. However, various slices and overlaps of authority with public health authorities have made BIN's various activities have the potential to produce biases that are actually counter-productive to handling the pandemic and threats to public health in the future."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas tentang analisis hukum terhadap ketahanan dan keamanan nasional negara Indonesia dari adanya potensi konglomerasi industri informasi dan komunikasi yang ditimbulkan oleh perusahaan asing di Indonesia. Perkembangan dan akselerasi teknologi digital di bidang industri informasi dan komunikasi di masing-masing negara di dunia juga mempengaruhi persaingan industri secara global, termasuk Indonesia. Penelitian hukum dalam skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan normatif dengan menganalisis kaedah-kaedah hukum dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait, dengan sifat peneltian yaitu preskriptif-analitis. Dengan mengambil kasus dari Google Application dan Google Loon di Indonesia, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa struktur industri informasi dan komunikasi yang tadinya terpisah satu sama lain berubah menjadi terintegrasi, karena dua atau lebih produk atau layanan yang sebelumnya diselenggarakan oleh perusahaan yang berbeda, kemudian diselenggarakan oleh perusahaan yang sama. Perlindungan hukum yang diberikan negara Indonesia terhadap potensi konglomerasi dalam industri informasi dan komunikasi dalam kasus Google Application dan Google Loon didasarkan pada ketentuan khusus mengenai larangan praktek monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat dalam UU No. 5 Tahun 1999. Untuk penerapan Google Loon di Indonesia, dari hasil kajian yang telah ada, opsi yang menjadi pilihan pertama adalah opsi Status Quo atau Loon tidak diimplementasikan. Oleh karena itu, diharapkan pemerintah harus bisa bertindak tegas terhadap produk-produk asing dalam industri informasi dan komunikasi yang tidak mentaati regulasi yang ada di Indonesia.

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ABSTRAKThis thesis discusses the legal analysis of Indonesian national resilience and security against potential conglomeration of information and communication industry which is caused by foreign companies in Indonesia. The development and acceleration of digital technology in the field of information and communication industry in each country in the world also affect the industry competition globally, including Indonesia. The legal research in this thesis uses normative approach by analyzing the legal principles in the related laws and regulations, with the nature of research that is the prescriptive analytical. Taking the case of Google Application and Google Loon in Indonesia, the study found that the information and communication industry structure that was once separate from one another turned into integrated, because two or more products or services previously held by different companies became organized by the same company. Legal protection granted by the state of Indonesia to potential conglomeration in the information and communication industry in the case of Google Application and Google Loon is based on special provisions concerning the ban on monopolistic practices and unfair business competition in Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 1999. For the implementation of Google Loon in Indonesia, from the results of existing studies, the option that became the first choice is the Status Quo or Loon option is not implemented. Therefore, it is expected that the government should be able to act firmly against foreign products in the information and communication industries that do not comply with the existing regulations in Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peta kerawanan konflik Sunni- Syi'i di Indonesia yang mengalami tren ketegangan yang semakin meningkat. Penelitian dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif ini diupayakan mampu menggambarkan secara menyeluruh tentang sumber kerawanan, titik-titik kerawanan, dan dampak-dampak yang ditimbulkan dari hubungan Sunni-Syi'i di Indonesia sehingga diperoleh peringatan dini melalui proses warning intelligence yang dijadikan sebagai bahan untuk pengambilan kebijakan dalam menyikapi perkembangan hubungan kedua kubu ini serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keduanya. Temuan penelitian ini menghasilkan adanya indikasi-indikasi kuat mengenai peran aktor negara dan non negara yang mengeksploitasi hubungan Sunni-Syi'i di Indonesia. Konflik antar keduanya dapat ditelusuri lebih jauh penyebabnya sebagai akibat dari adanya proyek gerakan Syi'ahisasi yang dipelopori oleh Iran sebagai pusat Syi'ah internasional. Benturan keduanya dipicu oleh penetrasi gerakan Syi'ahisasi dengan penolakan masyarakat yang sudah sadar akan ketidakcocokan Syiisme bila dikembangkan di tempat mereka secara khusus dan di Indonesia secara umum. Gerakan Syi'ahisasi sudah terindikasi kuat pula dapat berdampak negatif bagi keamanan nasional dengan berbagai informasi yang relevan terkait adanya indikasi gerakan ideologi transnasional Syi'ah yang juga menjangkiti negara-negara muslim lainnya.

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This study aims to determine the vulnerability map of Sunnis-Shiites conflict in Indonesia, which experienced a trend of increasing tensions. The research uses qualitative methods which is able to describe the source of vulnerability, the points of vulnerability , and impacts on the whole arising from the Sunnis-Shiites relations in Indonesia in order to obtain early warning through the process of warning intelligence that serve as material for making policy in addressing the development of relations between two sides and factors affecting them.

The findings of this study resulted in the strong indications of the role of state and non-state actors are exploiting Sunnis-Shiites relations in Indonesia. Cause of escalating conflict can be traced even further as a result of the Shia movement project spearheaded by Iran as Shia international center. The conflicts are triggered by the penetration of Shia movement toward rejection from people who are already aware of incompatibility of Shiism when it is developed in a special place and in Indonesia in general. The Shia movement project has been strongly indicated it can also negatively affect national security with a variety of relevant information related to indications of a transnational movement of Imamah ideology that also plagued other muslims countries."

"Tulisan ini mengkaji konsep cyberterrorism dalam konteks Indonesia, menggunakan pendekatan teoritis yang dikembangkan oleh Correia (2022) dan Prof. Golose (2015), serta berdasarkan kasus-kasus serangan siber aktual di negara tersebut. Studi ini memberi fokus pada karakteristik unik cyberterrorism yang mencakup aspek kognitif, di mana kerusakan di wilayah siber, korban, dan ancaman yang ditimbulkan menjadi kriteria penting dalam mengklasifikasikan jenis serangan. Correia mengidentifikasi bahwa cyberterrorism mencakup aktivitas siber yang mengajukan ideologi tertentu dan mengancam publik serta properti. Analisis kasus Bjorka, Polrileak, dan kebocoran data Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) dalam penelitian ini menyediakan contoh konkret dari Cyber Dependent Terrorism. Penelitian ini juga menyoroti bahwa parameter utama dalam mengevaluasi cyberterrorism bukanlah pada korban jiwa atau kerusakan fisik yang langsung tampak, melainkan lebih pada kerusakan data dan dampak psikologis yang diakibatkannya. Dampak serangan siber ini tidak hanya mengganggu layanan publik dan ekonomi, tetapi juga menimbulkan rasa takut dan ketidakamanan di masyarakat. Studi ini menekankan pentingnya pengembangan strategi pencegahan dan respons yang cepat dan efektif dalam menghadapi cyberterrorism, yang meliputi aspek kerjasama internasional dan peningkatan kesadaran serta pendidikan masyarakat. Dengan menggarisbawahi bahwa potensi ancaman cyberterrorism di Indonesia akan terus meningkat, penelitian ini mengajukan pendekatan holistik dalam mengatasi tantangan ini. Pendekatan tersebut mencakup perlunya kebijakan yang lebih kuat, kerjasama antar-sektor yang lebih intensif, dan pengembangan program pendidikan yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran tentang bahaya cyberterrorism. Diharapkan, dengan strategi dan langkah-langkah yang komprehensif ini, Indonesia dapat lebih efektif dalam melindungi keamanan nasionalnya serta privasi dan keamanan warganya dari ancaman cyberterrorism yang berkembang.

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This paper examines the concept of cyberterrorism in the context of Indonesia, using theoretical approaches developed by Correia (2022) and Prof. Golose (2015), and based on actual cases of cyber attacks in the country. The study focuses on the unique characteristics of cyberterrorism, which include cognitive aspects, where damage in the cyber realm, victims, and the threats posed become important criteria in classifying the type of attack. Correia identifies that cyberterrorism encompasses cyber activities that advocate certain ideologies and threaten the public and property. The analysis of cases such as Bjorka, Polrileak, and the data breach of Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) in this study provides concrete examples of Cyber Dependent Terrorism. This paper also highlights that the main parameters in evaluating cyberterrorism are not based on casualties or immediate physical damage, but rather on data damage and the psychological impact it causes. The impact of these cyber attacks disrupts public services and the economy, and also generates fear and insecurity in society. The study emphasizes the importance of developing prevention strategies and rapid and effective responses to cyberterrorism, which include aspects of international cooperation and enhancing public awareness and education. By underlining that the potential threat of cyberterrorism in Indonesia will continue to increase, this study proposes a holistic approach to address this challenge. This approach includes the need for stronger policies, more intensive inter-sector cooperation, and the development of educational programs aimed at raising awareness of the dangers of cyberterrorism. It is hoped that with these comprehensive strategies and measures, Indonesia can be more effective in protecting its national security as well as the privacy and safety of its citizens from the growing threat of cyberterrorism."

"Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (ESDM) melaksanakan kegiatan pembinaan dan pengawasan minyak dan gas bumi, mineral dan batubara, energi baru terbarukan, ketenagalistrikan dan geologi. Pusat Data dan Teknologi Informasi merupakan unit organisasi pengelola sistem informasi terpusat untuk mendukung kementerian ESDM menyelenggarakan fungsi bisnis utama maupun pendukung. Hal ini mendorong Kementerian ESDM dalam memberikan keamanan dan kenyamanan pada layanan sistem elektronik untuk menjaga reputasi pelayanan publik. Saat ini terdapat beberapa sistem informasi yang tergolong kritikal mengalami kegagalan fungsi layanan sehingga menurunkan reputasi sebagai penyelenggara sistem elektronik. Peraturan menteri komunikasi dan Informatika mewajibkan penerapan manajemen keamanan informasi pada layanan sistem informasi pemerintah. Hal tersebut mendorong kementerian ESDM untuk meningkatkan pengamanan informasi karena saat ini terdapat kelemahan pengamanan informasi pada area pengelolaan risiko di kementerian ESDM. Saat ini belum ada aktivitas manajemen risiko menyeluruh di kementerian ESDM. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melakukan analisis risiko keamanan informasi kemudian memberikan rekomendasi penanganan risiko di kementerian ESDM. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan studi kasus di kementerian ESDM dengan menggunakan kerangka kerja sistem manajemen keamanan informasi SNI ISO/IEC 27005:2018. Penelitian ini menghasilkan 14 risiko dengan tingkat risiko tinggi, 29 risiko dengan tingkat risiko sedang dan tujuh risiko dengan tingkat risiko rendah. Hasil analisis risiko menemukan penggunaan aplikasi perizinan tanpa otorisasi yang berdampak pada penyalahgunaan wewenang dalam penerbitan izin. Selain itu, hasil analisis risiko menemukan penurunan kemampuan perangkat lunak yang disebabkan aktivitas serangan dari eksternal karena celah kerentanan pada perangkat sistem. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi rencana penanganan risiko untuk mengurangi dampak terhadap layanan maupun reputasi di Kementerian ESDM. Rekomendasi penanganan risiko diantaranya memberikan pelatihan mengenai kesadaran keamanan informasi dan rekomendasi penerapan prosedur pengujian keamanan sistem. Rekomendasi penanganan risiko keamanan informasi ini dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan keamanan informasi di Kementerian ESDM dan memenuhi syarat dalam penerapan sistem manajemen pengamanan informasi.The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (EMR) conducts development, control and supervision activities in the fields of oil and gas, minerals and coal, renewable energy, electricity, and geology. Center for Data and Information Technology is a unit of centralized information system to support the Ministry of EMR to perform the main business and support functions. This encourages the Ministry of EMR in ensuring security in electronic system services to maintain a reputation in serving the public. Currenty, there are several information sistems that are classified as critical experiencing services malfunctions, thus lowering the reputation as an electronic system provider. Regulation of the Minister of Communication and Information that requires the implementation of information security management system in electronic system services,therefore the Ministry of EMR needs to improve information security. Based on this, there are weaknesses on information security in the risk management area. There is currently no comprehensive risk management activity in the ministry of EMR. Therefore, this study aims to conduct an analysis of information security risks at the ministry of EMR. This research conducted was qualitative research using case studies in the ministry of EMR. This research uses an information security management system framework SNI ISO / IEC 27005. This study reveals 14 risks with high-risk levels, 29 risks with medium-risk levels and seven risks with low-risk levels. The results of the risk analysis found the use of unauthorized login applications that resulted in abuse of authority in the permits. In addition, the results of risk analysis found a decrease in software capabilities caused by external attack activity due to vulnerability in system devices. This research provides recommendations for risk management plans to reduce the impact on services and reputation in the Ministry of EMR. Risk management recommendations include providing training on information security awareness and recommendations for the implementation of system security testing procedures. These information security risk management recommendations can be used to improve information security at the Ministry of EMR and meet the requirements to the implementation of information security management."