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"Aplikasi Subgingiva antimikroba setelah Skeling dan Penghalusan Akar SPA mampu membunuh bakteri anaerob yang tersisa Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efek klinis aplikasi subgingiva H2O2 3 setelah SPA pada periodontitis kronis poket le 6 mm 45 subjek periodontitis kronis poket le 6 mm diskor plak skor perdarahan kedalaman poket kehilangan perlekatan Satu sisi rahang diaplikasi subgingiva H2O2 3 dan kontrol pada kontralateral dievaluasi 4 minggu setelahnya Aplikasi subgingiva H2O2 3 secara statistik terbukti menurunkan skor perdarahan kedalaman poket kehilangan perlekatan pre dan post perawatan serta antar kedua kelompok periodontitis kronis poket le 6 mm Kata kunci Skor Perdarahan Poket Periodontal Kehilangan Perlekatan SPA Aplikasi subgingiva

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Subgingival application with 3 H2O2 after scaling and root planing SRP is assumed to be kill the bacteria left behind after mechanical debridement The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical effects of subgingival application 3 H2O2 after SRP in the treatment of chronic periodontitis pocket depth le 6 mm Forty five patients chronic periodontitis pocket depth le 6 mm were scaled and root planed prior to baseline measurement BOP PPD CAL and evaluated on weeks 4 Subgingival application with 3 H2O2 produced a significant reduction in BOP PPD and CAL compared to the control Key words Gingival bleeding on probing probing pocket depth clinical attachment loss scaling and root planing subgingival application 3 H2O2 "

"Latar belakang: Skeling dan penghalusan akar (SPA) dapat mengubah komposisi bakteri patogen. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek klinis dan mikrobiologis (P. gingivalis, T. forsythia) setelah SPA pada periodontitis kronis poket 4-6 mm. Metode: Empat puluh tiga subjek diperiksa kedalaman poket, indeks pendarahan gingiva, sampel plak subgingiva, serta dilakukan SPA pada kunjungan awal, bulan kedua, ketiga, keenam. Hasil: Kedalaman poket, pendarahan gingiva, populasi P. gingivalis, T. forsythia menurun (p<0,05). Penurunan kedalaman poket tidak berhubungan dengan penurunan populasi P.g (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: SPA meningkatkan kondisi klinis dan mikrobiologis poket 4-6 mm. Perbaikan kondisi klinis berhubungan dengan penurunan kedua bakteri kecuali kedalaman poket dengan populasi P.gingivalis.

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Background: Scaling and root planing (SRP) can change the composition of bacterial pathogens.

Objective: To know the clinical and microbiological effects (P.gingivalis and T. forsythia) of SRP at 4-6 mm pocket depth of chronic periodontitis.

Method: Forty-three subject were performed with SRP on the initial visit, two, three, six month. Pocket depth, gingival bleeding index (PBI) and subgingival plaque samples were examined.

Result: (There is a) decrease in pocket depth, gingival bleeding index, populations of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia (p <0.05). The decrease in pocket depth was not associated with a decrease in the population of P.g (p >0.05).

Conclusion: SRP can improve clinical and microbiological condition in the treatment of chronic periodontitis with 4-6 mm pocket depth. The improvement of clinical condition is associated with the decreasing of bacteria population, except pocket depth is not associated with the P. gingivalis population."

"Latar Belakang: Periodontitis kronis mempunyai prevalensi yang sangat tinggi. Baru-baru ini, ada tipe baru fototerapi non bedah untuk mengeliminasi bakteri dinamakan terapi fotodinamik. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek terapi fotodinamik setelah SPA pada periodontitis kronis. Metode: Desain split-mouth menerima SPA dengan atau tanpa terapi fotodinamik. BOP, kedalaman poket, dan kehilangan perlekatan diperiksa pada awal dan 1 bulan. Hasil: Terjadi penurunan kedalaman poket dan peningkatan perlekatan, yang lebih besar dibandingkan sisi kontrol (p<0,05). Pada BOP terjadi penurunan hampir sama dengan sisi kontrol. Kesimpulan: Tindakan SPA + terapi fotodinamik dibandingkan SPA saja terbukti menyebabkan perubahan efek klinis yang lebih baik pada penurunan kedalaman poket periodontal dan meningkatkan perlekatan gingiva.

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Background: Chronic periodontitis has a very high prevalency. Recently, there is a new type of non-surgical phototherapy to eliminate bacteria called photodynamic therapy.

Aim: Analyzing the effects of photodynamic therapy after SPA in chronic periodontitis.

Methods: split-mouth design receives SPA with or without photodynamic therapy. BOP, pocket depth, and attachment loss examined at baseline and 1 month.

Results: There was a decrease in pocket depth and increasing clinical attachment, which is greater than the controls (p <0.05). In BOP decreased nearly equal to the control side.

Conclusions: Measures SPA + photodynamic therapy have better clinical effect on periodontal reduction pocket depth and increased gingival attachment."

"Latar belakang: Periodontitis kronis merupakan jenis penyakit periodontal yang umum ditemukan pada orang dewasa, dengan prevalensi mencapai angka 74,1% di Indonesia menurut Riskesdas 2018. Tantangan utama pada perawatan periodontitis adalah waktu dan ketepatan dari diagnosis. Periodontitis kronis tidak menyebabkan timbulnya rasa sakit, sehingga pasien sering tidak mencari perawatan untuk penyakit tersebut. Menurut penelitian Grover et al. (2013), keluhan utama pada pasien periodontitis kronis yang datang untuk perawatan gigi dan mulut dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga kategori, yaitu keluhan utama yang berkaitan dengan gejala penyakit periodontal, berkaitan dengan estetik, serta berkaitan dengan kegawatdaruratan pada gigi dan mulut. Melalui penelusuran berbagai penelitian, ditemukan berbagai macam keluhan utama pada pasien dengan periodontitis kronis dengan proporsi yang berbeda-beda, dan belum pernah dilakukan studi serupa di Indonesia. Tujuan: Mendapatkan distribusi keluhan utama pada pasien periodontitis kronis di RSKGM Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deksriptif untuk distribusi keluhan utama pada pasien periodontitis kronis yang didapat dari data sekunder berupa 588 rekam medis RSKGM FKG UI dalam rentang tahun kunjungan 2016 - 2018. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis univariat menggunakan SPSS untuk menggambarkan distribusi. Hasil: Secara umum, keluhan utama pada pasien periodontitis kronis yang paling sering ditemukan adalah keluhan utama yang berkaitan dengan gejala penyakit periodontal (39,8%), diikuti dengan keluhan utama yang berkaitan dengan estetik (39,1%), dan keluhan utama yang berkaitan dengan kegawatdaruratan pada gigi dan mulut (0,9%). Ditemukan kelompok keluhan utama lainnya sebesar 20,2% yang sebagian besar meliputi rujukan (6,8%) dan sakit gigi (5,6%). Pada jenis kelamin laki-laki, keluhan utama yang paling sering ditemukan adalah yang berkaitan dengan gejala penyakit periodontal (20,2%), sedangkan pada jenis kelamin perempuan adalah keluhan yang berkaitan dengan estetik (21,6%). Pada kelompok usia remaja awal, lansia awal, dan lansia akhir, paling sering ditemukan keluhan utama yang berkaitan dengan gejala penyakit periodontal, dan pada kelompok usia remaja akhir, dewasa awal, dan dewasa akhir, paling sering ditemukan keluhan utama yang berkaitan dengan estetik. Kesimpulan: Terdapat gambaran distribusi keluhan utama pada pasien periodontitis kronis yang berbeda menurut usia dan jenis kelamin. Keluhan berkaitan dengan gejala penyakit periodontal paling sering ditemukan pada laki-laki, serta pada kelompok usia remaja awal dan lansia, sedangkan keluhan berkaitan dengan estetik paling sering ditemukan pada perempuan, serta pada kelompok usia remaja akhir dan dewasa. Keluhan berkaitan dengan kegawatdaruratan ditemukan di beberapa kelompok usia dan kedua jenis kelamin.

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Background: Chronic periodontitis is one of the common periodontal diseases found on adults. The prevalence of chronic periodontitis in Indonesia is 74,1% according to Indonesian Health Survey 2018. The main challenge on treating chronic periodontitis is a proper time of diagnosis. Chronic periodontitis is a painless disease and is often undiagnosed until it has reached moderate to advanced stage, and many patients rarely seek care. A research by Grover et al. describes the common chief complaint in chronic periodontitis patients based on three major groups; periodontitis symptoms related, esthetic related, and dental emergency related. Other researches describe different distribution on patients’ chief complaints, and currently there are no similar research in Indonesia.

Objectives: To describe the distribution of chief complaints in patients with chronic periodontitis in RSKGM FKG UI.

Methods: A descriptive study using secondary data from 588 periodontal medical records of chronic periodontitis subjects in RSKGM FKG UI throughout 2016 - 2018.

Result: The highest distribution of chief complaint found in patients with chronic periodontitis is periodontitis symptoms related (39,8%), followed by esthetic related (39,1%), and dental emergency (0,9%). Patients with other chief complaints (20,2%) found mainly came through referral (6,8%) and pain (5,6%). In male, the common chief complaint found is periodontitis symptoms related (20,2%), while in female is esthetic related (21,6%). According to age, periodontitis symptoms related complaints were mainly found in early adolescents and elderly, while esthetic related complaints were mainly found in late adolescents and adults.

Conclusion: There are different distributions of chief complaint in patients with chronic periodontitis according to gender and age. Periodontitis symptoms related complaints were mainly found in males, and found in early adolescents or elderly. Esthetic related complaints were mainly found in females, and found in late adolescents and adult. Dental emergency related complaints were found in various age group and both genders equally."

"Latar Belakang:  Penyakit periodontal merupakan penyakit gigi dan mulut kedua terbanyak diderita masyarakat Indonesia. Penyakit periodontal terdiri dari gingivitis dan periodontitis. Periodontitis adalah inflamasi pada jaringan pendukung gigi yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme spesifik atau kelompok mikroorganisme. Dalam mendiagnosis penyakit periodontitis pada umumnya diperlukan pemeriksaan radiografis untuk melakukan evaluasi perubahan tulang alveolar, terutama perubahan tinggi tulang alveolar yang merupakan salah satu tanda adanya penyakit periodontal. Data ini diperlukan bagi tatalaksana pasien yang meliputi diagnosis, rencana perawatan, prakiraan prognosis dan observasi. Radiograf periapikal adalah “gold standard” pada pemeriksaan radiografis konvensional kasus periodontitis. Tujuan: Memperoleh nilai rata-rata penurunan tinggi tulang alveolar pada pasien penderita periodontitis kronis rentang usia 25-40 tahun secara radiografis di RSKGM FKG UI. Metode: Pengukuran penurunan tinggi tulang alveolar pada 192 sampel radiograf periapikal digital usia 25-40 tahun di RSKGM FKG UI. Hasil: Nilai rata-rata penurunan tinggi tulang alveolar pada gigi insisif sentral rahang atas permukaan mesial sebesar 5.13 ± 0.58 dan pada permukaan distal sebesar 3.82 ± 0.4. Pada gigi insisif sentral rahang bawah, nilai rata-rata penurunan tinggi tulang alveolar permukaan mesial sebesar 7.98 ± 0.6 dan pada permukaan distal 6.85 ± 0.48. Pada gigi molar 1 rahang atas, diperoleh nilai rata-rata permukaan mesial sebesar 3.73 ± 0.37 dan pada permukaan distal 4.66 ± 0.55, sedangkan pada gigi molar 1 rahang bawah permukaan mesial diperoleh nilai rata-rata 3.74 ± 0.43 dan permukaan distal sebesar 3.08 ± 0.17. Kesimpulan: Nilai rata-rata penurunan tinggi tulang alveolar pada permukaan mesial gigi insisif sentral rahang bawah kasus penyakit periodontal adalah yang tertinggi dibanding kelompok lainnya.

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Background: Periodontal disease is the second most common tooth and mouth disease suffered by Indonesian society. Periodontal disease consists of gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontitis is defined as an inflammatory disease of supporting bone tissues of teeth caused by specific microorganisms or groups of specific microorganisms. In diagnosing periodontitis, in general we need radiograph examination to evaluate changes in alveolar bone, especially changes in alveolar height which indicates the periodontal disease. This data is necessary for the management of the patient including diagnosis, treatment plan, prognosis, and observation.  Periapical is a “gold standard” on conventional radiographic examination on periodontitis cases. Objective: To obtain the average value of decreased alveolar bone height in 25-40 years old patients with chronic periodontitis at RSKGM FKG UI radiographically. Method: Measurement of decreased alveolar bone height in 192 digital periapical radiograph samples aged 25-40 years in RSKGM FKG UI. Result: The mean value of decreased alveolar bone height of maxillary central incisors on the mesial surface was 5.13 ± 0.58 and on the distal surface was 3.82 ± 0.4. On mandibular central incisors, the mean value of decreased alveolar bone height on the mesial surface was 7.98 ± 0.6 and on the distal surface was 6.85 ± 0.48. On maxillary first molars, the mean value of decreased alveolar bone height on the mesial surface was 3.73 ± 0.37 and on the distal surface was 4.66 ± 0.55. Whereas, on mandibular first molar, the mean value of decreased alveolar bone height on mesial surface was 3.74 ± 0.43 and on the distal surface was 3.08 ± 0.17. Conclusion: The average decreased in alveolar bone height on mesial surface of mandibular central incisors is the highest among other groups."

"Chronic adult periodontitis (CAP) is the most common type of periodontal disease. Treatment of moderate CAP has primarily been directed at the physical removal of bacterial plaque, calculus and contaminated cementum by scaling and root planing (SRP) with or without surgical access. Irrigation solutions reach the apical portion of the pocket has flushing action properties and easy to apply. Tetracyline HCI (TTC HCI) solutions demonstrated its antimicrobial activity against subgingival microflora, shown to be substantive to dentin surface and subsequently released in active form, also has anti-collagenase properties. This study evaluates the clinical outcomes of treatment with locally TTC HCI 10% irrigation as an adjunct to SRP in subset of moderate CAP patients. The data examined were obtained from 24 patients. All patient were scaled and root planed prior to baseline measurement. The patients were monitored by parameters : bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and attachment loss (LA). 56 contralateral surface exhibiting residual pocket depths 4-6 mm were randomly assigned as test or control sites. After baseline measurement, each subgingival root surface was irrigated with approximately 10ml for 1 minute either with TTC HCI 10% solution (test), or Aquabides solution (control). The clinical parameters were assessed at baseline and weeks 3. The two sites resulted in significant statistical and clinical improvement in all parameters. BOP was not significantly reduced in test site compared to control site. PPD and I.A was significantly reduced at test site compared to control site. The result indicate that subgingival irrigation with TTC HCI 10% solution 10 ml for 1 minute may have a role in the management of moderate CAP. This treatment reduces surgical needs."

"Dinamika periostin, protein matriks ekstraseluler jaringan ikat yang berperan sebagai regulator homeostasis struktural dan fungsional, ditemukan dalam cairan krevikuler gingiva (CKG) saat kondisi inflamasi maupun sehat. Pada kasus borderline, pemeriksaan secara biomolekuler dapat membantu meminimalisasi keparahan penyakit, risiko dan kerugian pasien dalam perawatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan perbedaan tingkat periostin sebelum dan sesudah terapi skeling dan penghalusan akar gigi (SPA) pada pasien periodontitis stage II grade A, serta hubungan antara tingkat periostin dengan kedalaman poket periodontal - PPD dan perdarahan saat probing - BOP. Sampel CKG dari enam subjek sehat [BOP (-)] dan 25 pasien periodontitis stage II grade A [PPD 4 - 5 mm, BOP (+)] usia 26 - 55 tahun di RSKGM FKG UI, Jakarta, diambil saat baseline (D0), dan dilanjutkan untuk kelompok periodontitis saat satu minggu (D1), dua minggu (D2), dan empat minggu (D3) pascaterapi SPA menggunakan paper point. Dilakukan juga pengukuran PPD dan BOP saat D0 dan D3. Tingkat periostin diamati menggunakan metode RT-PCR kuantitatif dalam 45 siklus. Nilai p<0,05 dinyatakan signifikan. Saat inflamasi, tingkat periostin ditemukan menurun, namun setelah terapi SPA, periostin meningkat dalam satu minggu (p<0,05), dua minggu (p<0,05), hingga empat minggu (p<0,05), sejalan dengan temuan klinis perbaikan PPD dan BOP. Perubahan tingkat periostin mengkonfirmasi penyembuhan jaringan pascaterapi SPA pada kasus periodontitis stage II grade A.

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The dynamics of periostin, a connective tissue extracellular matrix protein that acts as a regulator of structural and functional homeostasis, is detected in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during both inflammatory and healthy conditions. In borderline cases, biomolecular examinations can help minimize the severity of the disease, the risk, and the loss of patients in treatment. The aim of this study was to obtain differences in the levels of periostin before and after treatment of scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with stage II grade A periodontitis, as well as its relationship with the depth of the periodontal pocket - PPD and bleeding on probing - BOP. Samples from GCF of six healthy subjects [BOP (-)] and 25 stage II grade A periodontitis patients [PPD 4-5 mm, BOP (+)] aged 26 - 55 years at RSKGM FKG UI, Jakarta, were taken at baseline (D0), and continued for the periodontitis group at one week (D1), two weeks (D2), and four weeks (D3) after SRP treatment by using paper points. PPD and BOP measurements were also taken at D0 and D3. Periostin levels were observed using qRT-PCR methods in 45 cycles. A value of p <0.05 was stated as significant. During inflammation, the level of periostin was found to decrease, but after SRP therapy, periostin increased in one week (p <0.05), two weeks (p <0.05), up to four weeks (p <0.05), in line with the clinical finding improvement of PPD and BOP. Periostin level changes confirmed healing of periodontal tissue after SRP therapy in stage II grade A periodontitis cases."

"Osteopontin merupakan salah satu sitokin yang banyak dihubungkan dengan proses resorpsi tulang, namun perannya di dalam proses penyembuhan periodontal masih didapatkan hasil yang berbeda-beda sedangkan Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)merupakan sitokin pro-inflamasi yang berperandalam inflamasi kronis dan proses resorpsi tulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perbedaan tingkat ekspresi Osteopontin dan TNF-αpada pasien periodontitis sebelum terapi dengan setelah terapi skeling dan penghalusan akar (diukur setelah 7 hari, 14 hari, dan 28 hari). Tingkat ekspresi Osteopontin dan TNF-αdalam cairan krevikuler gingiva (CKG)dari 28 subjek penderita periodontitis berusia ≥ 30 tahun dan dari 8 subjek sehat diukur dengan menggunakan qPCR. Dilakukan juga uji korelasi Spearmanantara tingkat ekspresi Osteopontin dan TNF-αdalam CKG dengan pemeriksaan klinis berupa modified gingival index (MGI).Uji Wilcoxontingkat ekspresi Osteopontin dan TNF-αdalam CKG pada pasien periodontitis sebelum dan setelah 28 hari terapi skeling dan penghalusan akar menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p < 0,05). Uji korelasi Spearmanmenunjukkan korelasi positif lemah antara tingkat ekspresi OPNdengan skor MGI(r=0,213;p<0,05) dan antara tingkatekspresi TNF-αdengan skor MGI(r=0,256;p<0,05). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan tingkat ekspresi Osteopontin dan TNF-αpada subjekperiodontitis antara sebelum terapi dengan 28 hari setelahterapi skeling dan penghalusan akar gigi. Adakorelasi positif antara tingkat ekspresi OPNdengan MGIdan tingkat ekspresi TNF-αdengan MGI.

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Osteopontin is one of many cytokines that is often associated with bone resorption process, but the role in the periodontal healing is still not clear accordingto some studies presenting different results, while Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) is a well-known pro-inflammatory cytokine which stimulates bone resorption. The objective of this study was to analyze different Osteopontin and TNF-α expression level on patients with periodontitis before (baseline) and 7 days, 14 days, 28 days following scaling and root planing. Osteopontin and TNF-α level on gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from 28 subjects with periodontitis aged ≥ 30years old and 8 healthy patients (control subjects)were measured by qPCR. Spearman correlation test between GCF Osteopontin and TNF-α level and modified gingival index (MGI) was also done. Wilcoxon test between Osteopontin and TNF-α level before scaling and root planing and 28 days after scaling and root planing showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Spearman correlation test between TNF-α level on GCF and MGI showed a positive correlation (r=0.256; p<0.05). Conclusions of this study was a significant difference of OPN and TNF-αexpression level between baseline and 28 days after scaling and root planing in periodontitis subjects and a positive correlation between GCF OPN level and MGI and also between TNF-α expression level and MGI."

"Metronidazole gel 25% as an adjunct to scaling and root planing showed clinical effect better than scaling and root-planing alone. In Indonesia metronidazole gel is not popular, since probably it is expensive and not easy to obtain, so there is an idea to make metronidazole gel 25% mixture with relatively cheaper. The purpose of the study was to evaluate clinical effect of metronidazole gel 25%. Thirty Chronic Adult Periodontitis patients possessing at least 3 teeth >6mm pocket dept, >4 mm attachment loss, and bleeding on probing were selected and grouped into metronidazole 25%, PVP-I 10%, and as controle respective. After SRP of all quadrant, 3 teeth were randomly selected as respectively metronidazole gel 25% and PVP-I 10% were applied on day 0 and day 7, BOP, PPD, and clinical attachment gain were recorded at baseline and 1 month post therapy. Bleeding on probing was analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test, pocket depth and attachment gain were analyzed using Anova test. The result showed a significant difference in each group before and after the application. However, metronidazol group was the best compared to the other two groups."

"Latar Belakang: Poket periodontal merupakan karakteristik periodontitis. Scaling dan root planing merupakan standar emas untuk perawatan periodontitis. Antimikroba lokal tambahan direkomendasikan pada pasien dengan kedalaman probing ≥5 mm. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui efektivitas klorheksidin dibandingkan dengan antimikroba lokal lainnya pada periodontitis. Metode: Pencarian dilakukan dengan menggunakan panduan Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis (PRISMA). Meta-analisis dilakukan pada studi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi setelah penilaian risiko bias. Hasil: Meta-analisis antara chip klorheksidin dan antimikroba lain menunjukkan perbedaan rata-rata kedalaman probing setelah satu bulan sebesar 0,58 mm (p<0,00001) sedangkan setelah tiga bulan perbedaan rata-rata kedalaman probing adalah 0,50 mm (p=0,001), indeks plak 0,01 (p=0,94) dan indeks gingiva -0,11 mm (p=0,02). Antara gel chlorhexidine dan antimikroba lainnya menunjukkan perbedaan rata-rata kedalaman probing 0,40 mm (p=0,30), indeks plak 0,20 mm (p=0,0008) dan indeks gingiva -0,04 mm (p=0,83) setelah satu bulan. Kesimpulan: Chip klorheksidin lebih efektif pada indeks gingiva dibandingkan antimikroba lainnya setelah tiga bulan. Antimikroba lainnya lebih efektif daripada chip klorheksidin pada kedalaman probing setelah satu dan tiga bulan, dan dari gel klorheksidin pada indeks plak setelah satu bulan.

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Background: Periodontal pockets are characteristic of periodontitis. Scaling and root planing is the gold standard for periodontitis treatment. Additional local antimicrobials are recommended in patients with a probing depth of ≥5 mm.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of chlorhexidine compared to other local antimicrobials in periodontitis.

Method: Searches were conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed on studies that met inclusion criteria after risk of bias assessment.

Results: Meta-analysis between chlorhexidine chips and other antimicrobials showed a mean difference in probing depth after one month of 0.58 mm (p<0.00001) whereas after three months the mean difference in probing depth was 0.50 mm (p=0.001), index plaque 0.01 (p=0.94) and gingival index -0.11 mm (p=0.02). Between chlorhexidine gel and other antimicrobials showed a mean difference in probing depth of 0.40 mm (p=0.30), plaque index of 0.20 mm (p=0.0008) and gingival index of -0.04 mm (p=0.83) after one month.

Conclusion: Chlorhexidine chips were more effective on the gingival index than other antimicrobials after three months. The other antimicrobials were more effective than chlorhexidine chips on probing depth after one and three months, and than chlorhexidine gels on plaque index after one month."