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"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Amiodaron merupakan obat antiaritmia yang poten, berspektrumluas dan banyak dipakai. Namun beberapa laporan menyebutkan obat ini dapatmenyebabkan perpanjangan interval QTc. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajarikejadian perpanjangan interval QTc pada pemakaian amiodaron dan obat lain, faktoryang mempengaruhinya serta kematian yang terjadi. Metode: Penelitian inidilakukan antara bulan November 2010 sampai Desember 2011. Penelitian inibersifat deskriptif dan retrospektif berdasarkan rekam medis pasien yang dirawat diICCU RSCM selama 7 tahun. Penelitian dilakukan pada 4 kelompok pasien di ICCURSCM yaitu (1) kelompok yang menggunakan amiodaron dengan obat-obat lainyang diketahui memperpanjang interval QTc; (2) kelompok yang menggunakanamiodaron dengan obat-obat lain yang tidak memperpanjang interval QTc; (3)kelompok yang menggunakan obat selain amiodaron yang memperpanjang intervalQTc dan (4) kelompok yang menggunakan obat selain amiodaron yang tidakmemperpanjang interval QTc. Delta interval QTc dianalisis dengan uji t berpasanganatau Wilcoxon. Perbandingan antar kelompok dianalisis dengan Kruskal Wallisuntuk seluruh kelompok dan uji t tidak berpasangan atau Mann Whitney untuksemua pasang kelompok yang berbeda. Pengaruh faktor lain (jenis kelamin, umur,gagal jantung, fungsi hati dan elektrolit) terhadap kejadian perpanjangan intervalQTc dianalisis dengan menggunakan regresi multipel.Hasil penelitian: (1) Perpanjangan interval QTc pada kelompok 1, 2, 3 dan 4 secaraberturut-turut adalah 65,5%, 63,3%, 56,6% dan 24,4%; (2) Terdapat perbedaanbermakna antara QTc awal dan QTc perpanjangan pada kelompok 1, 2, 3 dan 4; (3)Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara beda QTc awal dan perpanjangan padakelompok 1, 2, 3 dibandingkan dengan kelompok 4; (4) Hipernatremia merupakanfaktor risiko terjadinya perpanjangan interval QTc; (5) Terdapat kematian padakelompok 1, 2 dan 3, sedangkan pada kelompok 4 tidak terdapat kematian.Kesimpulan: (1) Perpanjangan interval QTc secara bermakna terjadi padapemakaian amiodaron dan beberapa obat lain; (2) Hipernatremia memberikankontribusi pada perpanjangan interval QTc dan (3) Kematian pada kelompok 1,2,3dan 4 masing-masing 3,4,4, dan 0 pasien.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Amiodarone is a potent and broad spectrum antiarrhythmic drug andis used worldwide, although several journals reported that this drug could induceQTc interval prolongation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence ofQTc prolongation associated with amiodarone and other drugs use, factorsinfluencing its occurrence and deaths that occurred.Methods: This study was conducted from November 2010 till December 2011. Thiswas a descriptive and retrospective study based on patient’s medical record at ICCUCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during 7 years. Four groups of patients wereincluded : (1) patients receiving amiodarone and other drugs known to prolong QTcinterval, (2) patients receiving amiodarone and other drug which do not prolongQTc interval, (3) patients receiving other drugs known to prolong QTc interval, (4)patients receiving other drugs which do not prolong QTc interval. Delta QTcinterval was analyzed with paired t test or Wilcoxon matched-pairs test. The wholegroups comparison were performed with Kruskal Wallis test and all of the grouppairs were tested using t independent test or Mann Whitney test. The influence ofother factors (sex, age, heart failure, liver disorder, electrolyte imbalance) on QTcprolongation was analyzed using multiple regression.Results: This study showed that (1) The frequencies of QTc interval prolongation ingroups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 65.5%, 63.3%, 56.6% and 24.4% respectively; (2) Therewere significant differences between QTc intervals at admission and the longest QTcinterval in each group 1, 2 , 3 and 4; (3) There were significant differences betweendelta QTc of groups 1, 2 and 3 compared to group 4; (4) Hypernatremia was a riskfactor for QT interval prolongation and (5) Some patients died in groups 1, 2 and 3,but none in group 4.Conclusion: (1) QTc interval prolongation occurred in association with amiodaroneand other drugs known to prolong QTc interval; (2) Hypernatremia contributed toQTc interval prolongation and (3) Some deaths occurred in groups 1,2 and 3, butnone in group 4."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluanStudi sebelumnya menunjukkan tebal adiposa epikardial pasien sindrom koroner akut (SKA) berhubungan dengan cardiovascular adverse event dalam tiga puluh hari.TujuanMengetahui peran tebal adiposa epikardial dalam memprediksi cardiovascular adverse event pada pasien SKA di ICCU RS Cipto Mangunkusumo.MetodeDilakukan studi kohort prospektif berbasis studi prognostik pada seratus dua puluh satu pasien SKA. Tebal adiposa epikardial dinilai dengan ekokardiografi transtorakal pada fase sistolik akhir (end-systole) tampilan parasternal long axis dari tiga siklus jantung. Dilakukan follow-up dalam tiga puluh hari pada semua pasien.HasilNilai median tebal adiposa epikardial adalah 2,23 mm (kisaran 0,37 – 10,8 mm). Cardiovascular adverse event terjadi pada 23 pasien (19%) dalam 30 hari; 9 subjek mengalami syok kardiogenik, 3 subjek mengalami infark miokard berulang, 4 subjek mengalami stroke iskemik, dan 7 subjek meninggal. Titik potong terbaik tebal adiposa epikardial dalam memprediksi cardiovascular adverse event adalah 2,95 mm dengan sensitivitas 65%, spesifisitas 70%, nilai duga positif 34%, nilai duga negatif 90% dengan AUC sebesar 0,690 (IK 95% 0,564-0,816, p=0,005).SimpulanTebal adiposa epikardial 2,95 mm dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi cardiovascular adverse event dalam tiga puluh hari pada pasien SKA dengan sensitivitas 65%, spesifisitas 70% dan AUC 0,690.

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ABSTRACTBackgroundPrevious study showed that epicardial adipose thickness in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients was associated with cardiovascular adverse events during thirty days.ObjectiveTo determine the role of epicardial adipose thickness in predicting cardiovascular adverse events in ACS patients at ICCU of Cipto Mangunkusumo HospitalMethodA prospective cohort prognostic study was conducted on one hundred twenty-one ACS patients. Epicardial adipose thickness was measured with transthoracic echocardiography at end-systole from parasternal long-axis view of three cardiac cycles. 30 days follow-up was obtained in all patients.ResultsMedian value of epicardial adipose thickness was 2.23 mm (range 0.37-10.8 mm). Cardiovascular adverse events were developed in 23 patients (19%) during 30 days; 9 cases of cardiogenic shock, 3 of recurrent myocardial infarction, 4 of ischemic stroke, and 7 of death. Best cut-off point of epicardial adipose thickness in predicting cardiovascular adverse events was 2.95 mm with a sensitivity of 65%, specificity 70%, positive predictive value 34%, negative predictive value 90% and AUC of 0.690 (95% CI 0.564 - 0.816, p = 0.005).ConclusionEpicardial adipose thickness with cut-off point 2.95 mm could be used to predict cardiovascular adverse events during thirty days in ACS patients with a sensitivity of 65%, specificity 70% and AUC of 0.690."

"Dihidroartemisinin-piperakuin (DHA-PPQ) telah digunakan secara global sebagai terapi kombinasi standar pada pengobatan malaria vivaks di Indonesia. Efikasi dan keamanan obat ini banyak dilaporkan, namun data efek samping obat terhadap jantung masih sangat terbatas. Salah satu efek samping yang patut diwaspadai adalah pemanjangan repolarisasi ventrikel yang dapat menyebabkan berkembangnya aritmia ventrikuler yang dikenal sebagai Torsade de Pointes (TdP).Pengukuran interval QT telah dijadikan standar untuk mengukur waktu repolarisasi ventrikel. Interval QT juga mewakili waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk depolarisasi dan repolarisasi ventrikel sehingga tidak selalu bisa dijadikan indikator akurat pada kelainan repolarisasi. Saat ini pengukuran interval QT digunakan sebagai standar utama penilaian efek samping obat terhadap jantung, namun menurut pemikiran sebagian ahli, pengukuran interval JT lebih akurat untuk mengukur waktu repolarisasi ventrikel, karena tidak terpengaruh oleh variabilitas durasi kompleks QRS. Interval QT dan JT dipengaruhi oleh frekuensi denyut jantung, maka dalam penelitian ini digunakan dua formula yang sudah dikoreksi terhadap frekuensi denyut jantung, yaitu formula Bazett (QTcB, JTcB) dan Fridericia (QTcF, JTcF).Penelitian before-after ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan nilai rerata interval QTc dan JTc penderita malaria vivaks sebelum dan sesudah pemberian DHA-PPQ. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada penderita malaria vivaks yang juga diberikan primakuin (PQ) untuk mencegah kekambuhan, sehingga juga dilakukan pengukuran interval QTc dan JTc sebelum dan sesudah pemberian PQ.Subyek yang masuk dalam kriteria seleksi pada pemberian DHA-PPQ berjumlah 24 subyek, sedangkan pada pemberian PQ sebanyak 14 subyek. Pengukuran interval QT dan JT dilakukan pada data rekaman EKG penelitian utama ?Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of artesunat-pyonaridine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in combination with primaquine as radical cure for P. Vivax in Indonesian Soldiers? tahun 2010.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pemanjangan rerata interval QTcF dibandingkan baseline yang bermakna secara statistik di D3 setelah pemberian DHA-PPQ. Pemanjangan sebesar 14,42 milidetik terjadi di D3 predose dan 20,53 milidetik di D3 postdose, sedangkan rerata pemanjangan interval JTcF yang bermakna setelah pemberian DHA-PPQ, didapatkan sebesar 13,43 milidetik di D3 postdose.Hasil penelitian pada pemberian PQ terdapat perbedaan nilai rerata interval QTcB dibandingkan baseline sebesar 19,42 milidetik. Nilai median interval QTcB di D42 predose dan D42 postdose, masing-masing sebesar 402,69 milidetik dan 399,73 milidetik, sedangkan nilai median QTcB D29 predose sebagai baseline 380,31 milidetik, dan perbedaan tersebut bermakna secara statistik. Untuk rerata pemanjangan interval JTcF dibandingkan baseline diperoleh sebesar 16,50 milidetik di D42 postdose dan secara statistik bermakna.

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Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquin (DHA-PPQ) has been used globally as standard combination therapies for vivax malaria treatment in Indonesia. There are accumulating reports of efficacy and safety for these drugs. However, data on cardiotoxicity are limited. One of the side effects that must be put into caution is the prolongation of ventricular repolarization which can lead to the development of ventricular arrhythmia known as Torsade de Pointes (TdP).QT interval has been the standard measurement of ventricular repolarization. However, it includes both depolarization and repolarization time, and may not always be an accurate indicator for repolarization abnormalities. Recently, many experts suggest that JT interval could be a more accurate measurement of ventricular repolarization since the variability of QRS complex duration does not affect it. QT and JT intervals are affected by heart rate, so both of them have to be corrected for the heart rate using two formulas, i.e.: Bazett (QTcB, JTcB) and Fridericia (QTcF, JTcF) formulas.This study used ?before and after? design and was aimed to find out whether there was a significant difference of QTc and JTc interval of vivax malaria patients pre and post DHA-PPQ dose. Since our patients were also given primaquine (PQ) the differences of QTc and JTc interval of vivax malaria patients pre and post PQ were also explored.The ECG record of 24 DHA-PPQ and 14 PQ treated subjects taken from ?Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of artesunat-pyonaridine or dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in combination with Primaquine as radical cure for P. Vivax in Indonesian Soldiers? study in the 2010 year, were analyzed.The results showed significant QTcF prolongations of 14.42 ms predose and 20.53 ms postdose on D3 DHA-PPQ treatment compared to the baseline value, D1, whereas prolongations of JT interval were 13.43 ms found on D3 postdose.The results after given PQ showed mean difference of QTcB compared to the baseline value was 19.42 ms and the values of QTcB interval median were 402.69 ms and 399.73 ms for D42 predose and D42 postdose, respectively, compared to the baseline value 380.31 ms for D29 predose, and which was statistically significant. The result for JTcF interval after given PQ, showed mean difference of prolongations compared to the baseline value was 16.50 ms, statistically significant."

"Latar Belakang: Panjang interval QTc dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, salah satunya oleh inflamasi. Pada pasien COVID-19 sering terjadi badai sitokin sehingga menyebabkan peningkatan signifikan dari sitokin inflamasi, termasuk interleukin 6. Peningkatan interleukin 6 menyebabkan perubahan pada kanal ion kardiomiosit sehingga menyebabkan pemanjangan interval QTc yang berisiko aritmia.Tujuan: Mengetahui korelasi dengan melihat beda rerata kadar interleukin 6 dan panjang interval QTc, nilai titik potong kadar interleukin 6 terhadap panjang interval QTc > 500 ms dan kekuatan kadar interleukin 6 dalam menilai risiko aritmia ventrikular.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang dengan mengambil data sekunder rekam medik pasien COVID-19 yang menjalani rawat inap di RSCM Kiara sejak November 2020 hingga Maret 2021. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Spearman. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis terhadap beda rerata kadar interleukin 6 pada kelompok subyek dengan panjang interval QTc > 500 ms dan kelompok subyek dengan panjang interval QTc normal. Dilakukan analisis dengan Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) untuk melihat Area under curve (AUC) dan menentukan titik potong kadar interleukin 6 terhadap panjang interval QTc > 500 ms.Hasil: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan korelasi kadar interleukin 6 dan panjang interval QTc (r=0,72). Median kadar interleukin 6 pada kelompok subyek dengan interval QTc > 500 ms yaitu 99,36 pg/ml sedangkan pada kelompok subyek dengan interval QTc normal yaitu 19,51 pg/mL. Didapatkan AUC=0,852 untuk menentukan titik potong kadar interleukin 6 terhadap panjang interval QTc > 500 ms dengan nilai 59 pg/ml, dengan sensitivitas 80,6% dan spesifisitas 80%. Kejadian aritmia ventrikular tidak ditemukan sehingga tidak dapat dilakukan analisis untuk menilai kekuatan kadar interleukin 6 untuk menentukan risiko aritmia ventrikular.Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi kadar interleukin 6 dan panjang interval QTc dengan beda rerata kadar interleukin 6 pada subyek dengan interval QTc > 500 ms 5 kali lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok subyek dengan panjang interval QTc normal. Kadar interleukin 6 59 pg/mL ditentukan sebagai nilai titik potong terhadap panjang interval QTc > 500 ms.

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Background: The length of the QTc interval is influenced by various factors, one of which is inflammation. In COVID-19 patients, cytokine storms often occur, causing a significant increase in inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 6. An increase in interleukin 6 can cause changes in the ion channels of cardiomyocytes, which can lead to prolonged QTc interval which is at risk of arrhythmias.

Objective: Knowing the correlation by looking at the differences in interleukin 6 levels and the length of the QTc interval, the cut-off value of interleukin 6 levels to the length of the QTc interval > 500 ms and the strength of interleukin 6 levels in assessing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias.

Method: This study used a cross-sectional study design by taking secondary data from the medical records of COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized at RSCM Kiara from November 2020 to March 2021. In this study, a bivariate analysis was carried out using the Spearman test. Furthermore, an analysis of the mean difference in interleukin 6 levels was carried out in the subject group with a QTc interval length> 500 ms and the subject group with a normal QTc interval length. Analyzes were performed using the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) to see the area under curve (AUC) and determine the interleukin 6 cutoff point for the QTc interval length> 500 ms.

Result: The correlation between interleukin 6 levels and the length of the QTc interval (r=0.72) was found. The median level of interleukin 6 in the group of subjects with a QTc interval > 500 ms was 99.36 pg/ml while in the group of subjects with a normal QTc interval it was 19.51 pg/mL. AUC = 0.852 was obtained to determine the cut-off point for interleukin 6 levels to the QTc interval length > 500 ms with a value of 59 pg/ml, with a sensitivity of 80.6% and specificity of 80%. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias was not found so that an analysis could not be performed to assess the power of interleukin 6 levels to determine the risk of ventricular arrhythmias.

Conclusion: There is a correlation between levels of interleukin 6 and the length of the QTc interval. The mean difference of interleukin 6 levels in subjects with QTc intervals> 500 ms was 5 times greater than those in groups of subjects with normal QTc interval lengths. The level of interleukin 6 59 pg / mL was determined as the cutoff value for the QTc interval length> 500 ms."

"Obat termolabil menjadi salah satu hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam penyimpanannya, mengingat stabilitas obat ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh suhu penyimpanan. Pedoman penyimpanan obat yang baik perlu diterapkan untuk memenuhi persyaratan mutu, keamanan, serta khasiat obat dan/ atau bahan obat yang didistribusikan serta dalam rangka keselamatan pasien (patient safety) sesuai dengan rekomendasi industri produsen. Tugas khusus ini diselesaikan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan studi literatur sebagai sumber untuk memperbaharui buku Panduan Penanganan Obat Termolabil RSCM 2018. Berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan, didapatkan total 35 nama dagang baru dari golongan antibiotik, antineoplastik, analgesik/ antipiretik, obat untuk saluran cerna, reagen, dan suplemen yang belum masuk ke dalam Buku Panduan Penanganan Obat Termolabil RSCM tahun 2018. Penyimpanan obat termolabil di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo sudah sesuai dengan data stabilitas penyimpanan dan Peraturan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 6 tentang Cara Distribusi Obat yang Baik khususnya pada bab Ketentuan Khusus Produk Rantai Dingin.

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Thermolabile drugs are one of the things that need to be considered in their storage, considering that the stability of these drugs is strongly influenced by storage temperature. Guidelines for good drug storage need to be implemented to meet the requirements for quality, safety and efficacy of drugs and/or drug substances being distributed as well as for patient safety in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer's industry. This special task was completed using a qualitative method with literature studies as a source for updating the RSCM 2018 Handbook for Handling of Thermolabile Drugs. Based on the data collected, a total of 35 new trade names were obtained from the classes of antibiotics, antineoplastic, analgesic/antipyretic, drugs for the gastrointestinal tract, reagents, and supplements that have not been included in the 2018 RSCM Handbook for Handling Thermolabile Medicines. Storage of thermolabile drugs at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo complies with storage stability data and Drug and Food Control Agency Regulation Number 6 (2020) concerning Good Drug Distribution Methods, especially in the chapter on Special Provisions for Cold Chain Products."

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) merupakan komplikasi serius pada pasien pasca sindrom koroner akut (SKA) sehingga perlu suatu metode yang andal dalam memprediksi kejadiannya. Heart rate variability (HRV) yang menggambarkan ketidakseimbangan sistem otonom pasca SKA dan dapat dilakukan dengan cara yang lebih cepat, mudah, dan praktis berpotensi dapat digunakan sebagai alat stratifikasi risiko MACE.Tujuan: Mengetahui kemampuan HRV awal perawatan yang diukur melalui metode pulse photoplethysmograph (PPG) dalam memprediksi MACE pada pasien pasca SKA yang dirawat di intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU).Metode: Studi ini adalah studi kohort prospektif dengan subjek pasien SKA yang menjalani perawatan di ICCU. Pemeriksaan HRV dilakukan dengan metode PPG dalam 48 jam pasca diagnosis SKA dan adanya MACE dideteksi selama perawatan di ICCU. Komplikasi yang digolongkan sebagai MACE adalah kematian, aritmia fatal, gagal jantung, syok kardiogenik, re-infark, dan komplikasi mekanik. Kemampuan HRV dalam memprediksi MACE dinyatakan melalui AUC (+IK95%) dan untuk parameter yang memiliki kemampuan prediksi baik akan dihitung nilai prediksi positif (PPV) dan nilai prediksi negatif (NPV) beserta IK95% parameter tersebut.Hasil: Sebanyak 75 subjek SKA menjalani pengukuran HRV < 48 jam pasca diagnosis dan sebanyak 18,7% di antaranya mengalami MACE. Parameter LF dengan AUC 0,697 (0,543-0,850) dan rasio LF/HF dengan AUC 0,851 (0,741-0,962) memiliki kemampuan diskriminasi MACE yang paling baik. Parameter LF pada titik potong 89,673 memiliki PPV dan NPV sebesar 13% dan 71%, sedangkan rasio LF/HF pada titik potong 1,718 sebesar 6% dan 50%.Kesimpulan: Variabel LF dan rasio LF/HF merupakan parameter HRV yang dinilai memiliki kemampuan diskriminasi cukup baik terhadap MACE. Kedua variabel tersebut memiliki nilai prediksi negatif sehingga dapat digunakan untuk menyingkirkan kemungkinan terjadinya MACE pada mereka dengan nilai LF > 89,673 dan rasio LF/HR > 1,718.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) are serious complications needed to be predicted rapidly and accurately in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Heart rate variability (HRV), reflecting autonomic system imbalance post ACS, is currently available in quick, easy, and practical method. This parameter has potential to be used in MACE risk stratification.Aim: To find the ability of HRV measurement with pulse photoplethysmograph (PPG) method in predicting MACE in post ACS patients hospitalized in intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU).Method: This study is a prospective study using ACS patients in ICCU as its subjects. Measurement of HRV by means of PPG is conducted within 48 hours post diagnosis and the incidence of MACE is identified during ICCU stay. Events classified as MACE are including death, lethal arrhytmia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, re-infarction, and other mechanical complications. The ability of HRV in predicting MACE was listed as AUC (+95%CI) and for specific HRV parameters which had adequate capability, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) would be calculated.Result: HRV measurements were done in 75 ACS subjects < 48 h post-diagnosis. Among the subjects, 18,7% suffered from MACE. Measurement of LF with AUC 0,697 (0,543-0,850) and LF/HF ratio with AUC 0,851 (0,741-0,962) had the best discrimination values. The former variable had PPV and NPV of 13% and 71% in the cutoff point of 89,673, while the latter had the number of 6% and 50% in the cutoff point of 1,718, respectively.Conclusion: LF and LF/HF ratio are the only HRV variables having adequate MACE discrimination. Both variables have better NPV so that they can be applied in reducing MACE risk in patients with LF > 89,673 and LF/HF ratio > 1,718.;Introduction: Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) are serious complications needed to be predicted rapidly and accurately in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Heart rate variability (HRV), reflecting autonomic system imbalance post ACS, is currently available in quick, easy, and practical method. This parameter has potential to be used in MACE risk stratification.Aim: To find the ability of HRV measurement with pulse photoplethysmograph (PPG) method in predicting MACE in post ACS patients hospitalized in intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU).Method: This study is a prospective study using ACS patients in ICCU as its subjects. Measurement of HRV by means of PPG is conducted within 48 hours post diagnosis and the incidence of MACE is identified during ICCU stay. Events classified as MACE are including death, lethal arrhytmia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, re-infarction, and other mechanical complications. The ability of HRV in predicting MACE was listed as AUC (+95%CI) and for specific HRV parameters which had adequate capability, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) would be calculated.Result: HRV measurements were done in 75 ACS subjects < 48 h post-diagnosis. Among the subjects, 18,7% suffered from MACE. Measurement of LF with AUC 0,697 (0,543-0,850) and LF/HF ratio with AUC 0,851 (0,741-0,962) had the best discrimination values. The former variable had PPV and NPV of 13% and 71% in the cutoff point of 89,673, while the latter had the number of 6% and 50% in the cutoff point of 1,718, respectively.Conclusion: LF and LF/HF ratio are the only HRV variables having adequate MACE discrimination. Both variables have better NPV so that they can be applied in reducing MACE risk in patients with LF > 89,673 and LF/HF ratio > 1,718., Introduction: Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) are serious complications needed to be predicted rapidly and accurately in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Heart rate variability (HRV), reflecting autonomic system imbalance post ACS, is currently available in quick, easy, and practical method. This parameter has potential to be used in MACE risk stratification.Aim: To find the ability of HRV measurement with pulse photoplethysmograph (PPG) method in predicting MACE in post ACS patients hospitalized in intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU).Method: This study is a prospective study using ACS patients in ICCU as its subjects. Measurement of HRV by means of PPG is conducted within 48 hours post diagnosis and the incidence of MACE is identified during ICCU stay. Events classified as MACE are including death, lethal arrhytmia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock, re-infarction, and other mechanical complications. The ability of HRV in predicting MACE was listed as AUC (+95%CI) and for specific HRV parameters which had adequate capability, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) would be calculated.Result: HRV measurements were done in 75 ACS subjects < 48 h post-diagnosis. Among the subjects, 18,7% suffered from MACE. Measurement of LF with AUC 0,697 (0,543-0,850) and LF/HF ratio with AUC 0,851 (0,741-0,962) had the best discrimination values. The former variable had PPV and NPV of 13% and 71% in the cutoff point of 89,673, while the latter had the number of 6% and 50% in the cutoff point of 1,718, respectively.Conclusion: LF and LF/HF ratio are the only HRV variables having adequate MACE discrimination. Both variables have better NPV so that they can be applied in reducing MACE risk in patients with LF > 89,673 and LF/HF ratio > 1,718.]"

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Hiperglikemia admisi sebagai prediktor MACE pada SKA telah banyak diteliti, namun belum ada yang memperhatikan kesintasannya. Indonesia (ICCU RSCM khususnya), belum memiliki data epidemiologis mengenai hiperglikemia admisi pada SKA maupun pengaruhnya terhadap MACE dan kesintasannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan agar menjadi landasan untuk stratifikasi risiko selama perawatan. Tujuan: Mengkaji hiperglikemia admisi sebagai prediktor MACE dan mengetahui kesintasan terhadap MACE pada berbagai kelompok hiperglikemia admisi pada SKA selama perawatan. Metode: Kohort retrospektif dengan pendekatan analisis kesintasan terhadap 442 pasien SKA yang dirawat di ICCU RSCM Januari 2008-Mei 2012, terbagi 3 kelompok berdasarkan gula darah admisi (GD ≤140mg/dl, 141-200mg/dL, >200mg/dL). Kurva Kaplan Meier digunakan untuk mengetahui kesintasan masing-masing kelompok. Analisis bivariat mengunakan uji log-rank, analisis multivariat menggunakan cox proportional hazard regression. Besarnya hubungan variabel hiperglikemia admisi dengan MACE dinyatakan dengan crude HR dan IK 95% serta adjusted HR dan IK 95% setelah memasukkan variabel perancu. Hasil dan pembahasan: 63 (14,25%) pasien mengalami MACE dengan kesintasan rata-rata 6,373 hari; SE 0,076 dan IK 95% 6,225-6,522. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan hubungan bermakna antara hiperglikemia admisi dengan kesintasan MACE (p<0,001). MACE tercepat terjadi berturut-turut pada GD admisi >200mg/dL, 141-200mg/dL, dan ≤140mg/dL dengan rata-rata kejadian secara berturut-turut pada hari perawatan ke-5,989; 6,078; 6,632. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan hiperglikemia admisi merupakan prediktor independen MACE selama perawatan (Adjusted HR 2,422; IK 95% 1,049-5,588 untuk GD admisi 141-200mg/dL dan Adjusted HR 3,598; IK 95% 1,038-12,467 untuk GD admisi >200mg/dL). Simpulan: Kesintasan MACE pada pasien SKA selama 7 hari perawatan di ICCU RSCM adalah 85,7%, dan terdapat perbedaan kesintasan antara berbagai kelompok hiperglikemia admisi terhadap terjadinya MACE. Semakin tinggi kadar gula darah, semakin buruk kesintasannya (semakin tinggi risiko dan semakin cepat pula terjadi MACE)

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ABSTRACTBackground: Hyperglycemia on admission as a predictor for MACE in ACS has been studied for several circumstances, but none had seen it’s importance for survival. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital’s ICCU, had not have any epidemiological data about hyperglycemia on admission in ACS nor it’s influence to MACE and survival. This study was conducted to provide a platform for risk stratification during hospitalisation Aim: To evaluate hyperglycemia on admission as a predictor for MACE and, to describe survival according to hyperglycemia on admission status in patients with ACS. Methods: Retrospective cohort design and survival analysis was used to 442 ACS patients hospitalised at Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital’s ICCU between Januari 2008 and May 2012 that divided into 3 groups according to admission BG (≤140 mg/dL, 141-200 mg/dL and >200 mg/dL). Kaplan Meier curve utilised to evaluate the survival of each group. Bivariate analysis was conducted using Log-rank tes. Multivariate analysis was conducted using Cox proportional hazzard regression. The extend of relation between admission hyperglycemia and MACE was expressed with crude HR with 95% CI and adjusted HR with 95% CI after adjusting for confounders. Results and discussion: MACE was found to happen to 63 (14.25%) patients with average survival of 6.373 days, SE 0.076 and 95% CI 6.225-6.522. Bivariate analysis found statistically significant relation hyperglycemia on between admission and MACE survival (p<0.001). MACE was significantly earlier in admission BG of >200 mg/dL, 141-200 mg/dL and ≤140 mg/dL respectively, with mean hospitalisation day at 5.989, 6.078 and 6.632 in that order. Multivariate analysis shown that hyperglycemia on admission was an independent predictor for MACE during hospitalisation (Adjusted HR 2.422; 95% CI 1.049-5.588 for BG 141-200 mg/dL and Adjusted HR 3.598; 95% CI 1.038-12.467 for BG >200 mg/dL). Conclusion: Survival of MACE in ACS patient during 7 days hospitalisation in ICCU RSCM is 85,7%, and there was a survival difference between different admission hyperglycemia groups. The higher the blood glucose level, signify a worse survival and also faster and higher risk for MACE."

"Latar Belakang: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) merupakan infeksi yang sering terjadi di intensive care unit (ICU) dan memiliki angka mortalitas yang tinggi. Pengetahuan tentang prediktor mortalitas dapat membantu pengambilan keputusan klinis untuk tatalaksana pasien. Studi-studi tentang faktor prediktor mortalitas VAP menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda-beda dan tidak ada penelitian yang komprehensif di Indonesia.Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor-faktor prediktor mortalitas pasien VAP di RSCM.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif pada pasien ICU RSCM yang didiagnosis VAP selama tahun 2003-2012. Data klinis dan laboratorium beserta status luaran (hidup atau meninggal) selama perawatan diperoleh dari rekam medis. Analisis bivariat dilakukan pada variabel kelompok usia, infeksi kuman risiko tinggi, komorbiditas, renjatan sepsis, kultur darah, prokalsitonin, ketepatan antibiotik empiris, acute lung injury, skor APACHE-II, dan hipoalbuminemia. Variabel yang memenuhi syarat akan disertakan pada analisis multivariat regresi logistik.Hasil: Sebanyak 201 pasien diikutsertakan pada penelitian ini. Didapatkan angka mortalitas selama perawatan sebesar 57,2%. Kelompok usia, komorbiditas, renjatan sepsis, prokalsitonin, ketepatan antibiotik empiris, dan skor APACHE II merupakan variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas pada analisis bivariat. Prediktor mortalitas pada analisis multivariat adalah antibiotik empiris yang tidak tepat (OR 4,70; IK 95% 2,25 sampai 9,82; p < 0,001), prokalsitonin > 1,1 ng/mL (OR 4,09; IK 95% 1,45 sampai 11,54; p = 0,01), usia ≥ 60 tahun (OR 3,71; IK 95% 1,35 sampai 10,20; p = 0,011), dan adanya renjatan sepsis (OR 3,53; IK 95% 1,68 sampai 7,38; p = 0,001).Kesimpulan: Pemberian antibiotik empiris yang tidak tepat, prokalsitonin yang tinggi, usia 60 tahun atau lebih, dan adanya renjatan sepsis merupakan pediktor independen mortalitas pada pasien VAP.

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Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a frequent infection with high mortality rates in intensive care unit (ICU). The prediction of outcome is important in decision-making process. Studies exploring predictors of mortality in patients with VAP produced conflicting results and there are no comprehensive reports in Indonesia.

Objective: To determine predictors of mortality in patients with VAP in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on patients admitted to the ICU who developed VAP between 2003?2012. Clinical and laboratory data along with outcome status (survive or non-survive) were obtained for analysis. We compared age, presence of high risk pathogens infection, presence of comorbidity, septic shock status, blood culture result, procalcitonin, appropriateness of initial antibiotics therapy, presence of acute lung injury, APACHE II score, and serum albumin between the two outcome group. Logistic regression analysis performed to identify independent predictors of mortality.

Results: A total of 201 patients were evaluated in this study. In-hospital mortality rate was 57.2%. Age, comorbidity, septic shock status, procalcitonin, appropriateness of initial antibiotics therapy, and APACHE II score were significantly different between outcome groups. The independent predictors of mortality in multivariate logistic regression analysis were inappropriate initial antibiotics therapy (OR: 4.70; 95% CI 2.25 to 9.82; p < 0.001), procalcitonin > 1.1 ng/mL (OR: 4.09; 95% CI 1.45 to 11.54; p = 0.01), age ≥ 60 years old (OR: 3.71; 95% CI 1.35 to 10.20; p = 0.011), and presence of septic shock (OR: 3.53; 95% CI 1.68 to 7.38; p = 0.001).

Conclusion: Inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy, high serum procalcitonin level, age 60 years or older, and presence of septic shock were independent predictors of mortality in patients with VAP."

"Pendahuluan: Delamanid (DLM) merupakan obat baru tuberkulosis resistan obat (TB-RO) yang sudah digunakan di Indonesia sejak tahun 2019. DLM diketahui dapat menginhibisi kanal kalium hERG sehingga berpotensi menyebabkan pemanjangan interval QT hingga risiko Torsades de pointes (TdP). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan interval QTc pada pasien TB-RO yang mendapatkan paduan DLM dibandingkan dengan kelompok tanpa paduan DLM yakni shorter treatment regimens (STR) dengan injeksi di Indonesia.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kohort retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder di RSPG dan RSSA. Nilai interval QTc dan perubahan nilai interval QTc dari baseline (ΔQTc) akan dinilai selama 24 minggu.Hasil: Peningkatan rerata interval QTc dan ΔQTc pada kelompok DLM dan STR dengan injeksi terjadi sejak minggu pertama pengobatan. Peningkatan interval QTc maksimum dan ΔQTc yang lebih kecil pada kelompok DLM dengan mean difference 18,6 milidetik (95%IK 0,3 sampai 37,5) dan 31,6 milidetik (95%IK 14,1 sampai 49,1). Proporsi pemanjangan interval QTc lebih kecil pada kelompok DLM dibandingkan STR dengan injeksi (RR= 0,62; 95%IK 0,42 sampai 0,93).Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini mengindikasikan paduan mengandung DLM cenderung lebih sedikit meningkatkan interval QTc dibandingkan kelompok STR dengan injeksi. Akan tetapi, pemantauan ketat risiko pemanjangan interval QT perlu dilakukan pada penggunaan obat yang berisiko memperpanjang interval QT.

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Backgrounds: Delamanid (DLM) is a tuberculosis resistant (TB-RO) drug and has been used in Indonesia since 2019. It is known that DLM inhibits hERG potassium channel which has the potential to cause cardiac repolarization disorders such as QT prolongation which eventually leads to a risk of Torsades de pointes. This study aims to analyze the QTc interval changes in TB-RO patients who received the DLM-containing regimens compared to the shorter treatment regimens (STR) with injection in Indonesia.

Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study which uses secondary data at RSPG and RSSA. The value of the QTc interval and the changes in the value of the QTc interval from the baseline (ΔQTc) will be assessed for a period of 24 weeks.

Results: There are 31 subjects who received DLM-containing regimens and 76 subjects who received STR with injection. The mean QTc interval and ΔQTc in both groups occurred since the first week of treatment. The increase of QTc interval maximum and ΔQTc was smaller in the DLM group with a mean difference 18.6 miliseconds (95%CI 0.3 to 37.5) and 31.6 milliseconds (95%CI 14.1 to 49.1). The proportion of QTc interval prolongation was smaller in the DLM group (RR= 0.62; 95%CI 0.42 to 0.93

Conclusion: This study indicate that DLM-containing regimens is less likely to increase the QTc interval compared to the STR group with injection. However, close monitoring of the risk of QT prolongation needs to be carried out upon the use of QT prolonging drugs."

"Latar Belakang. Pemberian obat anti epilepsi (OAE) generasi pertama dalam jangka waktu lama sering menimbulkan efek samping seperti perubahan kadar lipid plasma yang akan meningkatkan resiko penyakit kardiovaskular dan serebrovaskular. OAE ini banyak digunakan di poli neurologi RSCM. Diharapkan dengan diketahuinya gambaran kadar lipid plasma pada penggunaan OAE generasi pertama tunggal dan prevalensi dislipidemia, dapat dilakukan penapisan dini dan preventif timbulnya penyakit kardio dan serebrovaskular. Metode. Desain penelitian berupa studi potong lintang (cross sectional). Subyek penelitian adalah orang dengan epilepsi yang mendapat karbamazepin, fenitoin, fenobarbital dan valproat tunggal minimal 6 bulan. Subyek diperoleh secara konsekutif, kemudian dilakukan wawancara data medis, recall makanan, pemeriksaan fisik dan kadar lipid darah. Pemeriksaan kadar lipid dilakukan setelah puasa minimal 8 jam. Hasil. Diperoleh 59 subyek, 27 karbamazepin, 16 fenitoin, 10 fenobarbital dan 6 valproat. Prevalensi dislipidemia sebesar 20.3%. Rerata kadar kolesterol total 193.5 ± 31.9; LDL 115.3 ± 23.9; HDL 59.5 ± 18.8 dan trigliserida 117.0 ± 63.6. Rerata kadar kolesterol total, LDL dan trigliserida fenitoin lebih tinggi dari OAE lain. Rerata HDL terendah ditemukan pada valproat. Didapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik rerata kolesterol total, LDL dan trigliseria berdasarkan jenis OAE. Didapat hubungan bermakna secara stastistik antara durasi penggunaan OAE dengan tingginya kadar HDL pada karbamazepin dan fenobabital. Kesimpulan. Rerata kadar lipid dibawah rerata kadar lipid populasi. Dislipidemia lebih banyak ditemukan pada kelompok fenitoin. Durasi penggunaan OAE berhubungan dengan kadar HDL tinggi.

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Background. Longterm therapy with first generation of antiepileptic drugs (AED) has been associated with adverse effects, such as serum lipid profile changes which can increase the risk of cardiovaskular and cerebrovascular disease. These AEDs are commonly used in outpatient clinic at Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital. The aim of this study is knowing lipid profile in first generation AEDs consumption.

Method. This was cross sectional study. The subjects of this study were epilepsy patiets receiving carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and valproate as monotheraphy for more than 6 months. This study used concecutive sampling. All subjects were interviewed, food recalled and underwent physical examination and measurements serum lipid profile. Blood samples for serum lipid profile were collected at least after 8 hours overnight fasting.

Result. There were 59 patients, 27 with carbamazepine therapy, 16 phenytoin, 10 phenobarbital, 6 valproate. Prevalence of dyslipidemia is 20.3%. Mean of total cholesterol is 193.5 ± 31.9; LDL 115.3 ± 23.9; HDL 59.5 ± 18.8 and triglyseride 117.0 ± 63.6. Patients with phenytoin showed the highest mean of total cholesterol, LDL and triglyseride. Patients with valpoate showed the lowest mean of HDL. There was significant difference in mean of cholesterol total, LDL and triglyseride according to AEDs. The duration of AEDs therapy was significantly associated with higher HDL in patents with carbamazepine and Phenobarbital.

Conclusion. Mean of lipid profile among people with epilepsy was lower than population. Dyslipidemia were more frequent in phenytoin. The duration of AEDs therapy was significantly associated with higher HDL."