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"Studi retrospektif ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan respon terapi radiasi antara teknik konvensional 2D dengan pengecilan lapangan radiasi teknik 2D, 3DCRT atau brakiterapi pada pasien kanker nasofaring stadium dini (stadium I – IIa). Dari 20 sampel didapatkan respon komplit pada 17 pasien (85%) dan respon parsial pada 3 pasien (15%) (p=0.219). Efek samping akut yaitu dermatitis radiasi grade 3-4 adalah 5% (p=0.435), mukositis grade 3-4 adalah 15% (p=0.510) dan xerostomia grade 3-4 adalah 0% (p=0.517). Secara statistik tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna tetapi secara klinis mempunyai kesan ada kecenderungan bahwa dengan pengecilan lapangan radiasi teknik brakiterapi dan 3DCRT lebih baik dalam hal efek samping akut mukositis dibanding teknik 2D.

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This retrospective study aimed to compare the response of radiation therapy between 2D conventional technique with the booster of 2D, 3DCRT or brachytherapy techniques in patients with early-stage nasopharyngeal cancer (stage I - IIa). From 20 sample, obtained complete response in 17 patients (85%) and partial response in 3 patients (15%) (p = 0.219). Side effects of acute radiation dermatitis grade 3-4 is 5% (p=0.435) , mucositis grade 3-4 is 15% (p=0.510) and xerostomia grade 3-4 is 0% (p=0.517). The result showed no satistically significant but clinically there is a tendency that with the booster of brachytherapy and 3DCRT techniques, are better compared with 2D technique in terms of acute mucositis side effects."

"ABSTRAK. Imobilisasi pasien merupakan unsur yang penting untuk keakuratan geometri pada teknik radiasi stereotaktik. Terapi radiasi stereotaktik merupakan salah satu layanan unggulan, namun masih terbatasnya data perbedaan imobilisasi/akurasi pasien yang menggunakan G frame dan double mask. Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi komparatif cross sectional untuk mengetahui perbandingan pergeseran geometri pada verifikasi antara G frame dan double mask pada terapi radiasi dengan teknik stereotaktik. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Februari ndash; Maret 2016 di Departemen Radioterapi RSCM dengan pengambilan subjek menggunakan metode retrospektif konsekutif. Variabel yang dinilai adalah nilai pergeseran geometris pada proses verifikasi stereotactic radiosurgery yang menggunakan G frame dan stereotaktik radioterapi yang menggunakan double mask. Analisis yang digunakan untuk melihat perbandingan pergeseran geometri pada verifikasi antara G frame dan double mask adalah T-test. Hasil. Angka rerata pergeseran geometri pada pasien radioterapi stereotaktik dengan menggunakan imobilisasi Double mask untuk sumbu laterolateral sebesar 0,4 0,3 mm untuk sumbu kraniokaudal 0,5 0,4 mm dan sumbu anteroposterior 0,5 0,4 mm dan imobilisasi G. frame untuk laterolateral 0,3 0,2 mm, untuk kraniokaudal 0,3 0,4 mm dan untuk anteroposterior 0,4 0,3 mm. Kesimpulan. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan rerata pergeseran geometri antara imobilisasi double mask dengan G frame sebagai baku emas.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction. Patient immobilization is an important element for geometric accuracy in stereotactic radiation techniques. Stereotactic radiation therapy is one of the superior services, but the data about the immobilization accuracy difference between using G frame and double mask is still limited.Materi and Method. This comparative cross sectional study to compare the geometrical errors during verification between radiation therapy using G frame and double mask with stereotactic technique, was conducted in February March 2016 in the Department of Radiotherapy RSCM. The subjects using the retrospective method consecutively. The variables assessed were the geometrical errors on verification process of stereotactic radiosurgery using G frame and stereotactic radiotherapy using a double mask. The analysis using to compare the geometrical errors on verification between G frame and double mask is T test.Results. The mean values of geometrical error stereotactic radiotherapy using Double mask immobilization axis 0.4 0.3 mm on laterolateral, 0.5 0.4 mm on craniocaudal axis and 0.5 0.4 mm on anteroposterior. As for G frame immobilization 0.3 0.2 mm on laterolateral axis, 0.3 0.4 mm on craniocaudal axis and to 0.4 0.3 mm anteroposterior axis.Conclusion. There were no significant difference of geometrical error mean values between the double mask with G frame immobilizations as the gold standard. "

"Latar belakan: Kanker serviks merupakan kanker terbanyak kedua dan tingkat kematian terbesar ketiga di Indonesia. Sebagian besar pasien datang dengan stadium lanjut (IIB-IIIB), sehingga terapi pilihan untuk pasien adalah radioterapi atau kemoradiasi. Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa terdapat perbedaan respon tumor antara pasien yang dilakukan radiasi di pagi hari dibandingkan sore hari. Terlepas dari hal tersebut, kualitas dan kuantitas tidur dihubungkan dengan peningkatan faktor karsinogenik yang dapat menyebabkan imunosupresi. Penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa gangguan tidur merupakan faktor prognostik independen dalam memengaruhi overall survival pasien kanker kolorektal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kualitas dan kuantitas tidur terhadap respon klinis pada pasien kanker serviks stadium lokal lanjut yang menjalani radioterapi.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional pada pasien kanker serviks stadium IIB – IIIB yang telah menjalani radioterapi di IPTOR RSCM. Data pola dan kebiasaan tidur didapatkan dari wawancara yang telah dilakukan kepada pasien kanker serviks dari penelitian terdahulu oleh Ramli dkk., berupa durasi, kualitas, dan jam mulai tidur malam, serta frekuensi, durasi, kualitas, dan jam mulai tidur siang. Data hasil terapi didapatkan dari pencatatan hasil pemeriksaan fisik di rekam medik.

Hasil : Rerata usia dari 43 sampel adalah 50 tahun dengan jenis karsinoma sel skuamosa tidak berkeratin diferensiasi sedang. Pada analisis regresi logistik univariat, didapatkan adanya hubungan antara jam mulai tidur malam dengan respon klinis (p=0.032), dengan pengaruh yang cukup kuat (OR: 3,13, 95%CI; 1,10-8,88). Pada analisis multivariat, variabel jam mulai tidur malam masih memberikan signifikansi 0,032, dengan pengaruh terhadap respon yang cukup kuat (OR: 3,14,95%CI; 1,10-8,94), dimana jam mulai tidur yang lebih malam akan meningkatkan kemungkinan terjadinya respon tidakkomplit pada pasien.

Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara kualitas tidur dan respon klinis pada pasien kanker serviks stadium lokal lanjut yang menjalani radioterapi. Terdapat hubungan antara jam mulai tidur dan respon klinis pada pasien kanker serviks stadium lokal lanjut yang menjalani radioterapi. Semakin telat pasien tidur akan meningkatkan kemungkinan respon klinis yang lebih buruk. Setelah disesuaikan dengan faktor-faktor lain, dapat diketahui bahwa jam mulai tidur pasien mempengaruhi secara independen terhadap respon klinis pada pasien kanker serviks stadium lokal lanjut yang menjalani radioterapi

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Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer and the third largest cause of mortality due to cancer in Indonesia. Definitive chemoradiotherapy is the main modality in treating locally advanced cervical cancer patient. Previous studies have shown that there is a difference in tumour response between patients who received radiation in the morning compared to the afternoon. It is known that the quality and quantity of sleep is associated with an increase in carcinogenic factors, and may cause immunosuppression. Research also shows that sleep disturbance is an independent prognostic factor in influencing overall survival. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between sleep quality and quantity on clinical response in locally advanced cervical cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in cervical cancer patients treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy in Radiotherapy Department, Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital. Quality and quantity of sleep data was extracted from previous interview done with study subjects by Ramli et al, which include the duration, quality, and night bedtime schedule, and also the frequency, duration, quality, and nap time. Clinical response was assessed by physical examination by the end of radiotherapy treatment.

Results: Mean age of 43 patients were 50 years with non-keratinizing, moderate differentiation squamous cell carcinoma. From univariate logistic regression, there was an association between bedtime schedule and clinical response (p=0.032) with a good strength (OR: 3.13; 95% CI: 1.1-8.88). Multivariate analysis also showed that with a late bedtime schedule, there was a higher chance of incomplete clinical response in patients (p=0.035, OR: 3.14; 95% CI: 1.1-8.94)

Conclusion: There was no relationship between quality of sleep and clinical response for locally advanced cervical cancer who underwent radiotherapy. Meanwhile, bedtime yield a significant association with cervical cancer clinical response. After further adjustment with other factors, bedtime was an independent factor for locally advanced cervical cancer clinical response. "

"Latar Belakang: Insiden kanker serviks di RSCM masih tinggi, sebagian besar datang pada stadium lanjut, dan angka harapan hidup yang masih rendah. Jika respon radiasi komplit dan eradikasi tumor lokoregional dapat tercapai pada pasien kanker serviks, diperkirakan dapat meningkatkan kesintasan. Oleh karena itu, kami bermaksud mengadakan penelitian terhadap respon terapi radiasi dan karakteristik klinis serta patologi yang berhubungan pada pasien kanker serviks di RSCM. Metode: Penelitian kohort ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan data sekunder terhadap 123 pasien kanker serviks stadium IIA-IIIB yang menjalani radiasi kuratif definitif sesuai protokol standard bulan Januari 2014-Des 2015 di RSUPN CiptoMangunkusumo. Dilakukan pencatatan karakteristik klinis dan patologis sebelum radiasi, Dicatat juga efek samping akut gastrointestinal, traktus genitourinaria, dan hematologis selama menjalani protokol radiasi sampai 3 bulan pasca radiasi. Data respon tiga bulan pasca radiasi lengkap berdasarkan klinis dan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi transrektal/transvaginal dicatat dan diklasifikasikan sesuai Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors RECIST. Hasil: Dari 123 kasus, 84 kasus 68,29 diperoleh respon komplit, 30 kasus 24,39 respon parsial, 6 kasus 4,88 respon stabil, dan 3 kasus 2,44 respon progresif. Berdasarkan efek samping akut gastrointestinal, tidak didapatkan efek samping derajat 0 pada 99 kasus 80,49, derajat 1 pada 20 kasus 16,26, derajat 2 pada 4 kasus 3,25, derajat 3 pada 0 kasus 0. Berdasarkan efek samping akut genitourinaria, tidak didapatkan efek samping derajat 0 pada 105 kasus 85,37, derajat 1 pada 17 kasus 13,82, derajat 2 pada 1 kasus 0,81, dan derajat 3 pada 0 kasus 0. Berdasarkan efek samping akut hematologis, tidak didapatkan efek samping derajat 0 pada 108 kasus 87,80, derajat 1 pada 15 kasus 12,20, derajat 2 pada 0 kasus 0, dan derajat 3 pada 0 kasus 0. Dengan membandingkan kelompok respon komplit dan tidak respon parsial, stabil, progresif didapatkan faktor usia dengan p=0,266 RR 0,87;IK95 0,67-1,12, klasifikasi tekanan darah dengan p=0,882 RR 0,98; IK95 0,76-1,27, Indeks Masa Tubuh dengan p= 0,397 RR 1,06;IK95 0,83-1,34, kadar hemoglobin dengan p= 0,193 RR 0,71;IK95 0,40-1,27, jumlah leukosit darah dengan p=0,969 RR=1,00; IK95 0,78-1,29, kadar albumin darah dengan p= 0,198 RR 0,73;IK95 0,44-1,20, stadium FIGO dengan p=0,526 RR 1,08; IK95 0,85-1,38, diameter tumor terbesar dengan p=0,034 RR 1,30; IK95 1,03-1,63, jenis histopatologis dengan p=0,159 RR 1,18;IK95 0,90-1,55, dan derajat diferensiasi dengan p=0,469. Pada analisa multivariat, didapatkan hubungan bermakna antara diameter tumor p=0,036;RR 2,64; IK95 1,07-6,56 dengan respon radiasi komplit. Kesimpulan: Gambaran respon radiasi kuratif definitif pada kanker serviks stadium IIA-IIIB di RSCM adalah 68,29 respon komplit, 24,39 respon parsial, 4,88 respon stabil, dan 2,44 progresif. Efek samping akut gastrointestinal, genitourinaria, dan hematologis pada umumnya tidak terjadi selama dan sampai 3 bulan pasca radiasi, yaitu 80,49 tidak mengalami efek samping akut gastrointestinal, 85,37 tidak mengalami efek samping akut genitourinaria, dan 87,80 tidak terjadi efek samping akut hematologi. Sebagian besar efek samping akut yang terjadi berderajat rendah yaitu grade 1 dan 2 traktus gastrointestinal, masing-masing 16,26 dan 3,25, grade 1 dan 2 traktus genitourinaria, yaitu masing-masing 13,82 dan 0,81, dan grade 1 hematologi, yaitu 12,20. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara diameter tumor terbesar dengan respon komplit radiasi. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara usia, Indeks Masa Tubuh, kadar hemoglobin, jumlah leukosit darah, kadar albumin serum, stadium FIGO, jenis histopatologis, dan derajat diferensiasi dengan respon terapi radiasi.

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Background: The incidence of cervical cancer was still high in RSCM, whom most of them was found in advanced stage. The issue that still become a problem related to radiotherapy on those patients was non satisfying local tumor control, which range 20 50. If we can reach complete response and eradication of locoregional tumor on cervical cancer patients, it is estimated that the survival rate will increase. Therefore, we conducted a research to find out response of radiotherapy and related clinic pathologic characterictics on cervical cancer patients in our hospital.

Methods: This cohort study used secondary data on 123 patients of cervical cancer stage IIA IIIB who had undergone radiation therapy based on standard protocol in our hospital, during Januari 2014 to Dec 2015. The clinical factors of those patients, such as age, Body Mass Index, blood pressure, hemoglobin level, blood leucocyte count, serum albumin, largest tumor diameter FIGO staging and pathologic characteristic, i.e histopathology and grading were recorded. During radiation protocol until 3 months post radiation, we also noted any side effects of gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and hematologic. Evaluation of radiotherapy response was based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors RECIST.

Results: Among 123 cases, 84 cases or 68.29 was complete response, 30 cases or 24.39 was partial response, 6 cases or 4.88 was stabile response, and 3 cases or 2.44 was progressive. Based on gastrointestinal side effect, there was no side effect or grade 0 on 99 cases 80.49, grade 1 on 20 cases 16.26, grade 2 on 4 cases 3.25, grade 3 on 0 case 0. Based on side effect of genitourinary, there was no side effect or grade 0 on 105 cases 85,37, grade 1 on 17 cases 13.82, grade 2 on 1 case 0.81, grade 3 on 0 case 0. Based on hematologic side effects, there was no side effect on 108 cases 87.80, grade 1 on 15 cases 12.20, grade 2 on 0 case 0, grade 3 on 0 case 0. On bivariate analysis, p of each factors were age p 0.266 RR 0.87 0.67 1.12, Body Mass Index p 0.397, blood pressure classification p 0.658 RR 0.98 0.76 1.27, largest tumor diameter p 0.034 RR 1.30 1.03 1.63, haemoglobin level p 0.193 RR 0.98 0.76 1.27, blood leucocyte count p 0.969 RR 1.00 0.78 1.29, FIGO staging II vs III p 0.526 RR 1.08 0.85 1.38, histopathology result squamous cell carcinoma vs nonsquamous cell carcinoma p 0.159 RR 1.18 0.90 1.55, and grading p 0.469. on multivariate analysis, tumor diameter was statistically significant, with p 0.036 RR 2.64 1.07 6.56.

Conclusion: Most of definitive curative radiotherapy response on cervical cancer stage IIA IIIB was complete 68.29. Partial response was 24.49, stable response was 4.88, and progressive was 2.44. The Acute side effect of gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and hematologic were commonly can be tolerable during and 3 months post radiation therapy. Clinico pathologic characteristic that significantly related to complete response of radiotherapy were largest tumor diameter."

"Tujuan: Mengetahui kesintasan hidup, respon pengobatan dan faktor yang mungkin mempengaruhi dalam penanganan karsinoma nasofaring stadium lokal lanjut. Metode: Dilakukan penelitian retrospektif deskriptif analitik terhadap 391 pasien karsinoma nasofaring stadium lokal lanjut yang berobat di Departemen Radioterapi RSCM periode Januari 2007-Desember 2011, dilihat karakteristik pasien maupun tumor. Analisis kesintasan dihitung dengan kurva Kaplan Meier dan respon radiasi dianalisa menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman pada pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Hasil: Didapatkan 70.6% pasien adalah laki laki, median usia 45 (9-86) tahun. Sebagian besar stadium IVB (32,7%) dengan tipe histopatologis WHO III paling dominan (82,4%) Kesintasan hidup 3 dan 5 tahun untuk masing-masing stadium IIB, III, IVA, IVB berturut-turut adalah 64,9%, 57,6%, 47,4%, 48,0% dan 64,9%, 43,2%, 34,3%, 26,6%. Sedangkan respon komplit untuk masing-masing stadium IIB, III, IVA, IVB berturut-turut 83,3%, 73,3%, 52,6%, 45,8%. Terdapat korelasi bermakna antara respon radiasi dengan stadium (r=0,242;p=0,038) dan antara respon radiasi dan kesintasan hidup (r=-0,251;p=0,031).

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Purpose: To show the overall survival rate, radiation response and factors influenced on locally advanced nasopahryngeal cancer.

Method: Retrospective analytic descriptive study of 391 newly diagnosed locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer patients from January 2007 till December 2011, to show their characteristics. Overall survival rate were analyzed by Kaplan Meier Survival curve and the radiation response correlation with other factors were analyzed by Spearman correlation test.

Result: Most of the subjects are male (70.6%), with median age 45 (9-86) years old. Mainly on stage IVB (32,79%) with the most hystopalogic was type III WHO (82,4%). All of the subjects were analyzed for 3 and 5 years overall survival, resulted for stage IIB, III, IVA, IVB were 64,9%, 57,6%, 47,4%, 48,0% dan 64,9%, 43,2%, 34,3%, 26,6% respectively. Complete respons for stage IIB, III, IVA, IVB were 83,3%, 73,3%, 52,6%, 45,8%, respectively. There were significant correlation between radiation response and cancer stadium (r=0,242;p=0,038) and between radiation response with overall survival rate (r=-0,251;p=0,031)."

"Latar Belakang: Kanker serviks merupakan keganasan yang sering ditemukan diberbagai negara pada wanita setelah kanker payudara. Kanker serviks berhubungan dengan angka kematian yang tinggi. FIGO merekomendasikan penggunaan MRI sebagai alat diagnosis dan prognosis. Tingkat proliferasi tumor berhubungan dengan respon terapi yang dapat diketahui dengan nilai signal intensitas sekuens T2WI. Saat ini belum ada penelitian yang menilai perbedaan nilai SI sekuens T2WI dengan respon terapi radiasi pada kanker serviks tipe karsinoma sel skuamosa. Tujuan: Memperoleh perbedaan nilai rasio sekuens T2WI pada pasien kanker serviks karsinoma sel skuamosa yang mengalami respon dan tidak respon terapi. Metode: Sebanyak 39 subjek penelitian dilakukan pemeriksaan MRI pelvis sebelum dan setelah terapi radiasi. Data penelitian diambil menggunakan sekuens T2WI dan data histologi berasal dari EHR RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Dilakukan analisis data menggunakan uji normalitas Saphiro-Wilk dan uji T berpasangan. Hasil: Pada kelompok umur, status pernikahan, status obstetri dan klasifikasi FIGO, didapatkan hasil tidak signifikan (p = 0,19, p = 0,348, p = 0,153, dan p = 0,995; p > 0,05). Begitupun pada kelompok respon dan tidak respon dengan RECIST 1.1, didapat hasil signifkan dengan p = 0,000; p < 0,05) sedangkan pada kelompok perbedaan nilai rasio sekuens T2WI, didapatkan hasil yang tidak signifikan (p = 0,436, p > 0,05). Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan nilai rasio sekuens T2WI pada kelompok respon dan tidak respon terapi berdasarkan kriteria RECIST 1.1 pada kanker serviks tipe karsinoma sel skuamosa.

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Background: Cervical cancer is a malignancy that is often found in various countries in women after breast cancer. Cervical cancer is associated with a high mortality rate. FIGO recommends the use of MRI as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. The rate of tumor proliferation is related to the therapeutic response which can be determined by the value of the T2WI sequence intensity signal. Currently, there are no studies that assess the differences in SI values of T2WI sequences and the response to radiation therapy in squamous cell carcinoma type cervical cancer.

Objective: Obtain differences in the value of the T2WI sequence ratio in patients with cervical cancer squamous cell carcinoma who experienced and did not respond to therapy.

Methods: A total of 39 study subjects were subjected to pelvic MRI examinations before and after radiation therapy. The research data were taken using T2WI sequences and histological data came from EHR RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Data were analyzed using the Saphiro-Wilk normality test and paired T test.

Results: In the age group, marital status, obstetric status and FIGO classification, the results were not significant (p = 0.19, p = 0.348, p = 0.153, and p = 0.995; p> 0.05). Likewise in the response dan unresponse group with RECIST 1.1, the results were significant with p = 0.000; p <0.05), while the difference in the value of the T2WI sequence ratio, the results were not significant (p = 0.436, p> 0.05).

Conclusion: There is no difference in the value of the T2WI sequence ratio in the response group and no response to therapy based on RECIST 1.1 criteria in squamous cell carcinoma type cervical cancer."

"ABSTRAK Peningkatan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas akibat penyakit kanker di Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa permasalahan kanker ini semakin besar dan kompleks Salah satunya adalah adanya keterlambatan pasien kanker untuk mendapatkan terapi definitif yang disebabkan oleh faktor faktor yang berasal dari pasien sendiri Penelitian ini merupakan studi analisis deskriptif menggunakan metode campuran kuantitatif dan kualitatif untuk mengetahui data insidens keterlambatan terapi karena keterlambatan pasien pada pasien kanker yang dirujuk ke Departemen Radioterapi RSUPN Dr Cipto Mangunkusmo pada bulan Mei Agustus 2015 serta mengevaluasi faktor faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi keterlambatan pasien tersebut Terdapat 294 orang pasien yang diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini setelah mendapatkan persetujuan tertulis Sebagian besar pasien 71 4 adalah perempuan dan 141 orang 48 bekerja sebagai ibu rumah tangga Rentang umur terbanyak adalah 36 50 tahun yaitu sebanyak 132 pasien 44 9 dan hampir seluruh pasien 91 8 telah menikah Keterlambatan terapi didapatkan pada 153 orang pasien 52 dan 67 orang di antaranya 43 8 memiliki riwayat pengobatan alternatif yang dilakukan dalam interval waktu setelah timbul keluhan pertama kali dan atau setelah pasien melakukan konsultasi medis pertama kali Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara faktor usia p 0 047 pendidikan p 0 047 dan riwayat pengobatan alternatif p 0 0001 dengan keterlambatan terapi Adanya rasa takut untuk berobat secara medis atau menjalani tindakan medis menjadi alasan 51 orang pasien untuk memilih pengobatan alternatif Oleh karena itu diperlukan pengawasan dan evaluasi terhadap pengobatan alternatif terutama yang menyangkut kualitas efikasi dan keamanannya ABSTRACT Increased morbidity and mortality due to cancer in Indonesia showed that this problem has become more complex and significant One of the problems pointed out is regarding a delay in cancer patients to receive definitive therapy caused by factors derived from the patients themselves This study is a descriptive analysis using combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the incidence of treatment delay due to patient delay in cancer patients who were referred to Radiotherapy Department Dr Cipto Mangunkusmo hospital during May August 2015 and to evaluate factors that influence the patient delay There are 294 patients enrolled in this study after obtaining a written consent Most of the patients 71 4 were women and 141 48 work as a housewife The largest age range was 36 50 years with 132 patients 44 9 and almost all patients 91 8 were married Delay in treatment obtained in 153 patients 52 and 67 of them 43 8 had a history of alternative medicine that is performed in a time interval after the patients experienced first complaints and or after patients had their first medical consultation Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between age p 0 047 educational level p 0 047 and history of alternative medicine p 0 0001 with the treatment delay The fear of being treated medically or undergo a medical procedure has become the major reasons found in 51 patients to choose the alternative treatment Therefore it is necessary to conduct monitoring and evaluation of alternative medicine especially concerning the quality efficacy and its safety ;Increased morbidity and mortality due to cancer in Indonesia showed that this problem has become more complex and significant One of the problems pointed out is regarding a delay in cancer patients to receive definitive therapy caused by factors derived from the patients themselves This study is a descriptive analysis using combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the incidence of treatment delay due to patient delay in cancer patients who were referred to Radiotherapy Department Dr Cipto Mangunkusmo hospital during May August 2015 and to evaluate factors that influence the patient delay There are 294 patients enrolled in this study after obtaining a written consent Most of the patients 71 4 were women and 141 48 work as a housewife The largest age range was 36 50 years with 132 patients 44 9 and almost all patients 91 8 were married Delay in treatment obtained in 153 patients 52 and 67 of them 43 8 had a history of alternative medicine that is performed in a time interval after the patients experienced first complaints and or after patients had their first medical consultation Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between age p 0 047 educational level p 0 047 and history of alternative medicine p 0 0001 with the treatment delay The fear of being treated medically or undergo a medical procedure has become the major reasons found in 51 patients to choose the alternative treatment Therefore it is necessary to conduct monitoring and evaluation of alternative medicine especially concerning the quality efficacy and its safety ;Increased morbidity and mortality due to cancer in Indonesia showed that this problem has become more complex and significant One of the problems pointed out is regarding a delay in cancer patients to receive definitive therapy caused by factors derived from the patients themselves This study is a descriptive analysis using combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the incidence of treatment delay due to patient delay in cancer patients who were referred to Radiotherapy Department Dr Cipto Mangunkusmo hospital during May August 2015 and to evaluate factors that influence the patient delay There are 294 patients enrolled in this study after obtaining a written consent Most of the patients 71 4 were women and 141 48 work as a housewife The largest age range was 36 50 years with 132 patients 44 9 and almost all patients 91 8 were married Delay in treatment obtained in 153 patients 52 and 67 of them 43 8 had a history of alternative medicine that is performed in a time interval after the patients experienced first complaints and or after patients had their first medical consultation Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between age p 0 047 educational level p 0 047 and history of alternative medicine p 0 0001 with the treatment delay The fear of being treated medically or undergo a medical procedure has become the major reasons found in 51 patients to choose the alternative treatment Therefore it is necessary to conduct monitoring and evaluation of alternative medicine especially concerning the quality efficacy and its safety "

"[Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui profil pasien kanker rektum di Departemen Radioterapi RSCM. Metode: Dilakukan penelitian restrospektif deskriptif analitik terhadap 144 pasien kankerrektum yang menjalani radiasi di Departemen Radioterapi RSCM periode Januari 2009Januari2014, dilihat karakteristik pasien dan tumor. Respons radiasi dinilai menggunakanmetode RECIST 1.1. Hubungan antara OTT dan DTT dengan respons radiasi dinilai dengankorelasi Spearman dan analisis kesintasan dihitung dengan kurva Kaplan Meier. Hasil: Pasien laki-laki sebesar 65.9%, median usia 53 (23-81) tahun dengan mayoritas beradapada kelompok usia 50-59 tahun. Tipe histopatologi terbanyak adalah adenokarsinoma(88.8%) dan pasien paling banyak datang dengan stadium IIIB (25.0%). Kemoradiasidilakukan pada 29.8% pasien, dengan toksisitas radiasi akut terbanyak adalah pada kulit(derajat I) sebesar 20.1%. Respons radiasi yang dinilai dengan metode RECIST 1.1menunjukkan respons terbanyak adalah stabil (71.4%). Tidak ditemukan korelasi antara OTTdan DTT dengan respons radiasi. Dari 118 pasien, didapatkan analisis kesintasan keseluruhan3 dan 5 tahun masing-masing adalah 65% dan 45% dengan median survival 59 bulan. Padakelompok pasien yang menjalani radiasi panjang, analisis kesintasan keseluruhan 3 dan 5tahun masing-masing adalah masing-masing 91% dan 78%. Kesimpulan: Karakteristik pasien rektum di Departemen Radioterapi RSCM yang berbedadengan berbagai studi sebelumnya hanya usia. Respons radiasi yang paling banyak dijumpai adalah stabil. Tidak ditemukan korelasi antara OTT dan DTT dengan respons radiasi.;Purpose: To obtain the profile of rectal cancer patients in Department of Radiotherapy, National General Hospital of Cipto Mangunkusumo.Method: A restrospective study was conducted over 144 rectal cancer patients undergone radiation therapy in Department of Radiotherapy, National General Hospital of CiptoMangunkusumo during period of January 2009 to January 2014. The characteristics ofpatients and tumour were assessed. The radiation response was evaluated with the RECIST1.1 method. The correlation between OTT and DTT with radiation response was analyzedwith Spearman?s correlation and the survival analysis was determined using Kaplan-Meiercurve. Result: The majority of patients were male (65.9%), with median age of 53 (23-81) years oldwhere most patients belonged to age group of 50-59 years old. The most frequenthistopathologic type found was adenocarcinoma (88.8%) with most patients were in stageIIIB (25.0%). Chemoradiation was performed in 29.8% of patients, and grade I skin toxicitywas the most frequent acute side effect of radiation found (20.1%). Radiation responseassessed with the RECIST 1.1 method showed stable disease as the mostly seen response(71.4%). There was no correlation found between OTT and DTT with radiation response.Overall survival from 118 patients for 3 and 5 years were 65% and 45%, respectively, withmedian survival of 59 months. In the group of patients underwent long-course radiotherapy,the overall survival for 3 and 5 years were 91% and 78%, respectively. Conclusion: The sole characteristic of rectal cancer patients in Department of Radiotherapy atCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital that is different from previous studies is the age group wheremost patients were in. Stable disease is the most frequent radiation response. There was no correlation found between OTT and DTT with radiation response., Purpose: To obtain the profile of rectal cancer patients in Department of Radiotherapy, National General Hospital of Cipto Mangunkusumo.Method: A restrospective study was conducted over 144 rectal cancer patients undergone radiation therapy in Department of Radiotherapy, National General Hospital of CiptoMangunkusumo during period of January 2009 to January 2014. The characteristics ofpatients and tumour were assessed. The radiation response was evaluated with the RECIST1.1 method. The correlation between OTT and DTT with radiation response was analyzedwith Spearman’s correlation and the survival analysis was determined using Kaplan-Meiercurve. Result: The majority of patients were male (65.9%), with median age of 53 (23-81) years oldwhere most patients belonged to age group of 50-59 years old. The most frequenthistopathologic type found was adenocarcinoma (88.8%) with most patients were in stageIIIB (25.0%). Chemoradiation was performed in 29.8% of patients, and grade I skin toxicitywas the most frequent acute side effect of radiation found (20.1%). Radiation responseassessed with the RECIST 1.1 method showed stable disease as the mostly seen response(71.4%). There was no correlation found between OTT and DTT with radiation response.Overall survival from 118 patients for 3 and 5 years were 65% and 45%, respectively, withmedian survival of 59 months. In the group of patients underwent long-course radiotherapy,the overall survival for 3 and 5 years were 91% and 78%, respectively. Conclusion: The sole characteristic of rectal cancer patients in Department of Radiotherapy atCipto Mangunkusumo Hospital that is different from previous studies is the age group wheremost patients were in. Stable disease is the most frequent radiation response. There was no correlation found between OTT and DTT with radiation response.]"

"Pendahuluan : Radioterapi pada kanker kepala dan leher menggunakan teknik Three-dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3DCRT) atau Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) membutuhkan akurasi yang tinggi dalam pelaksanaannya. Upaya ini dilakukan dengan mengetahui kesalahan set-up melalui proses verifikasi yang disesuaikan dengan beban kerja setiap unit radioterapi. Dengan demikian dapat diterapkan margin CTV-ke-PTV yang ideal untuk mendapatkan dosis yang adekuat pada area target radiasi. Metode penelitian : Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang yang mengambil data verifikasi menggunakan Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) dari 9 pasien kanker kepala dan leher yang mendapatkan radioterapi dengan teknik 3DCRT/IMRT di Departemen Radioterapi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) antara bulan Oktober 2013 hingga Desember 2013. Pergeseran pada lapangan radiasi yang didapatkan dari hasil verifikasi dalam lima fraksi awal dianalisis untuk memperoleh kesalahan sistematik dan kesalahan acak, yang selanjutnya dihitung untuk mendapatkan margin CTV-ke-PTV. Hasil : Sebanyak 135 data verifikasi CBCT dianalisa. Besar kesalahan sistematik dan kesalahan acak yang didapatkan berturut-turut sebesar 1.5 mm dan 2.7 mm pada sumbu laterolateral, 2.2 mm dan 3.1 mm pada sumbu kraniokaudal, serta 2.2 mm dan 1.9 mm untuk sumbu anteroposterior. Margin CTV-ke-PTV yang diperoleh sebesar 4.9 mm, 6.6 mm dan 5.8 mm untuk masing-masing sumbu laterolateral, kraniokaudal dan anteroposterior. Kesimpulan : Verifikasi menggunakan CBCT dalam lima fraksi awal merupakan metode yang efektif untuk deteksi dan koreksi kesalahan set-up. Hasil penelitian dapat digunakan sebagai rekomendasi pemberian margin CTV-ke-PTV dan menunjukkan pemberian margin sebesar 5 mm sudah cukup adekuat dalam pelaksanaan radioterapi kanker kepala dan leher dengan teknik 3DCRT/IMRT di Departemen Radioterapi RSCM. Diperlukan upaya tambahan untuk meningkatkan koreksi kesalahan set-up dengan memperhitungkan beban kerja unit radioterapi.

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Introduction : Three-dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3DCRT) or Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer is a highly accurate procedure. Verification is needed to detect and correct set-up errors, adjusted according to workload of each radiotherapy center. Therefore, an ideal CTV-to-PTV margin can be applied to ensure adequate target volume coverage.

Methods : This is a cross-sectional study using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) verification data of 9 head and neck cancer patients treated with 3DCRT/IMRT in Department of Radiotherapy, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital between October 2013 and December 2013. Translation errors from the first five fractions were analyzed to count for systematic and random errors. These errors were then calculated to acquire CTV-to-PTV margin.

Results : A total of 135 CBCT data were analyzed. Systematic and random errors were respectively 1.5 mm and 2.7 mm in laterolateral direction, 2.2 mm and 3.1 mm in craniocaudal direction, and 2.2 mm and 1.9 mm in anteroposterior direction. CTV-to-PTV margin were 4.9 mm, 6.6 mm and 5.8 mm in laterolateral, craniocaudal and anteroposterior direction, respectively.

Conclusions : CBCT verification in first five fractions was effective in detecting and correcting set-up errors. The calculated CTV-to-PTV margin can be used as recommended margin and showed that 5 mm margin was adequate in planning 3DCRT/IMRT technique for head and neck cancer in Department of Radiotherapy, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. An extra effort might be done to improve the correction of set-up errors adjusted to workload."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Osteopontin merupakan salah satu penanda molekuler hipoksiaendogen tumor. Hipoksia adalah salah satu faktor yang menentukan agresifitaspenyakit. Kadar osteopontin tinggi pada berbagai keganasan termasuk gliomamaligna. Peningkatan kadar osteopontin akan menyebabkan respon terapi berkurang.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui korelasi antara kadar osteopontin praradiasidengan respon radiasi pada glioma maligna.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi retrospektif kohort terhadap 15 pasienmaligna glioma yang menjalani terapi radiasi dari juli 2004 sampai mei 2015 diRSUPN. DR. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Osteopontin diperiksa menggunakan metodeELISA dari sampel parafin blok. Volume tumor dihitung dari CT scan atau MRIberdasarkan pengukuran volume tiga dimensi. Respon tumor dinilai denganmembandingkan volume tumor sebelum dan sesudah radiasi dengan menggunakanCT dan MRI.Hasil: Didapatkan rerata kadar osteopontin sebesar 0,49 ± 0,45 ng/ml, reratapersentase perubahan volume tumor 8,59 ± 54,22 %. Volume tumor yang membesar60%. Tumor yang progresif sebesar 26,7%. Secara keseluruhan terdapat korelasinegatif lemah yang tidak bermakna ( r -0,39 dan p 0,146 ) antara kadar osteopontindengan respon radiasi. Terdapat korelasi positif kuat yang tidak bermakna ( r +0,68dan p 0,219 ) antara kadar osteopontin dengan respon radiasi pada kelompok yangmenggunakan kemosensitizer temozolamide.Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi negatif lemah yang tidak bermakna antara kadarosteopontin dengan respon radiasi. Terdapat korelasi positif kuat yang tidakbermakna antara kadar osteopontin dengan respon radiasi pada kelompok yangmenggunakan kemosensitizer temozolamide.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction : Osteopontin is an endogenous molecular marker of tumor hypoxia,which is one of factors that determine the aggressiveness of the disease. Increasedlevel of osteopontin will decrease therapeutic response which will eventuallyinfluence the success of therapy.The purpose of this study is to determine thecorrelation between osteopontin level and radiation response in malignant glioma.Method : This is a retrospective cohort study of 15 malignant glioma patients whounderwent radiation from July 2004 to May 2015 at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.Osteopontin level was measured with ELISA from paraffin embedded tissue. Tumorvolume was calculated by measuring three dimensional volume of tumor imagingfrom CT or MRI. Tumor response was evaluated by comparing pre-irradiation withpost-irradiation tumor volume seen in CT and MRI.Result : The mean osteopontin level was 0.49 ± 0.45 ng/ml and the mean percentageof change in tumor volume was 8.59 ± 54.22 %. Enlargement of tumor volume was60 %. Progressive disease was found in 26.7 % of patients. Overall, there was aninsignificant weak negative correlation (r -0.39 and p 0.146) between level ofosteopontin and radiation response. There was an insignificant strong positivecorrelation (r +0.68 and p 0.219) between level of osteopontin and radiation responsein the group that received radiation therapy concurrent with temozolamide.Conclusion : Overall, there was an insignificant weak negative correlation betweenlevel of osteopontin and radiation response. In the group that received radiationtherapy concurrent with temozolamide, there was an insignificant strong positivecorrelation between level of osteopontin and radiation response, Introduction : Osteopontin is an endogenous molecular marker of tumor hypoxia,which is one of factors that determine the aggressiveness of the disease. Increasedlevel of osteopontin will decrease therapeutic response which will eventuallyinfluence the success of therapy.The purpose of this study is to determine thecorrelation between osteopontin level and radiation response in malignant glioma.Method : This is a retrospective cohort study of 15 malignant glioma patients whounderwent radiation from July 2004 to May 2015 at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.Osteopontin level was measured with ELISA from paraffin embedded tissue. Tumorvolume was calculated by measuring three dimensional volume of tumor imagingfrom CT or MRI. Tumor response was evaluated by comparing pre-irradiation withpost-irradiation tumor volume seen in CT and MRI.Result : The mean osteopontin level was 0.49 ± 0.45 ng/ml and the mean percentageof change in tumor volume was 8.59 ± 54.22 %. Enlargement of tumor volume was60 %. Progressive disease was found in 26.7 % of patients. Overall, there was aninsignificant weak negative correlation (r -0.39 and p 0.146) between level ofosteopontin and radiation response. There was an insignificant strong positivecorrelation (r +0.68 and p 0.219) between level of osteopontin and radiation responsein the group that received radiation therapy concurrent with temozolamide.Conclusion : Overall, there was an insignificant weak negative correlation betweenlevel of osteopontin and radiation response. In the group that received radiationtherapy concurrent with temozolamide, there was an insignificant strong positivecorrelation between level of osteopontin and radiation response]"