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"Latar Belakang : Perempuan pascamenopause memiliki risiko tinggi mengalami penurunan massa tulang akibat bekurangnya hormon estrogen dan asupan kalsium. Penting bagi perempuan pascamenopause untuk menjaga residual ridge dari resorpsi yang berlebihan. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan asupan kalsium terhadap derajat resorpsi residual ridge pada perempuan pascamenopause. Material dan Metode : Penelitian dengan metode potong lintang dilakukan di Pos Binaan Terpadu Lanjut Usia Perhimpunan Gerontologi Indonesia, Depok RW 02 yang melibatkan 99 perempuan pascamenopause. Subjek diwawancara menggunakan kuesioner asupan kalsium beserta model makanan dan porsinya dengan metode semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan derajat resorpsi residual ridge dengan mengukur tinggi residual ridge. Data dihitung dan dianalisis menggunakan piranti lunak statistik. Hasil : Hasil analisis chi square menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara jumlah asupan kalsium terhadap derajat resorpsi residual ridge (p=0,035) pada perempuan pascamenopause. Kesimpulan : Perempuan pascamenopause berasupan kalsium tercukupi memiliki derajat resorpsi residual ridge rendah.

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Background : Postmenopausal women have a high risk to decreasing bone mass because of estrogen and calcium intake deficiency. It is important for postmenopausal women to keep the residual ridge from excessive resorption.

Objective : Determine the relationship calcium intake and degree of residual ridge resorption in postmenopausal women.

Material and Method : the cross sectional study was performed at Pos Binaan Terpadu Lanjut Usia Perhimpunan Gerontologi Indonesia, Depok RW 02 involving 99 postmenopausal women. Subjects were submitted to interview using calcium intake questionnaire (semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire method ) with food model and the size and then examining the degree of residual ridge resorption through measuring residual ridge height. Data obtained was tabulated and analyzed using statistical software.

Result : The results of chi square analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between the amount of calcium intake and the degree of residual ridge resorption (p = 0.035) in postmenopausal women.

Conclusion : Postmenopausal women that have adequate calcium intake show the low degree of residual ridge resorption."

"Latar Belakang: Kasus kehilangan gigi karena pencabutan sering ditemui dan celah yang ditinggalkan karena pencabutan memberikan dampak buruk secara estetika. Sebagai rehabilitasi, digunakan gigi tiruan imediat (GTI) lepasan yang dipasang segera setelah pencabutan. Namun belum diketahui apakah penggunaan GTI lepasan mempengaruhi resorpsi residual ridge (RRR). Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh pemasangan gigi tiruan imediat terhadap RRR pasca pencabutan. Metode: Pada 3 ekor Macaca fascicularis, dilakukan pencabutan gigi premolar 1 dan molar 1 kiri dan kanan. Segera setelah pencabutan, dipasang GTI lepasan pada sisi kiri rahang Macaca fascicularis. Pengukuran posisi residual ridge dari sisi rahang Macaca fascicularis yang dipasang GTI lepasan dan yang tidak dipasang GTI lepasan menggunakan radiograf dental pada sesaat setelah pencabutan (0 bulan) dan 2 bulan pasca pencabutan. Selisihnya diukur sebagai RRR. Hasil: Ditemukan perbedaan posisi residual ridge (p<0,05) antara yang diukur pada 0 dan 2 bulan paska pencabutan pada sisi rahang yang dipasang GTI lepasan dan yang tidak dipasang GTI lepasan. Namun tidak ditemukan perbedaan RRR (p>0,05) antara sisi rahang yang dipasang GTI lepasan dengan sisi rahang yang tidak dipasang GTI lepasan.

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Introduction: Extraction caused tooth loss cases was often found in daily practice and gap left after extraction causes a bad effect on tooth esthetic. As a rehabilitation, a removable immediate denture (RID) was used immediately after extraction. But it was still not know if using RID does have an effect to residual ridge resorption.

Purpose: To analyze the effect of using RID on residual ridge resorption after extraction.

Method:The first premolars and first molars on both left and right side of 3 Macaca fascicularis were extracted. Soon after the extraction RID was placed on the left side of the arch of Macaca fascicularis. Residual ridge position was measured using the dental radiograph for bothside where ID was worn and where RID was not worn immediately after the extraction (0 month) and at 2 months after the extraction. Residual ridge position difference between 0 and 2 months after extraction was measured as the residual ridge resorption.

Result: Significant difference (p<0,05) residual ridge position was observed between measurement done 0 month and 2 months after extraction, for both the side where RID was worn and side where RID was not worn. But no significant difference (p>0,05) was reported for residual ridge resorption measured between the side where RID was worn and side where RID was not worn."

"TujuanMengetahui hubungan antara asupan energi, protein, kalsium, vitamin D dan aktivitas fisik dengan resorpsi tulangTempatMalang, Jawa TimurMetodologiStudi potong lintang terhadap 109 lansia sehai. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi karakteristik subyek penelitian berdasarkan umur, jenis kelamin, data antropometri (berat badan, tinggi badan, indeks massa tubuh), analisis asupan zat gizi derigan FFQ semikuantitatif dan recall 1 x 24 jam, analisis aktivitas fisik dengan kuesioner aktivitas fisik, dan data laboratorium (CTx serum dan rasio kalsium kreatinin dalam urin 24 jam). Data dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Pearson dan analisis multivariat regresi multiple.HasilSubyek penelitian terdiri dari 49 laki-laki dan 60 perempuan dengan rerata usia 68,19 ± 5,91 tahun. Sebagian besar subyek penelitian berpendidikan sedang sampai tinggi, dan berpenghasilan menengah rendah. Rerata IM£ subyek penelitian ialah 23,86 ± 3,08 kglm2. Rcrata asupan energi ialah 1548 ± 416,23 kkal; rerata asupan protein 59,14 + 11,37 g; rerata asupan kalsium 928,62+ 360,79 mg, dan rerata asupan vitamin D 9,85 ± 5,09 pg. Indeks aktivitas fisik sebagian besar subyek penclitian mencngah sampai tinggi. Didapatkan korelasi negatif yang berrnakna anlara CTx dengan asupan energi, protein, kalsium, dan aktivitas fisik. Korelasi negatif berrnakna juga didapatkan antara rasio kalsium kreatinin dengan asupan energi, protein dan kalsium, sedangkan korelasi positif bermakna didapatkan dengan variabel umur. Pada analisis multivariat, CTx berhubungan secara negatif bcrrnakna dengan protein, kalsium dan aktivitas fisik. Sedangkan rasio kalsium kreatinin berhubungan secara positif bermakna dengan umur dan kalsium.KesimpulanRerata asupan energi subyek penelitian lebih rendah daripada AKG VIII, narnun dengan tingkat asupan tersebut, IMT dalam batasan normal sampai obes. Rerata asupan protein, kalsium dan vitamin D subyek penelitian lebih besar dibandingkan dengan AKG VIII. Didapatkan hubungan yang bermalma antara asupan protein, kalsium dan aktivitas fisik dengan resorpsi tulang. Didapatkannya hubungan yang bermakna, namun dengan derajat rendah, menunjukkan adanya pcngaruh faktor lain dalam bahan makanan.

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Objective

To determine the relationship between nutritional intake and physical activity with bone resorption of Indonesian elderly

Place

Malang, East Java

Method

A cross-sectional study in 109 community dwelling elderly (>60 y) free of medication know to affect bone. Semiquantitative FFQ, validated with 1x24 hour food recall was used to assess energy, protein, calcium, and vitamin D. Assessment of physical activity was done with a questionnaire based on the Dutch questionnaire modified by Josten. Bone resorption were measured by its collagen degradation product, C-telopeptide in serum. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done to assess relationship between nutrients and physical activity with biomarker of bone resorption.

Results

Subject were 49 men and 60 women with mean age of 68,19 +/- 5,91 years old. Most subject had moderate high education, and a middle low income. Based on the Physical Acticity Index, most subjects has moderate to highphysical activity. The body mass index of most subjects were normal to obese. Mean intake of energy in subjects were 1548 +/- 416,23 kcal. Mean intake of protein were 59,14 +/- 11,37 g/d, mean Calcium intake were 928,62 mg/d and mean vitamin D intake were 9,85 +/- 5,09 µg. There were significant negative correlation between intakes of energy, protein, calcium, and physical activity with CTx. Significant negative correlation were also found between intakes of energy, protein, calcium with calcium creatinine ratio, while positive significant correlation were found with age. Multiple regression analysis showed significant relationship between protein and calcium intakes and physical activity with CTx and between calcium intake and age with calcium creatinine ratio.

Conclusion

Mean intake of energy were lower than the Indonesian RDA. But at this level BMI were normal to obese. Mean intakes of protein, calcium and vitamin D were well above the Indonesian RDA. Significant relationship were found between intakes of protein and calcium and physical activity with bone resorption. The rather low but statistically significant relationship, shows that the other factors in food sources, that may play role in bone resorption, such as osteoprotegerin/OPG, IGF-1, potassium, vitamin K, zinc and magnesium."

"ABSTRAKPenyakit jantung koroner (PJK) adalah penyebab kematian utama dengan prevalensi di Indonesia 7,2%. Penelitian observasional memperlihatkan asupan kalsium yang rendah berkorelasi dengan peningkatan beberapa faktor risiko dan kejadian PJK, namun di lain pihak, didapatkan hubungan suplemen kalsium dengan peningkatan morbiditas dan mortalitas akibat PJK. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara asupan kalsium dengan derajat stenosis berdasarkan skor Gensini. Metode penelitian adalah studi potong lintang pada 49 pasien PJK laki-laki berusia 19 sampai 65 tahun yang pertama kali angiografi koroner di Pelayanan Jantung Terpadu (PJT) RSCM pada Juli sampai dengan November 2014. Asupan kalsium berdasarkan kuesioner FFQ dan kalsium dan albumin serum diperiksa sesaat sebelum dilakukan tindakan. Derajat stenosis dinyatakan dengan skor Gensini. Pada penelitian didapatkan median asupan kalsium 301,6 (93–1404) mg/hari dan tidak berkorelasi (r=0,13, p=0,37) dengan kadar kalsium terkoreksi (rerata=8,8+0,4 mg/dL). Rerata skor Gensini didapatkan sebesar 95,18 + 57,78. Asupan kalsium tidak berkorelasi dengan skor Gensini (r=- 0,04, p=0,77). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan tidak terdapat korelasi yang bermakna antara asupan kalsium dengan derajat stenosis pada pasien PJK laki-laki dewasa, dengan kecenderungan korelasi negatif.

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ABSTRACTCoronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death, with its prevalence in Indonesia 7.2%. Observational evidence suggested that calcium intake was inversely associated with either some risks or event of CAD, but some others found association between calcium supplements with increasing trend in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study proposed to investigate the association between calcium intake and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) assessed by Gensini score. This cross sectional study enrolled 49 male patients from 19 to 65 years old who underwent their first angiography at Holistic Cardiac Care Centre Unit of Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital Indonesia from July to November 2014. Subjects were assessed using food frequency questionnaires to explore their historical intake of main food sources of calcium. Calcium and albumin level were performed immediately before angiography. Severity of CAD was assessed by Gensini Score. Association between calcium intake and Gensini Score were analyzed. From the study we found median calcium intake was 301,6 (93 – 1404) mg/day and did not have correlation (r=0,13, p=0,37) with corrected serum calcium (means=8,8+0,4 mg/dL). We found means of Gensini score was 95,18 + 57,78. We didn’t find any correlation between calcium intake with Gensini score (r=-0,04, p=0,77). We conclude that there was no correlation between calcium intake and severity of CAD, especially in male patients with CAD with negative tendency."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 329-332.Some researchers stated that osteoporosis in other bones will also be accompanied by a decrease in mandibular bone density. So that several risk factors for osteoporosis in other bones will also become risk factors for mandibular bone osteoporosis. Calcium intake, body mass index, and estrogen level were risk factors analyzed in this study. Mandibular bone density is important to maintain because of its relation with loss of teeth and success rate of prosthodontic treatment. The study design was unmatched case control. The subjects were taken from 226 postmenopausal women between 50-75 years of age, who fulfill the inclusion. One hundred and nine subjects with normal mandibular bone density categorized as cases and 117 subjects with mandibular bone osteoporosis categorized as controls. Mandibular bone density was analyzed using intra oral periapical radiograph. The result of this study showed that calcium intake was the main protecting factors for mandibular bone osteoporosis (OR=3,789), followed by body mass index (OR=2,184), and estrogen level (OR=1,017). "

"Pada masa kehamilan, terjadi peningkatan kebutuhan nutrisi yang digunakan untuk pertumbuhan janin dan perubahan fisiologis tubuh ibu. Kurangnya asupan gizi pada masa kehamilan dapat menyebabkan malnutrisi dan masalah kesehatan pada ibu dan janin. Kalsium merupakan salah satu mikronutrien yang berperan penting dalam mempertahankan kepadatan tulang ibu dan pertumbuhan tulang dan gigi bayi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui korelasi antara kadar kalsium darah dengan asupan kalsium harian khususnya pada ibu hamil trimester pertama. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan sampel berjumlah 62 yang merupakan data sekunder dari penelitian primer yang dilakukan pada ibu hamil trimester pertama di beberapa rumah sakit di Jakarta. Data asupan diperoleh dengan menggunakan food frequency questionnaire, sedangkan kadar kalsium darah diperoleh dari hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium dengan menggunakan flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Data diolah melalui uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov dan uji Spearman dengan software SPSS versi 22 Mac OS X. Dari penelitian didapatkan sebanyak 93,5% subjek memiliki kadar kalsium normal dan sebagian besar (91,9%) subjek tidak mencapai angka kecukupan kalsium harian. Tidak didapatkan korelasi antara kadar kalsium darah dengan asupan kalsium ibu hamil trimester pertama (p=0,803). Dibutuhkan penelitian yang lebih komprehensif terkait faktor-faktor lain yang dapat mempengaruhi kadar kalsium darah ibu hamil trimester pertama.

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During pregnancy, the needs for most nutrients are increased to meet the demands of growing fetal and physiologic changes of the mother. Nutrient deficiency in pregnancy causes malnutrition and several problems of maternal and fetal health. Calcium is needed for maintaining bone density of mother and fetal development of bone and teeth. This research helps to find out the correlation between blood calcium level and daily calcium intake in first trimester pregnant women. This is a cross sectional research with 62 samples gathered from secondary data by the primary research done to pregnant women in several hospitals in Jakarta. The data of calcium intake is acquired from food frequency questionnaire, while blood calcium level is acquired from cilinical laboratory measurement by using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The data is analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Spearman’s test in SPSS for Mac OS X version 22 software. It is found that 93,5% of the subjects have normal blood calcium level, but 91,9 % of them do not meet the minimum requirement of daily calcium intake. There is no correlation between blood calcium level and daily calcium intake (p=0.803). More comprehensive studies associated to other factors determining blood calcium level are needed."

"Resistensi insulin adalah penurunan kemampuan jaringan (otot, hati, dan jaringan adiposa) untuk merespon insulin yang bersirkulasi secara normal dalam darah yang berisiko berkembang menjadi penyakit diabetes melitus tipe 2. Rasio tinggi asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 diduga berperan dalam menurunkan sensitivitas insulin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara rasio asupan omega-6/omega-3 dan HOMA-IR pada perempuan usia reproduktif. Studi potong lintang ini dilakukan di Jakarta, pada bulan Juli sampai Oktober 2021. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode consecutive sampling dan diperoleh 79 subjek perempuan yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara 24-hours food recall sebanyak 3 kali, pengukuran antropometri untuk menilai status gizi, dan pengambilan serum untuk mengukur kadar glukosa darah puasa dan insulin. Rerata asupan omega-6 pada subjek adalah 9.43 ± 3.69 gram/hari, median asupan omega-3 pada subjek adalah 0.79 (0.23–3.53) gram/hari, dan rerata rasio asupan omega-6/omega-3 adalah 12.32 ± 4.32. Rerata HOMA-IR pada subjek adalah 3.04 ± 1.24. Terdapat korelasi positif lemah antara rasio asupan omega-6/omega-3 dan HOMA-IR, namun tidak signifikan (r=0.161, p=0.157). Ditemukan hubungan signifikan antara DHA dan HOMA-IR setelah mengontrol faktor perancu (p=0.014). Tidak ada hubungan antara rasio asupan asam lemak omega-6/omega-3 dan HOMA-IR pada perempuan usia reproduktif. Namun, ditemukan hubungan antara asupan DHA dan HOMA-IR yang menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan asupan asam lemak tidak jenuh dapat mencegah terjadinya resistensi insulin.

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Insulin resistance is a decrease in the ability of tissues (muscle, liver, and adipose tissue) to respond to insulin that circulates normally in the blood which is at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. A high ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid intake is thought to play a role in reducing insulin sensitivity. This study aims to determine the association between the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 intake and HOMA-IR in reproductive-aged women. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Jakarta, from July to October 2021. Sampling used the consecutive sampling method and obtained 79 women subjects who met the research criteria. Data was collected through 24-hour food recall interviews 3 times, anthropometric measurements to assess nutritional status, and serum sampling to measure fasting blood glucose and insulin levels. The mean omega-6 intake in the subjects was 9.43 ± 3.69 grams/day, the median omega-3 intake in the subjects was 0.79 (0.23–3.53) grams/day, and the mean ratio of omega-6/omega-3 intake was 12.32 ± 4.32. The mean HOMA-IR in the subjects was 3.04 ± 1.24. There was weak positive correlation between the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 intake and HOMA-IR, but not significant (r=0.161, p=0.157). A significant relationship was found between DHA and HOMA-IR after adjusted confounding factors (p=0.014). There was no association between the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid intake and HOMA-IR in reproductive-aged women. However, it was found that there was a assocation between DHA intake and HOMA-IR which indicated that increasing intake of unsaturated fatty acids could prevent insulin resistance"

"Latar Belakang dan Tujuan: Proses inflamasi tidak dapat dihindari pada kehamilan, namun inflamasi yang berlebihan pada trimester pertama dapat menyebabkan morbiditas ibu dan bayi baru lahir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi hubungan profil lipid dengan derajat inflamasi pada ibu hamil. Metode dan Desain Studi: Studi cross-sectional ini dilakukan dari bulan April hingga Oktober 2022 di Puskesmas Kramat Jati di Jakarta. 98 wanita hamil trimester pertama berusia 20-40 tahun dengan kehamilan intrauterin dimasukkan, sedangkan peserta dengan kondisi medis tertentu dikeluarkan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik, pemeriksaan USG, dan sampel darah. Analisis data akan melibatkan analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat untuk menentukan variabel independen yang paling signifikan. Hasil: Usia rata-rata partisipan adalah 28,39 tahun dan median kehamilan minggu ke-10 ditemukan 29,6% memiliki kadar kolesterol tinggi, 15,3% memiliki kadar trigliserida tinggi, 49% memiliki kadar LDL tinggi, dan 1% memiliki kadar LDL tinggi. rasio /HDL. Sebagian besar (85,7%) responden memiliki hs-CRP yang tinggi, sedangkan kadar CRP yang tinggi hanya ditemukan pada 37,8%. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara CRP dan trigliserida (p=0,026), sedangkan parameter lainnya tidak signifikan. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan hubungan paling signifikan antara CRP dan trigliserida (p=0,017). Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa risiko relatif CRP tertinggi adalah terhadap trigliserida (2,04), diikuti oleh kolesterol total (1,45) dan LDL (1,31). Kesimpulan: Peningkatan kadar trigliserida pada wanita hamil berhubungan dengan kemungkinan peningkatan CRP selama trimester pertama.

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Inflammatory processes are inevitable in pregnancy, however excessive inflammation in the first trimester can cause maternal and neonatal morbidity. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between lipid profile and degree of inflammation in pregnant women. Methods and Study Design: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April to October 2022 at Kramat Jati Community Health Center in Jakarta.  98 first trimester pregnant women aged 20-40 years old with an intrauterine pregnancy was included, while participants with certain medical conditions were excluded.  Data was collected through history-taking, physical examination, ultrasound examination, and blood samples. Data analysis will involve univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis to determine the most significant independent variables. Results: The average age of participants was 28.39 years old and a median of the 10th week of pregnancy found that 29.6% had high cholesterol levels, 15.3% had high triglyceride levels, 49% had high LDL levels, and 1% had a high LDL/HDL ratio. A majority (85.7%) of the respondents had high hs-CRP, while high CRP levels were found only in 37.8%. The bivariate analysis showed a significant relationship between CRP and triglycerides (p=0.026), while the other parameters were not significant. The multivariate analysis was showed the most significant relationship between CRP and triglycerides (p=0.017). This study showed that the highest relative risk of CRP was against triglyceride (2.04), followed by total cholesterol (1.45) and LDL (1.31). Conclusions: Elevated triglyceride level in pregnant women are associated with an increased likelihood of CRP elevation during the first trimester."

"ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Gangguan kognitif merupakan salah satu masalah pada aging population berkaitan dengan perubahan neuroendokrin pascamenopause. Gangguan kognitif minimal (minimal cognitive impairment/MCI) merupakan kondisi peralihan fungsi kognitif antara penuaan normal dan demensia.Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar kisspeptin dan kadar hCG hipofisis dengan gangguan kognitif minimal pada perempuan pascamenopause.Metodologi: MCI ditentukan dengan sistem skoring yang terdiri dari status diabetes melitus, toleransi glukosa terganggu, dislipidemia, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), uji Rey Osterrieth Complexion Figure (ROCF), uji digit span backward dan uji Trail Making Test B. Studi potong lintang terhadap 181 perempuan pascamenopause usia £ 65 tahun, terbagi 2 kelompok yaitu dengan MCI 90 orang dan tanpa MCI 91 orang.Hasil: Analisis terhadap usia, lama menopause, indeks massa tubuh, lama pendidikan, kadar kisspeptin dan kadar hCG hipofisis. Kadar kisspeptin menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna anatar kedua kelompok (p<0,001). Kadar kisspeptin dan lama menopause berkorelasi positif dengan skor MCI (r=0,607 dan r=0,542; berurutan). Namun, tidak ada perbedaan kadar hCG hipofisis antara kedua kelompok (p=0,664), dan skor MCI tidak berkorelasi dengan kadar hCG hipofisis (p=0,398; r=0,06).Kesimpulan: Kadar kisspeptin signifikan lebih tinggi pada perempuan pascamenopause dengan MCI, dan menunjukkan korelasi positif. Sementara kadar hCG hipofisis tidak berbeda di antara kedua kelompok dan tidak menunjukkan korelasi.

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ABSTRACT

Backgroud: Cognitive impairment is one of problems among elderly women due to neuroendocrine alteration after menopause. Minimal cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transition state of cognitive function between normal aging and dementia.

Aims: To investigate relationship between kisspeptin and pituitary hCG with MCI in postmenopausal women.

Methods: MCI was determined by scoring; with diabetic status, glucose intolerant, dyslipidemia, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Rey Osterrieth Complexion Figure (ROCF), digit span backward, and Trail Making Test (TMT) B. Using cross-sectional study, 181 postmenopausal women £ 65 years old, were grouped into with and without MCI; 90 and 91 women, respectively.

Results: Data was analysed to their ages, span of menopause, body mass index (BMI), education grade, kisspeptin and hCG level. Kisspeptin level had significantly different among the groups (p<0.001). There was a positive relationship between kisspeptin level and span of menopause to MCI score (R=0.607 and R= 0.542, respectively). Pituitary hCG level, however, showed no difference among the groups. Moreover, MCI score showed no relationship to hCG level (p=0.398; R=0.063).

Conclusions: Kisspeptin level was significantly higher among postmenopausal women with MCI, and showed a positive relationship. While pituitary hCG had no difference among the groups, and showed no relationship."

"Obesitas merupakan masalah kesehatan yang terus mengalami peningkatan baik secara global maupun di Indonesia. Obesitas pada remaja didiagnosis dengan mengkategorikan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) menggunakan grafik CDC. Obesitas pada remaja dapat menimbulkan konsekuensi jangka panjang, seperti munculnya timbulnya resistensi insulin dan penyakit kardiovaskular di usia dini. Salah satu etiologi obesitas ialah asupan energi berlebih, yang berasal dari asupan kalori dari sumber makronutrien dalam jumlah yang tidak normal (lebih tinggi dari anjuran asupan gizi yang ada). Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan asupan energi total dan jenis asupan makronutrien dengan derajat obesitas yang dikategorikan berdasarkan rerata IMT sampel. Subjek terdiri dari 69 remaja usia 14-18 tahun yang bersekolah di SMA di DKI Jakarta. Studi ini menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan menganalisis data sekunder yang didapat dari penelitian sebelumnya. Pada hasil ditemukan bahwa total asupan kalori tidak berhubungan dengan dengan derajat obesitas (p = 0,135) dan asupan makronutrien tidak memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan derajat obesitas (p > 0,05).

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Obesity is a disease with increasing prevalence globally and within Indonesia. Obesity in adolescent is diagnosed using body mass index (BMI) percentile in growth chart arranged by CDC. Childhood obesity could lead to long term concequences such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases at earlier age. One of the primary cause for obesity is excess energy intake in accordance to its energy requirement affected by total energy expenditure. Energy intake would be defined by total caloric intake and its variety of macronutrient composition. This research is conducted to determine the correlation between total caloric intake and macronutrient intake status with degree of obesity categorized by the mean of samples BMI. Subjects included 69 adolescents aged 14-18 who were studying in Senior High School in Jakarta during data collection. This research is a cross-sectional study using secondary data collected from a prior research. With comparative approach, the results show that total caloric intake does not corellate with degree of obesity (p = 0,135) and macronutrient composition has no significant corellation with degree of obesity (p > 0,05)."