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"Enterobacteriaceae merupakan salah satu penyebab terpenting infeksi nosokomial dan komunitas. Resistensi Enterobacteriaceae terhadap agen antimikroba menyulitkan tatalaksana penyakit serta meningkatkan biaya pelayanan kesehatan. Salah satu mekanisme resistensinya adalah produksi enzim extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Salah satu faktor yang memudahkan timbulnya infeksi bakteri resisten adalah penggunaan alat medis invasif, contohnya tracheal tube. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan data mengenai kejadian infeksi ESBL di rumah sakit Indonesia yang dihubungkan dengan penggunaan tracheal tube sehingga dapat dilakukan usaha pencegahan dan kontrol ESBL. Penelitian ini merupakan studi cross sectional analitik menggunakan data sekunder hasil pemeriksaan kultur mikrobiologi sputum dan rekam medik 111 pasien ICU Pusat RSCM dari bulan Januari 2011 sampai Agustus 2011. Kultur sputum pasien yang menggunakan tracheal tube maupun tidak diuji resistensinya. Data dianalisis dengan uji Chi-square, p=0,05. Hasil perbandingan data antara proporsi pasien yang positif terinfeksi Enterobacteriaceae penghasil ESBL dan menggunakan tracheal tube dengan proporsi pasien yang positif terinfeksi Enterobacteriaceae penghasil ESBL dan tidak menggunakan tracheal tube adalah RR >1 dengan nilai kemaknaan p=0.003. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan tracheal tube merupakan faktor risiko terhadap kejadian infeksi Enterobacteriaceae penghasil ESBL.

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Enterobacteriaceae is one of the most important cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infection. Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae to antimicrobial agents causes difficult choice of antimicrobial agents and increase healthcare cost. One of the mechanism of resistance is the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) enzyme. One of the factors contributing to the infection of resistant bacteria is the use of invasive medical devices, for example tracheal tube. Therefore, data for the emergence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection associated with the use of tracheal tube in hospitals in Indonesia is needed so that prevention and control of infection can be established. This research is an analytic cross sectional study using secondary data results from microbiological examination of sputum culture and medical records of 111 patients from the Adult ICU RSCM in January 2011 until August 2011. Sputum culture of patients using and not using tracheal tube were tested for resistance. The data is analyzed with Chi-square, p=0,05. The result of data comparison between proportion of patients with positive ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection using tracheal tube to the proportion of patients not using tracheal tube is RR > 1 with significance value p=0.003. This suggests that the use of tracheal tube is the risk factor of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection."

"Enterobacter penghasil extended spectrum beta-lactamse (ESBL) merupakan organisme yang resisten terhadap beta-lactamase jenis baru seperti sefalosporin. Kejadian ESBL pada instansi kesehatan diketahui meningkatkan lama rawat pasien, biaya perawatan, dan angka kematian. Prevalensi ESBL juga terus meningkat secara signifikan sehingga ESBL merupakan masalah yang serius bagi dunia kesehatan. Pasien yang di rawat di rumah sakit, khususnya Intensive Care Unit (ICU) cenderung memiliki risiko yang lebih tinggi untuk mengalami kolonisasi ESBL.Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui prevalensi ESBL di ICU dan hubungannya dengan salah satu faktor risiko kolonisasi, yaitu riwayat rawat inap. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode cross-sectional dengan sampel sejumlah 97 orang yang merupakan pasien ICU Rumah Sakit Ciptomangunkusumo (RSCM) dalam tahun 2011. Identifikasi ESBL dilakukan dengan uji laboratorium mikrobiologi sesuai standar The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2010. Data riwayat rawat inap didapatkan dari rekam medik pasien yang kemudian dikategorikan menjadi pernah dirawat dan tidak pernah dirawat. Hasil uji labotatorium menunjukkan 26 dari 97 sampel (26.8%) mengalami kolonisasi ESBL. Data kemudian dianalis menggunakan uji hipotesis chi-square. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara riwayat rawat inap dengan kejadian ESBL (p=0.798). Dari hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara riwayat rawat inap sebelum masuk ICU dengan angka kejadian ESBL di ICU RSCM pada tahun 2011.

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Enterobacter producing extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) are organisms which develop resistance to new type beta-lactam antibiotic. ESBL in health instances are known to increase hospital length of stay, costs, and mortality rate. ESBL prevalences increase significantly nearly in every part of the world. Hospitalized patient, especially those in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) tend to have an increased risk of ESBL colonization. Thus ESBL is a serious threat. The objectives of this study is to identify the prevalence of ESBL in ICU and its correlation with hospital admission history. This study used cross-sectional design with 97 samples taken from ICU Rumah Sakit Ciptomangunkusumo (RSCM) in 2011. Identification of ESBL used the standardized method according to The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2010. The hospital admission history data was taken from patient’s medical record in ICU. Laboratory test results show 26 of 97 samples (26.8%) were colonized with ESBL. Chi-square is used to analyze the data which shows that there is no correlation between hospital admission history and ESBL colonization (p=0.798). It is concluded that there is no correlation between hospital admission history and ESBL colonization in ICU RSCM in 2011."

"Resistensi antibiotika merupakan tantangan dalam praktik kedokteran. Salah satu prevalensi resistensi yang cenderung meluas secara global adalah terhadap Enterobacteriaceae penghasil ESBL, suatu kelompok bakteri yang mampu menghancurkan antibiotika beta-laktam, seperti halnya E. coli dan K. pneumoniae. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kepekaan antibiotika golongan kuinolon dan karbapenem terhadap bakteri penghasil ESBL berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari LMK FKUI sepanjang tahun 2018-2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa prevalensi E. coli dan K. pneumoniae ESBL positif, kurang dari 5% terhitung tahun 2018 hingga 2019. Prevalensi terbanyak berasal dari kisaran usia > 50 tahun dengan jenis kelamin perempuan. Secara umum sensitivitas ESBL terhadap antibiotika golongan kuinolon kurang dari 50% terhadap E. dan K. pneumoniae ESBL positif dari total 7 pasien yang diperiksa. Sementara itu, sensitivitas antibiotika golongan karbapenem terhadap E. coli dan K. pneumoniae ESBL positif mencapai 100% dari total 7 pasien yang diperiksa. Saran untuk menurunkan prevalensi infeksi ESBL dapat dilaksanakan melalui pengendalian infeksi, meningkatkan kesiagaan transmisi, dan pengendalian tingkah laku dalam penggunaan antibiotika.

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Antibiotic resistance is considered as a challenging issue in the field of medicine. One of the highest prevalences of antibiotics resistance which tends to constantly increase occurs amongst Enterboacteriaceae that produces extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) such as E. coli and K. pneumoniae, a group of enzyme-producing bacteria that could hydrolyze the beta lactam components. This study aims to compare the sensitivity of class of antibiotics quinolone and carbapenem towards the incidences of ESBL infection during the periods of 2018-2019 at the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. The results showed that the prevalence of both E. coli and K. pneumoniae infection were less than 5%, both in 2018 and 2019. The highest prevalence of ESBL infection occured in females aged 50 and above. Generally, the sensitivity of ESBL towards class of quinolone were less than 50% from total of 7 patients that examined. On the otherside, the sensitivity of ESBL towards class of carbapenem reached 100% from total of 7 patients that examined. From this study, it can be suggested to decrease the prevalence of ESBL infections, several measures that should be applied are controlling and preventing the infection, increasing the awareness of transmission-based precautions, and improving rationalization patients behavior of antibiotics."

"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi infeksi yang disebabkan oleh multidrugs resistent microorganism (MDRO), terutama bakteri Enterobacteriaceae penghasil enzim extended-spectum beta-lactamase (ESBL) semakin meningkat. Identifikasi yang cepat dan pemberian antibiotik yang tepat, terutama untuk pasien intensive care unit (ICU), dibutuhkan untuk menurunkan lama rawat dan menurunkan angka mortalitas. Duke clinical score merupakan suatu instrumen stratifikasi risiko untuk memprediksi infeksi bakteri Enterobactericeae penghasil ESBL. Duke clinical score pernah diteliti untuk memprediksi infeksi yang didapat dari komunitas, namun belum pernah diteliti untuk pasien ICU.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik dengan design kohort prospektif. Subjek penelitian merupakan pasien ICU RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi selama bulan Januari-Maret 2022. Skrining dengan swab rektum untuk melihat adanya infeksi bakteri Enterobacteriaceae penghasil enzim ESBL dilakukan dalam 24 jam pertama perawatan pasien di ICU. Kultur klinis dilakukan sesuai indikasi. Duke clinical score diperiksa pada awal perawatan pasien di ICU. Pasien yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri Enterobacteriaceae penghasil enzim ESBL di awal perawatan di ICU akan diobservasi dan diambil kembali swab rektum pada akhir perawatan di ICU. Penelitian akan menilai sensitivitas, spesifisitas, positive dan negative predictive value (PPV, NPV), area under curve (AUC) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) Duke clinical score.Hasil: Dari 105 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, 55% pasien memiliki swab rektum atau kultur klinis yang positif dengan bakteri Enterobacteriaceae penghasil enzim ESBL dalam 24 jam perawatan pertama di ICU sehingga dieksklusi. Total subjek penelitian 47 pasien yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri Enterobacteriaceae penghasil ESBL pada awal perawatan di ICU. Pada nilai cut-off ≥ 8.5, Duke clinical score memiliki sensitivitas 32%, spesifisitas 89%, PPV 67%, NPV 66%. AUC ROC 0.652.Kesimpulan: Duke clinical score tidak valid sebagai prediktor infeksi bakteri Enterobacteriaceae penghasil enzim ESBL pada pasien ICU RSCM.

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Background: The prevalence of infections caused by multidrugs resistant microorganisms, especially extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, is increasing. Rapid identification and proper administration of antibiotics, especially for intensive care unit (ICU) patients, are needed to reduce length of stay and lower mortality rates. Duke clinical score is a risk stratification instrument for predicting infection caused by ESBL-producing Enterobactericeae. Duke clinical scores have been studied to predict community-acquired infections, but have never been studied for ICU patients.

Methods: This study was a diagnostic test with a prospective cohort design. The subjects were patients of ICU Cipto Mangunkusumo general teaching hospital (RSCM) during January-March 2022 who met the inclusion criterias. Screening with a rectal swab to see the presence of infection with the ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae was carried out within the first 24 hours of admission in ICU. Clinical culture was carried out according to indications. Duke clinical score was examined at the beginning of the patient's treatment in the ICU. Patients who were not infected with the ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae at the beginning of treatment in the ICU would be observed and rectal swab would be taken at the end of treatment in the ICU. The study would assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV, NPV), area under curve (AUC) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) Duke clinical score.

Results: Of the 105 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 55% of them had a positive rectal swab and/or clinical cultures with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae within the first 24 hours of treatment in the ICU. A total of 47 subjects were identified as patients who were not infected with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae at the beginning of treatment in the ICU. At a cut-off value ≥ 8.5, Duke clinical score have sensitivity 32%, specificity of 89%, PPV of 67%, NPV of 66%. AUC ROC 0.652.

Conclusions: Duke clinical score is invalid as a predictor of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection in ICU RSCM patients.

"

"Peningkatan jumlah penduduk memberikan dampak terhadap lingkungan, salah satu contoh yaitu menurunnya kualitas air akibat aktivitas penduduk yang dilakukan di wilayah tersebut. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan monitoring kualitas air sebagai upaya penjagaan lingkungan yang dapat dilakukan dengan cara pengujian kualitas air. Namun, diperlukan adanya waktu tunggu dalam menguji sampel sehingga konsentrasi pencemar yang dihasilkan tidak akurat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika perubahan konsentrasi, menganalisis laju perubahan yang terjadi terhadap konsentrasi total coliform dan fecal coliform akibat adanya waktu tunggu, serta menyimulasikan proses perubahan konsentrasi untuk memprediksi konsentrasi awal. Simulasi dilakukan berbasis prinsip kesetimbangan massa yang diolah dengan menggunakan persamaan ODE Linear dengan metode separable equation. Model dibangun menggunakan data hasil uji laboratorium, dimana sampel yang digunakan adalah sampel air Danau Mahoni. Hasil uji laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa terdapat adanya perubahan nilai konsentrasi walaupun masih dalam rentang waktu tunggu maksimum pengujian sampel. Nilai laju degradasi (k) untuk total coliform dari sampel tanpa pengawetan dan dengan pengawetan memiliki rata-rata sebesar 2,64 dan 2,05. Sedangkan nilai k untuk fecal coliform dari sampel tanpa pengawetan dan dengan pengawetan memiliki rata-rata sebesar 2,48 dan 1,53. Kemudian, nilai k tersebut digunakan dalam persamaan perhitungan pemodelan untuk memperkirakan konsentrasi awal. Dari hasil simulasi yang telah dilakukan, dapat dikatakan bahwa pemodelan untuk sampel tanpa pengawetan hanya reliable saat hari ke-0, sedangkan sampel dengan pengawetan dapat digunakan hingga hari ke-2 setelah pengambilan sampel.

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An increase in population has an impact on the environment, one example of which is the decrease in water quality due to the activities of residents in the area. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor water quality as an effort to protect the environment which can be done by testing water quality. However, waiting time is required in testing the sample so that the resulting pollutant concentration is not accurate. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of concentration changes, analyze the rate of change that occurs in total coliform and fecal coliform concentrations due to waiting time, and simulate the process of changing concentrations to predict initial concentrations. The simulation is carried out based on the pemisses balance principle, which is processed using the Linear ODE equation with the separable equation method. The model was built using data from laboratory tests, where the sample used was Lake Mahoni water. Laboratory test results showed that there was a change in the concentration value even though it was still within the maximum waiting time range for sample testing. The rate of degradation (k) for total coliform from samples without preservation and with preservation had an average of 2.64 and 2.05. While the k values ​​for fecal coliform from samples without preservation and with preservation had an average of 2.48 and 1.53. Then, that k value is used in modeling calculation equations to estimate the initial concentration. From the simulation results that have been carried out, it can be said that modeling for samples without preservation is only reliable on day 0, while samples with preservation can be used up to day 2 after sampling."

"Penggunaan antibiotika yang tidak rasional dapat meningkatkan angka kejadian infeksi Enterobacteriaceae penghasil extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL). Prevalensi Enterobacteriaceae penghasil ESBL berbeda di berbagai rumah sakit, dan dapat mempersulit pengobatan, memperpanjang lama rawat, dan meningkatkan angka kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Enterobacteriaceae penghasil ESBL di ICU Pusat RSCM dan hubungannya dengan penggunaan antibiotika. Penelitian merupakan studi cross sectional menggunakan 111 data sekunder hasil uji resistensi ESBL dari pemeriksaan mikrobiologi kultur sesuai standar The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) dan rekam medik pasien ICU Pusat RSCM dalam tahun 2011. Hasil uji laboratorium menunjukkan 8 dari 111 sampel (7,2%) mengalami infeksi Enterobacteriaceae penghasil ESBL. Data dianalisis dengan uji chi-square, p=0,05. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa RP>1 dengan nilai kemaknaan p=1.000 dan IK95% 1.039; 1.179. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara penggunaan antibiotika dengan kejadian infeksi Enterobacteriaceae penghasil ESBL di ICU Pusat RSCM pada tahun 2011.;

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Irrational use of antibiotics can increase the incidence of infection by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae. Prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae varies among hospitals, and which its resistance could complicate the treatment, extend hospital length of stay, and increase the mortality.

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and its association with antibiotic use. This study was a cross sectional study, involving 111 secondary data derived from ESBL resistance test of culture examinations which used the standardized method according to The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and patients? medical records in Central ICU RSCM in 2011.

Laboratory test results showed that 8 from 111 samples (7,2%) were infected with Enterobacteriaceae producing ESBL. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, p=0,05. Statistical analysis results were RP>1 with the value of significance p=1.000 and 95% CI 1.039; 1.179. It is concluded that there is no association between antibiotic use and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection in Central ICU RSCM in 2011."

"Indonesia merupakan negara dengan tingkat resistensi antibiotik yang tinggi. Tingkat resistensi yang tinggi ini terutama didapatkan pada bakteri batang Gramnegatif famili Enterobacteriaceae. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui proporsi dan karakteristik Enterobacteriaceae patogen penghasil AmpC di Unit Perawatan Intensif RS Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Spesimen berasal dari pasien dewasa yang didiagnosis mengalami infeksi organ atau sistem tertentu. Spesimen berupa darah, sekret saluran pernafasan bawah, urin, swab dasar luka, aspirat abses, dan jaringan luka operasi. Identifikasi dilakukan menggunakan VITEK® 2. Pola kepekaan ditentukan dengan VITEK® 2 dan metode difusi cakram sesuai kriteria CLSI tahun 2014. Deteksi AmpC dan ESBL dilakukan menggunakan metode double disc synergy test. Famili gen pengkode AmpC ditentukan dengan metode PCR multipleks. Enterobacteriaceae patogen yang berhasil dikumpulkan berjumlah 45 isolat, terdiri dari Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=32), Escherichia coli (n=6), Enterobacter cloacae (n=5), dan Enterobacter aerogenes (n=2). Proporsi Enterobacteriaceae penghasil AmpC adalah 9 isolat di antara 45 isolat, terdiri dari 4 isolat penghasil AmpC dan 5 isolat penghasil AmpC dan ESBL. Gen pengkode AmpC ditemukan pada 7 isolat, yang terbanyak adalah DHA (n=4) diikuti EBC (n=2) dan CIT (n=1). Secara in vitro, Enterobacteriaceae penghasil AmpC menunjukkan kepekaan yang baik terhadap gentamisin, tobramisin, amikasin, sefepim, meropenem, siprofloksasin, levofloksasin, tetrasiklin, dan kotrimoksasol sementara penghasil AmpC dan ESBL hanya terhadap amikasin.

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Antibiotic resistance has become a problem in Indonesia, in which the high resistance has been found mainly in Gram-negative bacilli Enterobacteriaceae. This study aimed to find out the proportion and characteristics of pathogenic AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the ICU of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta. Spesimens collected were blood, lower respiratory tract secretions, urine, wound swab, abscess aspirate, and soft tissue taken from adult patients with infection. Identification were conducted using VITEK® 2. Susceptibility tests were conducted using VITEK® 2 and diffusion technique according to CLSI 2014 guidelines. Double disc synergy test method were employed to detect AmpC activity. The presence of ampC genes were detected using multiplex PCR. Forty five isolates were collected. Klebsiella pneumoniae was predominant, followed by Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Enterobacter aerogenes. AmpC activity was detectable in nine isolates. Five of the 9 isolates produced both AmpC and ESBL. In vitro, AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae showed good susceptibility to gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, cefepime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, and cotrimoxazole. While the AmpC and ESBL-producing only to amikacin. ampC genes were detected in seven isolates and the most prevalent gene family was DHA (n=4) followed by EBC (n=2) and CIT (n=1)."

"UI merencanakan pembangunan IPAM dengan sumber air baku dari Danau Kenanga. Namun berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya didapatkan konsentrasi melebihi Baku Mutu Air Kelas I pada PP No.82 Tahun 2001. Dibutuhkan identifikasi kualitas parameter mikrobiologis pada aliran yang menyuplai Danau Kenanga, yaitu sudetan Kali Baru.Penelitian ini melakukan identifikasi menggunakan pemodelan kualitas aliran menggunakan QUAL2Kw dengan 3 skenario. Hasil dari pemodelan diketahui terdapat peningkatan konsentrasi pencemar di hilir mencapai 3645 MPN/100mL untuk fecal coliform   dan  31574 MPN/100mL untuk total coliform. Pada skenario intervensi dilakukan pengukuran beban pencemar untuk setiap jenis kegiatan dan perencanaan pembangunan IPAL. Kegiatan pemukiman, ruko, stasiun, dan pasar meghasilkan beban pencemar paling signifikan. Intervensi yang digunakan berupa IPAL activated sludge untuk sumber pencemar signifikan pada segmen 1 hingga segmen 3 serta IPAL anaerobic filter dan sand filter pada segmen 4. Dengan intervensi, kualitas aliran sudetan Kali Baru mengalami peningkatan hilir atau inlet Danau Kenanga sehingga memenuhi Baku Mutu Air Kelas III. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, pengendalian sumber pencemaran dapat meningkatkan kualitas aliran sudetan Kali Baru.

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UI has been planning the construction of WTP which uses Kenanga Lake for its raw water source. However, the previous research concluded that Kenanga's Lake inlet didn't meet the 1^st class water quality standard in PP No.82 of 2001.  It's required an identification of microbiology parameter from Kali Baru waterway diversion (WD) stream which supplies water to Kenanga Lake. The research main objective is to identify the Kali Baru WD stream quality using QUAL2Kw modelling with 3 scenarios. The modelling result indicated that there were increasing number of pollutant in the downstream, with 3645 MPN/100mL for fecal coliform and 31574 MPN/100mL for total coliform. The intervention scenario is started with measurement of pollutant load in every segment and WWTP construction planning. The settlement, shop house, train station, and market are the activites that produce the most significant loading.  Activated sludge and combination of anaerobic filter and sand filter will be used as intervention technology for significant loading from 1^st to 3^rd segment and for 4^th segment.  There were increasing quality of Kali Baru WD downstream, so the 3^rd class water quality standard achieved. Based on the research result, pollutant source management can increase the quality of Kali Baru waterway stream."

"Standar Kementerian Kesehatan menyatakan bahwa setiap makanan dan minuman tidak boleh mengandung Escherichia coli. Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan kualitas mikrobiologis dari makanan siap saji dan minuman yang dijajakan di kantin kampus FMIPA UI Depok. Sebanyak 15 sampel, terdiri dari 10 jenis makanan siap saji, empat jus yang berbeda, dan air keran diperkaya dalam medium Buffered Peptone Water BPW sebelum diuji koliform. Uji koliform dari setiap sampel dilakukan pada medium kromogenik Chromocult Coliform Agar - Enhanced Selectivity CCA - ES dan Harlequin E. coli Coliform Agar HEC dan medium fluorogenik Readycult Coliform 100 RC 100 pada suhu 37oC. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa semua sampel mengandung bakteri koliform non - E. coli dan 12 di antaranya mengandung Escherichia coli. Isolasi dari sampel memperoleh 12 strain E. coli dan 15 isolat koliform non-E. coli. Uji koliform fekal dilakukan dengan menggunakan medium RC 100 pada suhu 44,5oC serta diperkuat dengan uji indol menggunakan reagen Kovac rsquo;s. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa E. coli yang terdapat pada 12 sampel berasal dari fekal. Hanya 7 dari 15 isolat koliform non - E. coli merupakan koliform fekal non - E. coli. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa kualitas mikrobiologis dari makanan dan minuman siap saji kantin FMIPA UI tidak memenuhi standar dari Kementerian Kesehatan.

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The standards from the Ministry of Health state that food and drinks should be free of Escherichia coli. The aim of this research was to assess the microbiological quality of ready to eat foods and drinks that were offered at a canteen in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Fifteen samples comprising of 10 different foods, four different juices, and tap water were enriched in buffered peptone water BPW before tested for the presence of coliforms using two chromogenic media Chromocult Coliform Agar Enhanced Selectivity CCA ES and Harlequin E. coli agar HEC and a fluorogenic medium Readycult Coliform 100 RC 100 at 37oC. Results showed that all samples contained non E. coli coliforms and 12 of them contained Escherichia coli. Twelve E. coli strains and 15 non E. coli coliform isolates were isolated. Fecal coliform tests were conducted for the E. coli strains and coliform isolates by performing a coliform test with Readycult coliform 100 at 44.5oC. The tests were strengthened with an indole test that uses a Kovac rsquo s reagent. The tests showed that the isolated E. coli from 12 samples were of fecal origin while only 7 out of 15 coliform isolates were fecal non E. coli coliforms. It was concluded that the microbiological quality of the canteen rsquo s ready to eat food and drinks did not fulfill the standards from the Ministry of Health. "

"DAS Citarum hulu termasuk ke dalam wilayah Perencanaan Sumberdaya Air Wilayah Sungai (PSDWS) sejak tahun 2016, yang berfungsi sebagai daerah tangkapan air utama dari Sungai Citarum. DAS Citarum hulu mengalami pengembangan secara pesat dan dimanfaatkan sebagai daerah pemukiman, pertanian, dan industri. Kondisi eksisting pada Sungai Citarum hulu memiliki konsentrasi fecal coliform dan total coliform yang berada dibawah baku mutu kelas II untuk fecal coliform 2000 MPN/100 ml dan total coliform 10000 MPN/100 ml. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensimulasikan pencemaran bakteri fecal coliform dan total coliform di aliran sungai Citarum hulu menggunakan QUAL2Kw, mengevaluasi strategi Rencana Aksi Citarum Harum serta memberikan rekomendasi untuk mempertahankan dan meningkatkan kualitas di DAS Citarum Hulu menggunakan QUAL2Kw, dan menganalisis sensitivitas paramater permodelan pencemaran fecal coliform dan total coliform. Hasil simulasi konsentrasi fecal coliform dan total coliform belum memenuhi baku mutu sungai level II, diatas 2000 MPN/100 ml, dengan memiliki nilai eror sebesar 11802,412 fecal coliform dan 16656,663 total coliform. Hasil simulasi pada skenario Strategi Rencana Aksi Citarum Harum tidak efektif, karena hasil simulasi pada fecal coliform tidak memenuhi baku mutu dan total coliform pada segmen 1 – 10 belum memenuhi baku mutu, pada segmen 11 – 13 memenuhi baku mutu. Pada simulasi skenario II pada fecal coliform segmen 1 – 10 belum memenuhi dan pada segmen 11 – 13 memenuhi baku mutu, pada total coliform segmen 2 – 13 memenuhi baku mutu, tetapi pada segmen 1 belum memenuhi baku mutu dan sudah sangat mendekati baku mutu. Pada skenario III fecal coliform dan total coliform segmen Cirawa – Nanjung sudah berada dibawah baku mutu. Hasil dari analisis sensitivitas untuk konsentrasi fecal coliform dan total coliform, parameter sungai yang paling mempengaruhi pada Manning, Light Eff Factor pengurangan 5%, Bot Width pengurangan 5%, dan slope pengurangan 5%. Pada total coliform parameter sungai yang adalah Manning peningkatan 5% dan penurunan 5%, Bot Width pengurangan 5%, Pathogen Light Eff Factor pengurangan 5%, dan Bot Width peningkatan 5%.

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The upstream of Citarum watershed has been included in the River Basin Water Resources Planning area since 2016, which functions as the main water catchment of ​​the Citarum River. The upstream of Citarum watershed is experiencing rapid development and is used as a residential, agricultural and industrial area. Now, in the upstream of Citarum River have fecal coliform and total coliform concentrations which are below the class II based on PP No. 21 Tahun 2021, the standar number of fecal coliform are 2000 MPN/100 ml and total coliform are 10000 MPN/100 ml. This research aims to simulating fecal coliform and total coliform bacterial contamination in the upstream of Citarum river using QUAL2Kw, evaluating the Citarum Harum Action Plan strategy and providing recommendations to maintain and improve quality in the Upper Citarum watershed using QUAL2Kw, and analyze the sensitivity of the modeling parameters for fecal coliform and total coliform pollution. The simulation results of fecal coliform and total coliform concentrations not qualified based on the river quality standard level II on PP NO. 21 Tahun 2021 which is above 2000 MPN/100 ml, with an error value of 11802.412 for fecal coliform and 16656.663 for total coliform. The simulation results in the Citarum Harum Action Plan Strategy scenario are not effective, because the simulation results on fecal coliforms   not fullfil the quality standards and total coliforms in segments 1-10 also not fullfil the quality standards, but in segments 11-13 meet the quality standards. In scenario II simulation, fecal coliform segments 1-10 not fullfil the standard but in segments 11-13 the fecal coliform fullfil the standard, in total coliform segments 2-13 fullfil the quality standard, however in segment 1, it does not fullfil the quality standard but very close to the number of the quality standard. In scenario III, the fecal coliform and total coliform in the Cirawa – Nanjung segment are already below the quality standard. The results of the sensitivity analysis for the concentration of fecal coliform and total coliform, the river parameters that most influence for the results are Manning, Light Eff Factor with 5% reduction, Bot Width with 5% reduction, and slope with 5% reduction. Meanwhile, in total coliform river parameters the most influential parameters are the incretion of 5% Manning number and decretion 5% manning number, Bot Width with 5% reduction, Pathogen Light Eff Factor with 5% reduction, and Bot Width with 5% increation."