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"Departing from the much publicized Social Security crisis in the first two years after President Ronald Reagan took office in 1981, this study sets out to examine and come to an understanding of what Social Security signifies, and what its place is in the lives of the American people.When President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act of 1935 into law, in the midst of the Great Depression of the 1930s, he gave the American people a basic framework of federally-and/or-state administered programs that would provide "security (for) the men, women, and children of the nation against certain hazards and vicissitudes of life." They included: a federal old-age insurance program, a state unemployment insurance program, and a federal-state program for public assistance to certain categories of needy people.However, the heart of the Social Security Act - championed by Roosevelt as his cause for security in old age - was the old-age insurance program, a worker-and-employer-funded program which would pay out monthly benefits to workers upon retirement, proportional to what they had earned during their working years. Today, the term Social Security is fully identified with this federal old-age insurance system.Roosevelt had wanted to create a system which would give some measure of protection against certain misfortunes in life which, he said, could not be wholly eliminated in "this man-made world of ours." Social Security benefits were to be a supplement to individual savings for old age, a means to help ward off "poverty-ridden old age."Prior to the Social Security Act of 1935, the existing provisions of assistance to the poor were a patchwork of county, state, and private charities. The aged poor were generally placed in almshouses, where they were inadequately taken care of.. In addition to their bleak existence, they suffered the stigma of being considered "worthless paupers " --true to the spirit of individualism and to certain elements of the value system that were fundamental to American life.The Social Security Act of 1935 was a significant turning point in the history of the American nation. It heralded the assumption of responsibility by the federal government for the welfare of the people in general; and the protection of the individual in particular, against destitution in old age.A government policy, however, may over the years develop in unforeseen directions, leading to unintended consequences. In the Epilogue added to this study, an overview of the development of Social Security after 1935 is given so as to link the past to the present, thereby coming to a more meaningful understanding of the crisis in the Social Security system which emerged at the close of its fifty-year existence."

"Security comes from Latin, secures which means free from danger, fear, and threats which consist of traditional and non-traditional security approaches. Defense is defined as the main instrument of a country to create national security. National defense is defined as a dynamic condition of a country that covers all aspects of national life to deal with threats. National security encompasses the security of the state, society and individuals. There are still several definitions from several experts regarding the concepts of security and defense to date. This article analyses the forms of contemporary threats related to security and defense and explains their similarities and differences in the study of national resilience aimed at realizing a national security system and development of the national security system in other countries. This article uses a descriptive qualitative research design through literature study and interviews. This article explains that the forms of threats that occur in Indonesia include problems at the border area, SARA intolerance, inequality in bureaucratic reform, not optimal law enforcement, and transnational crime. Similarities and differences in the concepts of security and defense can be seen from the regulations, the concepts used, the institutions and the constitution. This article shows that national resilience is influenced by national defense and security. The safe condition of a country is inseparable from the security and defense factors alone but is synergized with each other factors such as economic, political, legal, social, cultural, ideological, geographic, demographic and natural resources."

"ABSTRAKAreas beyond national jurisdiction ABNJ adalah sebuah konsep terkait sebuah kawasan yang telah diakui secara universal. Konsep ini pun telah menjadi topik pembahasan pada masyarakat internasional semenjak tahun 2004 karena kawasan ini mencakup 64 laut yang mengandung ekosistem yang kaya akan biodiversitas yang berharga. Pada waktu UNCLOS masih dalam tahap perancangan, aktivitas eksplorasi dan eksploitasi di ABNJ merupakan sebuah tantangan pada sasat itu. Sehingga UNCLOS pun tidak mengandung ketentuan terkait aktivitas di ABNJ meskipun pengetahuan dan teknologi manusia telah berkembang pesat. Melihat hal ini, pembentukan sebuah peraturan pelaksana yang berdasarkan UNCLOS adalah sebuah urgensi, khususnya yang mengatur pemanfaatan ABNJ secara berkelanjutan agar biodiversitas yang ada di ABNJ terjaga secara berhati-hati dan sebaik-baiknya. Mengingat prinsip-prinsip, peraturan dan institusi yang sudah ada dan diberlakukan di ABNJ, maka sangat direkomendasikan untuk peraturan pelaksana yang hendak di rancang tidak mengandung ketentuan yang tumpang tindih dan dapat mengembangkan lebih jauh peran institusi yang ada. Sebagai negara yang memiliki kepentingan di ABNJ, penting untuk Indonesia dalam berperan pada proses perancangan rezim baru ini. Sehingga perlu untuk dikaji lebih jauh mengenai sejauh apa langkah yang dapat dilaksanakan oleh Indonesia baik di laut bebas dan the area.

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ABSTRACTAreas beyond national jurisdiction ABNJ is a concept of an area that has been universally acknowledged. It has become topic within the international community since 2004 because it contains 64 of of the ocean consisting ecosystem with rich and valuable biodiversities to mankind. Referring to the establishment of UNCLOS, the exploration and exploitation within ABNJ was a challenge at the time. Therefore, the UNCLOS seemed to be lacking in regulatory and governance towards activities in ABNJ, specifically in this particular time where technology and human knowledge have advanced. This comes an urgent need for an implementing agreement under UNCLOS, specifically address the use of ABNJ in a sustainable way to ensure that the biodiversities within ABNJ will be maintained carefully and properly. Since there are already principles that uphold the areas of ABNJ and also few existing regulations and institutions, its highly recommended that the new implementation agreement shall not contain any overlapping provisions and to also further evolve the role of institution. Indonesia, as an archipelagic state have continuously been involved in maintaining sustainable use of the ocean, including ABNJ. Therefore requires further studies on the extent of Indonesias role in ABNJ, specifically high seas and The Area. "