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"Tesis ini membahas tentang dampak integrasi ekonomi dan moneter di Uni Eropa terhadap perubahan iklim dunia usaha di Jerman. Adanya perbedaan yang kompleks di dalam Uni Eropa mengharuskan setiap perusahaan yang beroperasi di dalamnya untuk mentaati directives yang telah diterbitkan oleh Komisi Eropa. Adapun IHK sebagai kamar dagang dan industri yang memiliki wewenang terhadap jalannya roda dunia bisnis di Jerman juga harus tunduk kepada directives ini. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan mengambil studi kasus terhadap sebuah perusahaan moulding di Jerman yaitu perusahaan Schnurr GmbH. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setelah adanya integrasi ekonomi dan moneter terdapat perubahan iklim dunia usaha di Jerman, baik yang terjadi antar perusahaan maupun IHK sebagai badan yang memiliki otoritas untuk mengatur jalannya roda dunia usaha di Jerman.

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This thesis explains about the impact of economic and monetary integration of the European Union on changes of business environment in Germany. There are many differences in European Union, so the companies in this circumstance should obey the regulation set up in directives which published by European Commission. IHK as the chamber of trade and industry in Germany that has authority to the flow of business environment in Germany should also obey these directives. This is a qualitative research with case study of company Schnurr GmbH. The result shows that there are changes in business environment in Germany after economic and monetary integration of European Union. It happens among the companies and also to IHK as chamber of trade and industry which has authority to manage business environment in Germany."

"Tesis ini membahas fenomena munculnya kebijakan Uni Eropa di bidang perfilman, dan bagaimana kebijakan itu mempengaruhi kebijakan perfilman di negara-negara anggota Uni EropaHasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan perfilman Uni Eropa terbentuk karena adanya shared ideas yang dimiliki para pemimpin dan pejabat Uni Eropa, serta pemimpin dan pejabat di negara-negara anggotanya. Shared ideas itu tumbuh karena pemahaman yang sama akan ancaman dan kepentingan yang dihadapi, terutama di bidang perfilman.Berdasarkan studi kasus kebijakan perfilman di negara-negara Jerman, Inggris, Italia dan Perancis, terlihat bahwa kebijakan dan regulasi perfilman di negara-negara itu sangat dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan perfilman Uni Eropa. Namun, kebijakan di level nasional itu, juga mempengaruhi kebijakan di tingkat Uni Eropa.

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The Focus of this study is about European Union Film Policy, and how those policy influence film policy in European Union member state.This research showed that the formulation of European Unon Film Policy, is based on shared ideas that slowly develop among European Union leaders and its member states leaders. This shared ideas is came from the same feeling of treat and interest that developed among European leader.Based on case studies of Germany, Britain, Italy and France national film policy, we can see that regulation and film policy in those country is definitely being influenced by European Union Film Policy. But those country policy also influence decision making in European level."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implikasi politik dan dampak ekonomi yang muncul akibat pengenaan sanksi oleh Uni Eropa kepada Rusia pada kerja sama energi nuklir Uni Eropa-Rusia (2013-2018). Pada tahun 2014 Krimea menyatakan mengintegrasikan diri ke Federasi Rusia, dan menyatakan memisahkan diri dari Ukraina. Rusia menerima Krimea, meskipun Rusia dan Ukraina telah menandatangani Budapest Memorandum tahun 1994 tentang jaminan atas pengakuan wilayah Ukraina. Tindakan politik tersebut mendapat respons dari aliansi negara-negara Barat yang terdiri dari Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Uni Eropa, Australia dan Jepang dengan cara mengenakan sanksi terhadap Rusia. Pemberian sanksi diplomatik dan sanksi ekonomi tersebut tampaknya tidak berlaku untuk sektor-sektor lainnya, diantaranya dalam bidang kerjasama energi nuklir. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan dukungan data primer dan sekunder. Dalam penelitian ini dipertanyakan mengapa sanksi Uni Eropa terhadap Rusia secara politik berimplikasi pada kebijakan kerja sama di bidang energi nuklir pada tahun 2014, serta bagaimana dampak ekonomi yang ditimbulkan dalam bidang kerja sama energi nuklir di Rusia setelah tindakan pembatasan oleh EU pada tahun 2014. Analisis pembahasan tentang permasalahan tersebut akan dilakukan dengan menggunakan Organization Process Paradigm, International Sanction Theory, dan Regional Security Complex Theory. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa implikasi politik yang ada pada pengenaan tindakan pembatasan atau sanksi Uni Eropa terhadap Rusia ialah karena adanya sifat ketergantungan yang besar terhadap bahan bakar nuklir Rusia oleh Uni Eropa, sedangkan dampak ekonomi yang muncul ialah menurunnya angka neraca perdagangan energi nuklir Rusia terhadap Uni Eropa akibat proyek diversifikasi nuklir Eropa (ESSANUF).

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The objective of this research is to analyzed the political implications and the economic impact that appears as a result of imposed sanctions by the European Union toward Russia on the nuclear energy cooperation between European Union and Russia (2013-2018). In 2014 Crimea stated themselves to integrate with the Russian Federation, and seceded from Ukraine. Russia accept Crimea, even though Russia and Ukraine had signed the Budapest Memorandum in 1994 regarding the assurance of the Ukraine territory recognition. The political action got the respond from the Western Alliance which consist of the United States of America, Canada, European Union, Australia and Japan by imposed sanctions toward Russia. Those diplomatic and economic sanctions are likely not applicable to the other sectors, for instance in the field of nuclear energy cooperation.

This research used a qualitative method which supported by primary and secondary data. This research questioned why did the European Union's economic sanctions toward Russia politically implicated with the nuclear energy cooperation policy in 2014, and how did the economic impact which inflicted in the field of nuclear energy cooperation in Russia after the restrictive measures taken by European Union in 2014.

The discussion part of this research will be conducted with the Organization Process Paradigm, International Sanction Theory, and the Regional Security Complex Theory. This research found that the political implications which exist in the European Unions's restrictive measures or sanctions is because of the large dependency nature of the European Union toward the Russian nuclear fuel, at the same time the economic impact which appear is the decline of the Russian nuclear energy trade balance toward European Union as a result of the European Supply of Safe Nuclear Fuel project (ESSANUF). "

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini merumuskan latar belakang Uni Eropa melakukan sentralisasi datapopulasi dan perumahan Uni Eropa dalam sebuah sistem daring diberi namaCensus Hub, serta dampaknya terhadap jumlah tunawisma dan ketersediaanhunian di Negara Anggota Uni Eropa. Permasalahan yang diangkat dalampenelitian ini adalah latar belakang Uni Eropa menciptakan aplikasi daring untuksentralisasi data populasi dan perumahan di Eropa. Permasalahan kedua yangdibahas adalah fenomena jumlah tunawisma dan ketersediaan hunian kosong diNegara Anggota Uni Eropa. Periodisasi penelitian diambil dari tahun 1980-2020.Metode penelitian adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Sumber datadiambil dari publikasi resmi yang dikeluarkan oleh Uni Eropa. Teori yangdigunakan adalah konstruktivisme untuk integrasi Eropa oleh Jeffrey T. Checkelmenekankan pada perspektif politik domestik untuk merumuskan latar belakanginisiatif sentralisasi data populasi dan perumahan di Uni Eropa. Konsep yangdigunakan adalah analisis pasar perumahan dilihat melalui faktor permintaan,penawaran, dan legal dari Erick Eschker untuk merekonstruksi dampaksentralisasi sensus terhadap jumlah tunawisma dan ketersediaan hunian di NegaraAnggota Uni Eropa. Dari kedua proses analisis untuk menjawab kedua masalah,peneliti menemukan, bahwa sentralisasi sensus populasi dan perumahan UniEropa melalui Census Hub tidak dapat menjadi indikator dalam mengatasipeningkatan jumlah tunawisma dan tingkat kekosongan hunian di NegaraAnggota Uni Eropa.

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ABSTRACTThis research formulates the background of the European Union centralizingpopulation and housing data of the European Union in an online system called theCensus Hub, and its impact on the number of homeless and housing availability inEU Member States. The problem raised in this research is the background of theEuropean Union creating an online application for centralizing population andhousing data in Europe. The second issue discussed is the phenomenon of thenumber of the homeless and the availability of empty dwellings in EU MemberStates. The research period is taken from 1980 to 2020. The research method isqualitative and quantitative research methods. The data sources are taken fromofficial publications issued by the European Union. The theory used isconstructivism for European integration by Jeffrey T. Checkel emphasizes thedomestic political perspective to formulate the background of the population andhousing data centralization initiative in the European Union. The concept used isan analysis of the housing market from Erick Eschker seen through demand,supply, and legal factors to reconstruct the impact of census centralization on thenumber of homeless people and the availability of dwellings in EU Member States.From the two analysis processes to answer the two problems, the researcher foundthat the centralization of the population and housing census of the EuropeanUnion through the Census Hub cannot be an indicator in overcoming the increasein the number of the homeless and in the level of vacancy dwellings in the EUMember States."

"Penyalahgunaan posisi dominan oleh Microsoft dilakukan dengan cara mengikatkan (tying) Windows Media Players ke dalam operating system. Sehingga sistem operasi yang dimiliki pesaing usaha Microsoft hanya dapat dioperasikan dengan sistem operasi yang dimiliki Microsoft. Akibatnya konsumen tidak bebas memilih dan pesaing usaha tidak dapat bersaing karena produk yang diproduksinya tidak dapat dipergunakan bila tidak menggunakan sistem operasi Windows, sehingga sangat merugikan bagi pesaing usaha (kompetitor) Microsoft. Posisi Microsoft sebagai pemimpin pasar dalam bidang teknologi informasi tetap tidak berubah setelah adanya keputusan pengadilan tapi memberi dampak persaingan yang sehat pada dunia usaha di Uni Eropa.

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Microsoft has abused its dominant position by tying Windows Media Players into Windows operating system so operating system which is owned by Microsoft's competitor only can operate with Microsoft's system. Due to this behaviour, a consumer has no choices and the competitor can not compete. The product of the competitor can not operate if it does not use Windows operating system so the competitor of Microsoft was very disadvantaged. Microsoft's position as a market leader in information technology stiil fixed due to the Commission Decision and giving fair impact in European Union's market."

"ABSTRAKInisiatif Silk Road Economic Belt SREB dari China menimbulkan baik entusiasme maupun keresahan di seluruh penjuru dunia. Pembangunan dari SREB akan memudahkan aliran ekonomi antara Eropa dengan Asia yang kemudian meningkatkan kerjasama dan kemakmuran di kawasan tersebut. Namun motif asli dibalik pengembangan SREB masih menjadi pertanyaan besar. Uni Eropa hingga saat ini belum memberikan respons resmi terhadap inisiatif tersebut, sementara Jerman telah menunjukkan dukungan mereka atas hal tersebut. Studi ini menganalisa motivasi dari Jerman untuk mendukung SREB melalui Teori International Political Economy. Variabel Pursuit of Wealth digunakan untuk menganalisa manfaat ekonomi yang didapat oleh Jerman dari pengembangan SREB, dan variable Pursuit of Power digunakan untuk menjelaskan kepentingan politik antara Jerman, SREB, dan juga Uni Eropa. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Jerman tengah berusaha menggunakan SREB sebagai alatnya untuk merealisasikan kepentingan ekonomi dan politiknya di Uni Eropa.

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ABSTRACTChina rsquo s Silk Road Economic Belt SREB initiative is raising both concerns and excitement around the globe. The development of the SREB will increase the flow of economy between Europe and Asia and in turn is supposed to raise cooperation and prosperity amongst the region. However the true motive of SREB either it be politics or economics, remains a big question. The European Union have not made an official stance towards the initiative, however Germany have shown indications of their support. This study analyzes the motivation of German in doing so through the International Political Economy Theory. The Pursuit of Wealth variable is used to analyze the economic benefits Germany may receive from the SREB, while the Pursuit of Power variable is used in attempts to understand the politics involving Germany, SREB and the European Union. The results shows that Germany is trying to utilize the SREB as a vehicle in pursuing its economic and political interest in the European Union. "

"Europe's attempts to be able to be more independent on security and defense areas have been started since it tried to create EDC 1950's as the first security cooperation. Though EDC was never formally conceived, Europe has continued its efforts to develop cooperations in security and defense areas. Fouchet Plan, EPC, SEA and CFSP are several examples of its efforts attempted to be independent in these areas. CFSP is one of Europe's greatest innovations in strengtening these efforts. Specific articles in Treaty of Maastricht and Treaty of Amsterdam state that CFSP is the guidelines of mapping Europe's common security policy that will lead to common defense. What is stated by the articles is ambiguous as Europe up to now is still dependent on NATO/the US and will continously do so, in contrary Europe has EU/WEU which has been determined as an organization that will implement EU's defense policies.

This thesis tries to find out which security organization Europe will later use as its main security instrument and whether Europe actually aims at common defense or merely at common defense policy. This thesis concludes that EU will combine the usage of EU/WEU and NATO. NATO will remain to be Europe's military defense organization and EU/WEU will develop to be the organization that will ensure the security of Europe. This is a fact of the attainment of common defense policy in regard that the formation of European Army, as a form of common defense, is not viable. The establishment of a common defense requires radical adaptations and changes, for instance, EU has to construct the Europe's Ministry of Defense, European Minister of Defense and European Army. CFSP/ESDP will continue to develop and to determine resolutions on Europe's security cooperations. As long as the three EU core states (England, Germany and France) maintains diverse perpectives on common security and defense concepts, Europe will remain dependent on those two organizations (EU/WEU and NATO)."

"Perjanjian vertikal merupakan perjanjian antara dua atau lebih pelaku usaha yang beroperasi pada tingkat rantai produksi dan/atau distribusi yang berbeda. Dalam Hukum Persaingan Usaha Indonesia, pasal yang mengatur tentang salah satu jenis perjanjian vertikal adalah Pasal 14 UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 (UULPM) yang mengatur tentang Integrasi Vertikal. Dalam penerapan Pasal 14 UULPM terdapat kekosongan hukum dalam menetapkan sejauh manakah suatu pelaku usaha dapat melanggar Pasal 14 UULPM dari perhitungan pangsa pasarnya. Dalam PT Grab dan PT TPI melawan KPPU (PN Jakarta Selatan, 2020), Majelis Hakim mempertimbangkan batasan pangsa pasar dalam kasus integrasi vertikal yang tidak memiliki dasar hukum yang tepat. Pertimbangan tersebut juga tidak sesuai dengan teori ekonomi dan doktrin rule of reason yang dianut dalam penegakan Pasal 14 UULPM. Pertimbangan demikian dapat berimplikasi pada ketidakpastian hukum di masa yang akan datang sehingga diperlukan regulasi mengenai batasan pangsa pasar yang dapat menjamin kepastian hukum dalam kerangka doktrin rule of reason. Pasal 3 dan Pasal 8 Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) Uni Eropa dapat menjadi pertimbangan dalam penegakan hukum mengenai integrasi vertikal. Pertama, terdapat safe harbour yang mana para pelaku usaha yang memiliki pangsa pasar di bawah ketentuan dapat dikecualikan dari penegakan hukum sehingga terjamin kepastian hukum. Kedua, untuk pelaku usaha yang melebihi ketentuan batasan pangsa pasar, asesmen terhadap mereka tetap berpaku pada doktrin rule of reason ketimbang berpaku pada praduga ilegalitas karena batasan pangsa pasar dalam VBER hanya digunakan sebagai proksi untuk mengestimasi kekuatan pasar. Penulis menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif untuk menganalisis bagaimana ketentuan batasan pangsa pasar dalam VBER dapat menjadi pertimbangan dalam penegakan Integrasi Vertikal dan bagaimana implikasi ketentuan batasan pangsa pasar yang bersifat safe harbour tersebut dalam penegakan integrasi vertikal.

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Vertical agreement is an agreement between two or more undertakings operating at a different level of production and/or distribution chain. In Indonesian Competition Law, Article 14 of Law No. 5 Year 1999 (UULPM) regulates Vertical Integration as one of many types of vertical agreement. A legal vacuum exists in the enforcement of Article 14 UULPM concerning the extent to which an undertaking can violate Article 14 UULPM, judging from the calculation of its market share. In PT Grab and PT TPI v. KPPU (South Jakarta District Court, 2020), the market share threshold for vertical integration which was opined by the Panel of Judges did not have appropriate legal basis. Furthermore, said threshold is also inconsistent with economic theories and the rule of reason doctrine that was adopted to enforce Article 14 UULPM. Such considerations may have legal uncertainty implications in the future so that there is an urgency to regulate market share threshold provision which can guarantee legal certainty within the framework of the rule of reason doctrine. Article 3 and Article 8 of the EU’s Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) can be taken into consideration in the enforcement of Vertical Integration. Firstly, the safe harbor nature of the provision ensures legal certainty so that undertakings with market shares below the threshold can be exempted from the law. Secondly, rule of reason is still applicable to assess the undertakings’ agreement whose market share exceeded the threshold, rather than assessing it under the presumption of illegality. This is because the threshold in VBER is only used as a proxy to estimate market power. The author uses juridical-normative method to analyze how can the market share threshold provision in VBER be considered to enforce Vertical Integration and how are the implications of said safe harbor provision in the enforcement of Vertical Integration."

"Pada 2013 Uni Eropa memperkuat hubungan dengan Ukraina dalam bidang Ekonomi dibawah Association Agreement. Posisi Rusia bersebrangan dengan proposal tersebut dan bermanuver terhadap situasi di Ukraina dengan menganeksasi Crimea. Untuk merubah manuver politik Rusia, Uni Eropa memberikan sanksi terhadap Rusia sebagai respon. Dan Rusia juga memberikan sanksi balasan dan memberikan signal negative terhadap beberapa sektor ekonomi pada negara anggota Uni Eropa. Makadari itu, sanksi ekonomi merupakan sebuh instrumen atau perang ekonomi" antara Uni Eropa dan Rusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisa dampak dari sanksi terhadap ekonomi negara anggota Uni Eropa dan analisis berlawanan untuk untuk mengeksplorasi dampak dari sanksi terhadap Ukraina dan Rusia. Variabel-variabel dalam thesis ini adalah total perdagangan seluruh komoditas dan perdagangan sektor energi. Teori Konflik dan Deterrence adalah perangkat analisis yang fundamental untuk menganalisis dampak negatif dari sanksi.

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In mid of 2013 the EU-Ukraine Council would like to strengthen the economic relation in order to comply the Association Agreement. Russia has opposed this proposal, and moreover aggravated the situation in Ukraine by annexing Crimea. For changing these Russian political maneuvers, EU has raised a sanction as a response. Russia did the same gauges which its contra sanction as a counterresponse and negative signal hampered severely some economic sectors of European Union members countries. Therefore, the economic sanction becomes an instrument or a proxy of (economic) war between EU and Russia.

Aim of research is to analyze the impact on economy in all EU member countries' economy, and reverse analysis for exploring the impact of sanction on Ukraine and Russia. Variables on this thesis are total commodities trade and energy trade between EU, Ukraine, and Russia. Conflict Theory and Deterrence Theory are fundamental tools that used to analyze the negative impact of sanction."

"Tesis ini meneliti bagaimana liputan media tentang krisis imigran di Italia dan Spanyol memengaruhi proses decision-making kebijakan penanganan imigran kedua negara tersebut. Tesis ini memiliki dua tujuan penelitian: (1) menjelaskan bagaimana media Italia dan Spanyol melakukan representasi diskursif aktor-aktor politik dalam krisis imigran di negara mereka dan (2) menelaah hubungan antara representasi aktor-aktor politik tersebut dan proses pengambilan keputusan (decision-making) kebijakan penanganan imigran di negaranya masing-masing. Menerapkan teori analisis wacana kritis sosiosemantik Theo van Leeuwen dan pendekatan konstruktivisme Alexander Wendt, publikasi daring dua surat kabar terbesar Italia (Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica) dan Spanyol (El País, El Mundo) antara tahun 2014 dan 2016 dianalisis. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa representasi diskursif aktor-aktor politik dalam masing-masing surat kabar mencerminkan kecenderungan ideologis mereka, di mana pemberitaan cenderung menekankan perbedaan antara “kita” (Uni Eropa dan pemerintah) dan “mereka” (para pencari suaka) serta meniadakan kemanusiaan para pencari suaka. Kecenderungan ideologis dari representasi aktor-aktor politik keempat surat kabar itu sendiri merupakan cerminan bagaimana Italia dan Spanyol memandang krisis imigran Eropa sebagai ancaman terhadap identitas nasional mereka. Dengan bantuan media massa, Italia dan Spanyol melakukan sekuritisasi terhadap krisis imigran Eropa untuk “membujuk publik agar setuju” mengambil tindakan-tindakan yang tegas, ekstrem, dan terkadang melanggar hukum dalam menghadapi ketidakstabilan dan ketidakpastian krisis. Selain itu, dalam konteks integrasi Eropa, konflik “kita” versus “mereka” menjadi sebuah bukti akan kurangnya solidaritas di antara negara-negara anggota dan naiknya kepopuleran populisme serta nasionalisme individu, sehingga hal ini mengundang pertanyaan mengenai rapuhnya Uni Eropa sebagai proyek integrasi.

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This thesis investigates how media coverage of the European refugee crisis in Italy and Spain influences policymakers’ decisions on how to deal with asylum seekers and refugees in both countries. Two research objectives are outlined as the foundation of the thesis: (1) to explain how political actors in the refugee crisis are represented in the Italian and Spanish press, and (2) to investigate the relationship between the political actors’ discursive representations and their countries’ immigration policy decision-making process. Online publications about the European refugee crisis from two mainstream news agencies in Italy (Corriere della Sera, La Repubblica) and Spain (El País, El Mundo) between 2014 and 2016 are analyzed using Theo van Leeuwen’s sociosemantic approach of critical discourse analysis and Alexander Wendt’s constructivist approach. The findings of the thesis reveal that each newspaper’s discursive representations of political actors are in accordance to their ideological tendencies, with the news emphasizing the divide between “us” (the European Union and the government) and “them” (asylum seekers) and erasing asylum seekers’ humanity. The ideological tendencies in the four newspapers’ representation of political actors reveal how Italy and Spain perceive the European refugee crisis as a danger to their national identity. With the help of mass media, Italy and Spain securitize the European refugee crisis in order to “persuade the public to consent” to take bold, radical, and sometimes law-breaking measures in dealing with the crisis’ instability and uncertainty. In addition, the “us” against “them” conflict in the context of European integration reflects a lack of cooperation among member states, as well as the rising appeal of populism and individual nationalism, creating concerns about the European Union’s viability as an integration project."