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"Malnutrisi merupakan hal yang umum terjadi pada pasien sirosis hati Tata laksana nutrisi yang optimal bertujuan mempertahankan dan meningkatkan status gizi memperbaiki keadaan klinis dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien Tatalaksana nutrisi pasien sirosis hati mencakup pemberian makronutrien mikronutrien dan nutrien spesifik serta cairan Pasien pada serial kasus ini terdiri atas tiga orang laki laki dan satu orang perempuan dengan rentang usia antara 30 sampai 57 tahun Tiga orang pasien menderita malnutrisi dan satu orang pasien berisiko malnutrisi Berdasarkan skrining seluruh pasien membutuhkan dukungan nutrisi Kebutuhan energi total KET pasien dihitung dengan menjumlahkan kebutuhan energi basal KEB yang didapat dengan menggunakan persamaan Harris Benedict dan faktor stres yang sesuai kondisi klinis pasien Pemberian nutrisi dimulai dengan 80 dari KEB sampai KEB kemudian ditingkatkan secara bertahap hingga mencapai KET Kebutuhan protein dan lemak disesuaikan dengan kondisi pasien Protein yang diberikan mempunyai kandungan asam amino rantai cabang AARC yang tinggi dan lemak jenis medium chain triglyceride MCT trigliserida rantai sedang Makanan diberikan dalam porsi kecil dengan jadwal pemberian sering dan malam hari diberikan late evening snack sebanyak 10 dari asupan harian total mengandung karbohidrat dan AARC Pada pasien dengan hiponatremia dilusional asupan cairan direstriksi Selama pemantauan dengan bertambah baiknya keadaan klinis maka asupan makan pasien dapat mencapai KET Serial kasus ini menunjukkan bahwa pada pasien sirosis hati dengan berbagai komplikasi tata laksana nutrisi yang baik dapat meningkatkan status gizi memperbaiki keadaan klinis dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien

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Malnutrition is common in patients with liver cirrhosis Optimal nutrition support in patients with liver cirrhosis is required to maintain and improve clinical condition nutrition status and quality of life by providing macronutrient micronutrient specific nutrient and fluid according to the recommendation Patients in this case series were three males and one female with age ranged from 30 to 57 years old Three patients were malnourished while one was on risk of being malnourished Based on the screening conducted to these patients while their admission all four patients needed nutrition support therapy Total energy requirements were determined using Harris Benedict equation to calculate basal energy requirements and multiplied by stress factor Nutrition provision initiated from 80 basal energy requirement and increased gradually according to patient rsquo s tolerance until total energy requirements were achieved Protein and lipid were given in accordance with the patients clinical condition with protein contain high branched chain amino acid BCAA and fat which high in medium chain triglyceride MCT The diets delivered in small portion six times per day with late evening snack as much as 10 of total energy intake contained carbohydrate and BCAA Fluid restrictions were applied to patients with dilutional hyponatremia During hospitalization nutrition intake increased as general conditions improved Nutrition status clinical condition and quality of life of liver cirrhotic patients with various complications in this case series were improved by appopriate nutrition support ;Malnutrition is common in patients with liver cirrhosis Optimal nutrition support in patients with liver cirrhosis is required to maintain and improve clinical condition nutrition status and quality of life by providing macronutrient micronutrient specific nutrient and fluid according to the recommendation Patients in this case series were three males and one female with age ranged from 30 to 57 years old Three patients were malnourished while one was on risk of being malnourished Based on the screening conducted to these patients while their admission all four patients needed nutrition support therapy Total energy requirements were determined using Harris Benedict equation to calculate basal energy requirements and multiplied by stress factor Nutrition provision initiated from 80 basal energy requirement and increased gradually according to patient rsquo s tolerance until total energy requirements were achieved Protein and lipid were given in accordance with the patients clinical condition with protein contain high branched chain amino acid BCAA and fat which high in medium chain triglyceride MCT The diets delivered in small portion six times per day with late evening snack as much as 10 of total energy intake contained carbohydrate and BCAA Fluid restrictions were applied to patients with dilutional hyponatremia During hospitalization nutrition intake increased as general conditions improved Nutrition status clinical condition and quality of life of liver cirrhotic patients with various complications in this case series were improved by appopriate nutrition support "

"Dukungan nutrisi bertujuan memperbaiki status gizi dan prognosis pasien bedah dengan status gizi malnutrisi Pasien yang menjalani pembedahan traktus gastrointestinal GI merupakan kelompok pasien berisiko tinggi mengalami malnutrisi Dilaporkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif antara malnutrisi dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas pasca bedah lama perawatan RS re admisi RS kebutuhan pembedahan sekunder dan diagnosis atau terapi Serial kasus ini terdiri dari empat kasus dukungan nutrisi perioperatif pada pasien malnutrisi dengan berbagai indikasi pembedahan GI dan komorbid yang berbeda Pasien pada serial kasus ini berusia antara 45 hingga 70 tahun Seluruh pasien menjalani pembedahan mayor abdominal atas indikasi kanker GI Status gizi pasien adalah malnutrisi ringan hingga sedang Terapi nutrisi diberikan berdasarkan kebutuhan dan kondisi klinis pasien Kebutuhan energi basal dihitung menggunakan persamaan Harris Benedict Pemberian energi dimulai dari kebutuhan energi basal dan ditingkatkan bertahap hingga mencapai kebutuhan energi total Lama perawatan RS pada pasien ini antara 19 hingga 43 hari Monitoring yang dilakukan meliputi toleransi asupan kapasitas fungsional imbang cairan data antropometri dan laboratorium serta dilakukan edukasi dan konseling nutrisi setiap hari Secara umum pasien mengalami peningkatan kondisi umum status gizi toleransi asupan Periode perioperatif mempengaruhi toleransi pasien terhadap asupan makanan dan status GI Terapi nutrisi pada pasien bedah harus dilakukan secara individual sebagai bagian integral tata laksana pembedahan Dukungan nutrisi harus dilakukan pada periode pra intra dan pasca bedah untuk menyediakan nutrien yang adekuat agar dapat mengatasi perubahan metabolik pada pasien Dukungan nutrisi yang baik pada pasien bedah terutama dengan malnutrisi dapat memperbaiki prognosis pasca bedah dan akan meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien.

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The aim of nutritional support is to improve nutritional status and clinical outcome in severely malnourished patients Patients who undergone gastrointestinal surgery constitute as important risk group for malnutrition It has been reported that there is a positive correlation between malnutrition and postoperative morbidity and mortality prolonged hospital stays re admissions secondary operation requirement and diagnosis treatment This case series consisted of four cases of periopertive nutrition support in malnutrition patients with different surgical indication and comorbidities The patients in this case series aged between 45 to 70 years old All patients undergoing major abdominal surgery for gastrointestinal cancer Patients have nutritional status ranged from mild nutrition to moderate malnutrition Nutritional therapy was given according to patients needs and clinical condition The basal energy requirement was calculated using the Harris Benedict equation The intake was given begin with basal energy expenditure and gradually increased to the total energy expenditure Monitoring includes food intake tolerance functional capacity fluid balance anthropometric and laboratory data The nutrition education and counseling was conducted everyday In general all the patients show improvement during monitoring The perioperative periode influenced patients tolerance to food intake and gastrointestinal status Nutrition therapy in surgical patient should be done individually as part of integrated therapy in surgical treatment The nutritional support was done in pre intra and post surgery to provide adekuat nutrient to blunt metabolic changes in this patients Each period of perioperative nutrition support have different function and procedure Good nutritional support in surgical patients specially with malnutrition will improved outcome of the surgery and eventually improved quality of life."

"Sirosis hati merupakan penyakit hati kronis yang mempunyai komplikasi seperti varises esophagus, asites dan ensefalopati hepatikum. Karena bersifat kronis dan tidak bisa dipulihkan serta adanya komplikasi dari penyakit tersebut, maka secara substansial akan mengurangi kualitas hidup mereka. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan manajemen diri yang baik dalam mengelola penyakit sirosis demi menjaga agar tetap memiliki kualitas hidup yang baik pula. Penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional ini bertujuan untuk melihat apakah ada hubungan antara self management dengan kualitas hidup pada pasien dengan sirosis hati di poliklinik RSUPN Dr.Cipto Mangunkusumo. Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 102 yang ditentukan berdasarkan non probability sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 kuesioner yang terdiri dari kuesioner karakteristik demografi, Self Management dan Chronic Liver Desease Quationnare (CLDQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara self management dengan kualitas hidup pada pasien dengan sirosis hati (p=0,002, α=0,05). Peneliti menyarankan perlunya upaya peningkatan self management pada pasien sirosis hati guna meningkatkan kualitas hidup mereka.

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Liver cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease that has complications such as esophageal varices, ascites and hepatic encephalopathy. It has been reported that this chronic disease affects quality of life. Self management is deemed to contribute the quality of life in patient with chronic disease. This analytic descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach aimed to investigate relationship between self management and quality of life in patients with outpatient cirrhosis. The number of samples in this study was 102 which were determined based on non probability sampling. This study used 3 questionnaires consisting of demographic characteristic questionnaires, Self Management and Chronic Liver DeseaseQuationnare (CLDQ). The results indicate the majority of respondents have good self management (57 people) and have a good quality of life (53 people). Analysis data also showed there was a significant relationship between self management and quality of life in patients with liver cirrhosis (p = 0.003, α = 0.05). Thus, it is recommended that the need to increase self-management in liver cirrhosis is important in patients with liver cirrhosis."

"Latar Belakang: Kondisi dekompensata tanpa infeksi bakteri pada pasien sirosis hati dapat meningkatkan kadar prokalsitonin (PCT). Belum ada penelitian yang secara khusus membandingkan kadar PCT berdasarkan kompensasi hati dan ada tidaknya infeksi bakteri. Tujuan: Mengetahui peran PCT dalam membantu menegakkan diagnosis infeksi bakteri pada pasien sirosis hati. Metode: Studi potong lintang dilakukan terhadap pasien sirosis hati yang berobat jalan dan dirawat inap di RSUPNCM Jakarta dari April sampai Mei 2016. Pada pasien dilakukan pemeriksaan PCT dan penentuan ada tidaknya infeksi bakteri berdasarkan pemeriksaan standar sesuai jenis infeksi yang dicurigai. Dilakukan analisis untuk mengetahui perbedaan rerata kadar PCT pada pasien sirosis hati yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri dan yang terinfeksi bakteri, serta pencarian nilai titik potong PCT untuk mendiagnosis infeksi bakteri pada sirosis hati dekompensata dengan menggunakan receiver operating curve (ROC). Hasil: Didapatkan 55 pasien sirosis hati, pria sebanyak 65,5%, dengan rerata usia 55,34±1,308 tahun. Sebanyak 38 (69,1%) pasien sirosis hati dekompensata yang 22 (57,9%) diantaranya tidak terinfeksi bakteri dan 16 (42,1%) terinfeksi bakteri. Pada pasien yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri terdapat perbedaan rerata kadar PCT yang bermakna antara pasien dekompensata (0,738ng/mL±1,185) dibandingkan dengan 17 pasien kompensata (0,065ng/mL±0,022). Rerata kadar PCT pasien dekompensata yang terinfeksi bakteri (3,607ng/mL±0,643) lebih tinggi bermakna dibandingkan dengan yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri(0,738ng/mL±1,185). Dari kurva ROC, kadar PCT pada pasien sirosis hati dekompensata didapatkan area under curve (AUC) 0,933 (IK 0,853-1,014) untuk diagnosis infeksi bakteri. Nilai titik potong kadar PCT untuk mendiagnosis infeksi bakteri pada pasien sirosis hati dekompensata adalah 2,79ng/mL dengan sensitivitas 87,5% dan spesifisitas 86,4%. Kesimpulan: Pada pasien sirosis hati yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri, kadar PCT pasien dekompensata lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang kompensata. Kadar PCT pasien sirosis hati dekompensata yang terinfeksi bakteri lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang tidak terinfeksi bakteri. Sementara nilai titik potong kadar PCT untuk mendiagnosis infeksi bakteri pada pasien sirosis hati dekompensata adalah 2,79ng/mL.

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Background: Liver decompensated without bacterial infection may increase procalcitonin (PCT) level in liver cirrhosis patients. Previous studies did not provide conclusive results about the differences of PCT level due to specific liver compensation and bacterial infection.

Objective: To examine the role of PCT in assisting the diagnosis of bacterial infection in liver cirrhosis patients.

Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in liver cirrhosis patients who were outpatients and admitted to Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta between April and May 2016. Procalcitonin were examined and bacterial infection were identified using standard criteria for each type of infection being suspected. Analysis were performed to determine differences in the level of PCT among liver cirrhosis patients without bacterial infection and with bacterial infection, also to get cut off point of PCT for bacterial infection diagnosis in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients using receiver operating curve (ROC).

Results: There were 55 patients with liver cirrhosis, 65,5% male, with mean of age 55,34±1,308 years. A total of 38 (69,1%) patients had decompensated liver cirrhosis, while 22 (57,9%) of them without bacterial infection and 16 (42,1%) with bacterial infection. In the absence of bacterial infection, there was significant difference between PCT level in decompensated patients (0,738ng/mL±1,185) and 17 compensated patients(0,065ng/mL±0,022). Decompensated patients with bacterial infection (3,607ng/mL±0,643) had significantly higher PCT levels than those without bacterial infection(0,738ng/mL±1,185). From ROC, level of PCT for bacterial infection in decompensated liver cirrhosis was area under curve (AUC) 0,933 (IK 0,853-1,014). Cut off point of PCT for bacterial infection diagnosis in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients was 2,79ng/mL with a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 86,4%.

Conclusion: In the absence of bacterial infection, PCT levels of decompensated patients was higher than compensated ones. Procalcitonin levels of decompensated liver cirrhosis patients with bacterial infection was higher than those without bacterial infection.Cut off point of PCT for bacterial infection diagnosis in decompensated liver cirrhosis patients was 2,79ng/mL."

"ABSTRAKTujuan: Mengetahui status metabolisme penderita SHD rawat inap di rumah sakit, dan memperoleh rumus untuk menentukan kebutuhan energi yang sesuai dengan status metabolisme penderita.Tempat: Bagian Gizi dan Bagian Penyakit Dalam Rumah Sakit Sumber Waras, Jakarta.Metode Penelitian didisain Cross Sectional, pada 49 subyek SHD laki-laki atau perempuan 30-80 tahun yang diseleksi secara konsekutif, dan 40 kontrol sehat yang diseleksi secara random dari karyawan RSSW. Data REE diperoleh dari hasil pemeriksaan konsumsi O2 dan CO2 yang dikeluarkan tubuh, dengan mempergunakan Kalorimeler Indirek. Asupan makanan dicatat selama 3 hari berturut-turut sebelum pemeriksaan REE. Data antropometri (LLA, TLLBK, KAOLA, TB, dan BB) dan pengumpulan urin dilakukan satu hari sebelum pemeriksaan REE, pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan IGF-l dan GH dilakukan setelah pemeriksaan Kalorimetri Indirek. Uji Statistik: Univariat mempergunakan tes Kormogorov Smimov, Bivarial mempergunakan uji t tidak berpasang, uji Mann Whitney dan Korelasi Pearson. Uji multivariat mempergunakan uji regresi linier ganda.Hasil dari 49 subyek SHD yang masuk RS karena komplikasi: hematemesis (34,69%), malaria (46,94%), ikterus (55,1%), dan yang terbanyak asites (87,76%). Dari jumlah tersebut 67,35% tergolong Child C, sisanya Child B. Ditemukan 63,27 % subyek SHD mengeluh mual dan 75,52% anoreksia. Rerata asupan energi subyek SHD secara bermakna lebih rendah dari kontrol sehat (1282,04 ± 229,85 vs 1448,71 ± 325,56; p = 0,006), dan mempunyai korelasi dengan derajat penyakit. Proporsi asupan terhadap kebutuhan energi subyek SHD hanya mencapai 79,49% ± 17,60% REE. Proporsi asupan terhadap kebutuhan energi lebih besar pada subyek SHD yang tanpa keluhan mual dan anoreksia. Penelitian ini menemuken 73,57 % dari subyek SHD daiam keadaan malnutrisi, dan 58,26 % diantaranya (42,86% total subyek SHD) dalam keadaan muscle wasting (AOLA pada persentil < 5) dan menunjukkan korelasi dengan asupan energi (p=0,007). Meningkatnya mobilisasi lemak dan oksidasi substrat lemak ditandai oleh TLLBK pada lebih dari 67% subyek SHD pada persentil < 15 dan RQ = 0,7 ± 0,08, serta menunjukkan korelasi yang bermakna dengan kurangnya asupan energi (p = 0,005). Meningkatnya mobilisasi lemak dan lipolisis diduga mempunyai hubungan dengan rendah IGF-1 dan tingginya GH dalam darah. Walaupun oksidasi lemak diduga untuk mencegah berlanjutnya katabolisme otot, penelitian ini menunjukkan katabolisme otot berlanjut, hal ini ditandai dengan; imbang nitrogen negatif, rasio NUU/K.AOLA subyek SHD bermakna lebih tinggi dari kontrol sehat, dan RQ sekitar 0,43-0,86. Namun, pada penelitian ini tidak didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna REE subyek SHD dengan kontrol sehat; hal ini disebabkan oleh menurunnya massa otot, dan meningkatnya oksidasi substrat lemak sehingga konsumsi oksigen dan REE rendah. Data menunjukkan rasio REE/K.AOLA bermakna lebih tinggi dari kontrol sehat. Keadaan ini menujukkan subyek SHD dalam kondisi hipermetabolisme disertai penyimpangan metabolisme yang dapat ditandai oleh berlanjutnya mobilisasi lemak; oksidasi substrat lemak (tak sempurna); dan oksidasi substrat protein berlangsung bersama. Asupan nutrisi, komposisi tubuh, dan status metabolisme penderita SHD telab diidentifikasi merupakan acuan penting untuk menentukan REE. Dengan menggunakan variabel; rerata asupan energi, komposisi tubuh (TB, BB, AOLA, dan lainnya) dan derajat penyakit (skor Child-Pugh, albumin, dan NUU) sebagai variabel independen. Melalui uji regresi linier ganda (metode STEPWISE) penelitian ini menemukan 3 variabel merupakan determinan kuat REE yaitu TB, AOLA dan kadar albumin. Dan uji tersebut diperoleh persamaan model yang merupakan model REE estimasi SHD yang reliabel, sehingga dapat direkomendasikan sebagai rumus estimasi REE atau kebutuhan energi penderita SHD yaitu :kebutuhan energi = -270,40+17,26*AOLA - 217,83*Albumin + 11,42*TB. Kesimpulan Pada penderita SHD, keadaan hipermetabolisme tidak dapat ditentukan hanya dengan indikator REE. Hipermetabolisme pada subyek SHD menjadi nyata dengan menentukan REE/K.AOLA dan NUU/K.AOLA. Nasib oksidasi makronutrien pada SHD berbeda dengan pada starvasi. Pada subyek SHD lerjadi rangsangan mobilisasi lemak, oksidasi substrat lemak, katabolisme protein otol, dan oksidasi substrat protein secara bersama. Keadaan yang membuktikan adanya penyimpangan metabolisme. Dengan uji regresi limier ganda (metoda STEPWISE), AOLA, albumin dan tinggi badan ditemukan sebagai determinan kuat dari REE atau kebutuhan energi pada penderita SHD rawat inap di RS.

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ABSTRACT

Objective: To study the metabolic status of the Decompensated Liver Cirrhotic (DLC) patients who were hospitalized, and to formulate the equation of energy requirements equal to their metabolic status.

Places: The Department of Nutrition and the Department of Internal Medicine at Sumber Waras Hospital (SWH), Jakarta.

The cross sectional study was carried out on 49 DLC subjects, aged 30-80 years, selected consecutively, and on 40 healthy control subjects, selected at random, from SWH staff. The REE data was determined by assessing the Oz consumption (V02) and CO2 production (VCO2] using an Indirect Calorimeter. Food intake was recorded for 3 consecutive days before determining REE. The anthropometrics data (AC, TSF, C.AMA, Height and Weight) and urine samples were assessed one day prior to determining REE. The blood samples for determining IGF-1 and GH were taken after the Indirect Calorimetric assessment (REE data). The statistical tests: Univarian (using Kormogorof-Smimov), Bivarian (using unpaired T-tests, Mann-Whitney and Pearson Correlation), Multivariate (using multiple linear regression).

Results The 49 DLC subjects were hospitalized mainly due to complications of ascites (87.76%); many also suffered with hematemesis (34.69%), melena (46.94%), or icterus (55.1%). Of the 49 subjects, 67.35% were classified as Child C, the rest were Child B. The subjective findings were nausea (63.27%) and/or anorexia (75.52%). The mean energy intake of DLC subjects was significantly lower than the control (healthy volunteers) (1282.74 229.85 vs. 1448.71 * 325.56; p = 0.006), and had a correlation to the degree of disease, Their intake had only been 79.49 17.60% of REE. The proportion of food intake to energy requirements was larger in the DLC subject who had no symptoms of nausea and anorexia. This study has proved that 73.57% of DLC subjects had malnutrition, and 58.26 % of them (42.86 % of all DLC subjects) were in a muscle wasting condition (the percentile of AMA < 5). Il showed a correlation to a decrease in the energy intake (p = 0.007). The increase of fat mobilization and lipid substrate oxidation were shown by the DLC subjects' TSF of more than 67% with a percentile of less than 15 and the mean RQ = 0.7 ± 0.08. This also had a significant correlation to a decrease in the energy intake (p = 0.005). The increase of fat mobilization and lipolysis was assumed to have a correlation with the low level of blood IGF-1 and the high levels of blood GH. The increase of lipid substrate oxidation was assumed to prevent the subsequent of muscle catabolism, however this study showed that the process of muscle catabolism does not end, which was marked by a negative nitrogen balance, a significantly higher the UNUIC.AMA than the control and a RQ of 0.43 - 0.86. In this study, there was no significant difference between the REE of the DLC subjects and the control; this was due to the decrease of muscle mass and the increase of lipid substrate oxidation. This caused a low V02 consumption and a low REE. This study showed REEIC.AMA of the DLC subjects was significantly higher than the control. This condition indicated that the subjects were hyper metabolic with several abnormalities in metabolism such as: continued stimulation causing lipid mobilization from adipose tissue; incomplete oxidation of fatty acid and protein substrate oxidation running together. Energy intake, body composition, the metabolic status of DLC patients was an important reference for the identification of the REE. By using variables which influenced REE, i.e. the mean energy intake, body composition (height, weight, C.AMA, etc.) and the degree of disease severity (Child-Pugh score, albumin, and UNU), which were tested by the multiple linear regression of STEPWISE method, the equation model has been formulated and tested The final equation for estimating energy requirement is:

Energy requirements = -270.40 + 17.26*AOLA - 217.83*Albumin + 11.42?Height.

Conclusion RITE is not the only indicator of hyper metabolism in DLC patients. Hyper metabolism can be identified in DLC patients using REFIC.AMA and UNUIC.AMA. This study has proved abnormalities in metabolism of DLC patients as follows: continued stimulation causing lipid mobilization from adipose tissue; oxidation of fatty acid; muscle protein catabolism; and protein substrate oxidation running together. Through multiple linear regression analysis (the STEPWISE method), AMA, albumin level and height have been found as strong determiners of REE or determiners of energy requirements for DLC subjects."

"Sirosis dekompensata pada anak merupakan indikasi utama transplantasi hati. Mayoritas pasien yang menunggu transplantasi hati memiliki masalah malnutrisi dan infeksi yang berhubungan dengan prognosis buruk, sehingga dibutuhkan terapi antara untuk memperbaiki kondisi pasien sebelum transplantasi hati. Skor pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) adalah sistem penilaian yang digunakan untuk menentukan prioritas transplantasi hati. Semakin tinggi nilainya, semakin buruk kondisi pasien. Terapi granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) telah memberikan hasil yang menjanjikan pada pasien sirosis dewasa, namun penelitian pada sirosis dekompensata anak belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh G-CSF terhadap skor PELD dan status nutrisi. Juga dinilai pengaruh terapi G-CSF terhadap neutrofil, CD34+, sitokin pro-inflamasi dan anti-inflamasi, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), biomarker fungsi hati, adverse event dan kesintasan.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan September 2019–Februari 2022 di Rumah Sakit dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), bersifat uji acak terkontrol open-label. Subjek adalah pasien anak dengan usia antara 3 bulan hingga 12 tahun dengan diagnosis sirosis dekompensata yang dibagi dalam kelompok intervensi (n = 26) dan kelompok kontrol (n = 24). Subjek pada kelompok intervensi diberikan 12 kali injeksi subkutan G-CSF (5 µg/kg/hari) serta terapi standar sirosis, dan pada kelompok kontrol hanya diberikan terapi standar sirosis.Tidak terdapat penurunan skor PELD yang bermakna setelah pemberian G-CSF. Terdapat perubahan bermakna pada kadar neutrofil dan leukosit (uji ANOVA, p < 0,001, untuk kedua parameter). Terdapat tanda mobilisasi sel punca yang dilihat dari peningkatan kadar CD34+, namun hasilnya tidak bermakna. Pemberian G-CSF secara bermakna menurunkan kadar tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (uji ANOVA, p = 0,001), dan meningkatkan interleukin (IL)-10 dan HGF (uji ANOVA, p = 0,003 untuk kedua parameter) yang menunjukkan bahwa imunitas bawaan dan regenerasi hati subjek dapat diperbaiki. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara lingkar lengan atas (LILA) dan triceps skinfold thickness (TST) berdasarkan z-score setelah pemberian G-CSF. Kadar alanine aminotransferase (ALT) menurun secara bermakna pada kelompok intervensi (uji ANOVA, p = 0,038). Subjek yang mengalami kejadian infeksi lebih rendah pada kelompok intervensi dibanding kelompok kontrol (uji eksak Fisher, p = 0.04).

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Decompensated cirrhosis in children is the main indication of liver transplantation. The majority of patients awaiting liver transplantation have malnutrition and infection problems that are associated with poor prognosis, thus requiring a bridging therapy to treat these conditions prior to liver transplantation. Pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) score is a scoring system used to determine liver transplantation priority, higher scores indicates a worse prognosis. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) therapy has shown promising results in adult liver cirrhosis. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of G-CSF on pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD) scores and nutritional status in pediatric liver cirrhosis. The study also investigated the effects of G-CSF on neutrophils, CD34+ cells, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), liver function markers, adverse events, and survival.

This study was conducted on September 2019–February 2022 at dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM). This was an open-label, randomized controlled trial (RCT) including subjects between 3 months and 12 years of age with decompensated cirrhosis. The subjects were divided into intervention group (n = 26) and control (n = 24). Subjects from the intervention group received 12 courses of subcutaneous injection of G-CSF (5 μg/kg/day) plus standard medical treatment (SMT) for liver cirrhosis, while the control received SMT.

Our study did not identify a significant difference in PELD scores between the intervention and control groups after 3 months of G-CSF treatment. Leucocyte and neutrophil counts showed significant differences between the intervention and control groups (ANOVA test, p > 0.001, for both). There was evidence of stem cell mobilization based on increased CD34+ cells in the intervention group; however, the results were not significant. G-CSF administration significantly decreased TNF-α (ANOVA test, p = 0,001), and significantly increased IL-10 and HGF (ANOVA test, p = 0,0003, respectively) indicating improvement in subjects’ immunity. There was no significant difference in nutritional status according to mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and triceps skinfold thickness (TST) based on the z-scores. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels significantly decreased in the intervention group (ANOVA test, p = 0,038). Subjects in the intervention group experienced fewer infection events, with a significant difference in the occurrence of sepsis in the intervention group compared to the control (Fisher’s exact test, p = 0.04)."

"ABSTRAKNama : Ario Perbowo PutraProgram Studi : Ilmu Penyakit DalamJudul : Faktor-Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Pelaksanaan Surveilans untuk Deteksi Dini Karsinoma Hepatoselular pada Pasien Sirosis Hati Latar Belakang: Sedikitnya pasien KHS yang didiagnosis melalui surveilans diduga merupakan penyebab terus rendahnya angka kesintasan, sehingga penting untuk diketahui proporsi pelaksanaan surveilans untuk deteksi dini KHS pada pasien sirosis hati dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan. Tujuan: Mengetahui proporsi pelaksanaan surveilans untuk deteksi dini KHS pada pasien sirosis hati dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan. Metode: Studi kohort retrospektif pasien sirosis hati di RSCM periode Januari - Desember 2013. Data didapatkan dari rekam medis dan dikonfirmasi ulang dengan telepon. Surveilans disyaratkan USG abdomen dengan atau tanpa AFP minimal satu kali setahun dalam 3 tahun setelah periode tersebut. Faktor-faktor yang diteliti adalah jenis kelamin, suku bangsa, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat penghasilan, ketersediaan jaminan pengobatan, lokasi tempat tinggal, keberhasilan edukasi surveilans, etiologi sirosis, serta derajat beratnya sirosis. Uji regresi logistik digunakan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan surveilans. Hasil: Dari 200 pasien sirosis hati, 50 pasien 25,0 menjalani surveilans, 150 pasien 75,0 tidak menjalani surveilans. Analisis bivariat menghasilkan 4 variabel dengan nilai p < 0,25 yaitu jenis kelamin p = 0,056 , suku bangsa p = 0,231 , keberhasilan edukasi surveilans p = 0,005 , dan derajat beratnya sirosis p = 0,005 . Analisis multivariat menghasilkan faktor risiko terlaksananya surveilans adalah keberhasilan edukasi surveilans OR 2,615, IK 95 1,332 - 5,134 , p = 0,005 dan derajat beratnya sirosis OR 2,766, IK 95 1,413 - 5,415 , p = 0,003 . Simpulan: Keberhasilan edukasi surveilans dan derajat beratnya sirosis merupakan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan surveilans untuk deteksi dini KHS pada pasien sirosis hati. Kata Kunci: Sirosis hati, surveilans, faktor yang berhubungan.

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ABSTRACTName Ario Perbowo PutraStudy Program Internal MedicineTitle Factors Related to The Implementation of Surveillance for Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis Background Minimal number of KHS patients diagnosed through surveillance is thought to be the cause of continued low survival. It is important knowing the proportion of surveillance for early detection of KHS in patients with liver cirrhosis and related factors. Objective Determine the proportion of surveillance for early detection of KHS in patients with liver cirrhosis and related factors. Methods Retrospective Cohort study of patients with liver cirrhosis at RSCM from January to December 2013. Data obtained from medical records and reconfirmed by telephone. Surveillance is required for abdominal ultrasound with or without AFP at least once a year within 3 years after that period. Factors studied were gender, ethnicity, education level, income level, availability of medical assurance, location of residence, surveillance education successfulness, cirrhosis etiology, and severity of cirrhosis. Then logistic regression test is used in the multivariate analysis. Results From 200 patients, 50 patients 25,0 underwent surveillance, 150 patients 75,0 did not. Bivariate analysis resulted in 4 variables with p "

"Latar Belakang: Kontak tubuh manusia dengan arus listrik dapat mengakibatkan trauma luka bakar. Pada Pasien luka bakar listrik, derajat keparahan trauma yang dialami pada organ dalam tidak sebanding dengan luka bakar di permukaan tubuh, sehingga dapat dikategorikan sebagai luka bakar berat. Terapi nutrisi merupakan bagian integral dalam tata laksana luka bakar sejak awal resusitasi hingga fase rehabilitasi. Saat ini sudah terdapat rekomendasi untuk tata laksana nutrisi luka bakar berat. Namun, belum terdapat rekomendasi yang spesifik mengenai tata laksana pada luka bakar listrik.Metode: Laporan serial kasus ini menjelaskan empat pasien kasus luka bakar listrik. Pasien mengalami berbagai penyulit yang kemudian mempengaruhi tata laksana nutrisi yang diberikan. Pasien pertama dengan trauma servikal, pasien kedua mengalami AKI dan penurunan fungsi hati, pasien ketiga mengalami syok sepsis, dan pasien keempat mengalami sepsis dan amputasi. Pemberian nutrisi dimulai sesuai dengan kondisi pasien. Target pemberian energi dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan Harris-Benedict untuk kebutuhan basal, ditambah faktor stres 1,5-2. Protein diberikan 1,5-2 g/kg BB/hari hingga terjadi perbaikan. Karbohidrat dan lemak berturut-turut 60-65% dan <35%. Pemberian nutrisi diutamakan melalui oral dan enteral, sedangkan jalur parenteral hanya digunakan bila diperlukan untuk pemenuhan energi. Mikronutrien yang diberikan berupa multivitamin antioksidan, vitamin B kompleks dan asam folat.Hasil: Tiga pasien mengalami perbaikan klinis, kapasitas fungsional, dan laboratorium hingga diperbolehkan rawat jalan. Lama perawatan ketiga pasien tersebut berturut-turut 17 hari, 60 hari, dan 20 hari. Satu orang pasien meninggal akibat penyulit yang dialaminya yaitu syok sepsis yang menyebabkan gagal multi organ setelah dirawat selama 14 hari.Kesimpulan: Tatalaksana nutrisi yang optimal dan tepat sesuai dengan kondisi klinis pasien dapat menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien dengan luka bakar listrik.

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Background: Contact to electricity can inflict burn injuries in human. In electrical burn injuries, the damages of the internal organs are not comparable to the burn injuries in the body's surface. Nutrition therapy is an integral part in burn management from the beginning of resuscitation to rehabilitation phase. Currently there have been several recommendations of nutrition management in severe burn injury. However there is still no recommendation that specifically recommend for nutrition management in patients with electrical burn injury.

Methods: The serial case report describes four patients with electrical burn injury. All patients had various complications that affected the nutrition management. First patient with cervical trauma, second patient had AKI and decreased liver function, third patient had septic shock, and fourth patient had sepsis and amputation. Nutrition was given individualy according to the patient clinical condition. Target of energy given calculated by Harris-Benedict equation for basal requirement with added stress factor 1,5-2. Protein was given 1,5-2 g/kg BW/day except patient with AKI protein restricted to 0,8-1 g/kg BW/day until improvement of renal function. Carbohydrates and lipids were given 60-65% and <35%, respectively. Oral or enteral nutrition was preferred while parenteral nutrition only given if required to meet the energy requirements. Micronutrients supplementation such as antioxidant vitamins, vitamin B complex, and folic acid were provided to patients.

Results: Three patients had the improvement in clinical condition, functional capacity, and laboratory results that allowed them to be discharged and had outpatient treatment. Length of stay of the patients were 17, 60, 20 days respectively. One patient died due to septic shock compilation that lead to multiple organ failure after 14 days of hospitalization.

Conclusion: Optimal and appropriate nutrition management adjusted to patient's clinical condition can reduced morbidity and mortality rate in the electrical burn injury patients."

"ABSTRAKTujuan : Untuk menilai dan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kombinasi asamamino rantai cabang (AARC) dengan L-ornitin L-aspartat (LOLA) larut malamterhadap status nutrisi dan ensefalopati hepatikum derajat rendah pada pasiensirosis hati.Metode : Populasi terjangkau penelitian adalah pasien poliklinik hati rumah sakitCipto Mangunkusumo periode Juni 2011 – Juni 2012 yang kemudian dilakukanevaluasi critical flicker frequency (CFF). Semua pasien yang masuk dalampopulasi penelitian adalah subjek penelitian yang memenuhi kriteria inklusipenelitian. Subjek penelitian kemudian diberikan edukasi diet sesuai dengankonsensus ESPEN. Subjek penelitian dibagi dalam 2 kelompok sesuai hasilrandomisasi, yaitu kelompok makanan selingan siang hari (MSSH) dan kelompokmakanan selingan malam hari (MSMH). Evaluasi terhadap anamnesis,pemeriksaan fisik, laboratorium dan CFF dilakukan 1 bulan setelah intervensi.Analisis statistik yang digunakan dalam penelitian uji acak tersamar tunggal iniadalah uji t independen.Hasil : Tiga puluh dua pasien yang sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dibagi dalam 2kelompok intervensi. Kelompok A, MSSH (07.30 dan 12.30) dan kelompok B,MSMH (07.30 dan 22.30), masing-masing kelompok memiliki 16 subjekpenelitian. Setelah 1 bulan intervensi didapatkan hasil rerata lingkar lengan atas(LLA) kelompok MSMH (26.1±6.0 cm) (p = 0.001) dibandingkan kelompokMSSH (25.5±4.0 cm). Pada hasil CFF, didapatkan kelompok MSMH (39.5±3.9Hz) (p = 0.001) dibandingkan kelompok MSSH (38.4±4.2 Hz). Tidak didapatkanperbaikan kadar prealbumin dan derajat SGA setelah 1 bulan intervensi pada duakelompok. Hal ini dipikirkan karena perbedaan karakteristik dasar dan jumlahsampel yang relatif kecil.Simpulan : Proses randomisasi tidak berhasil menyamakan karakteristik dasarpada kedua kelompok. Terdapat peningkatan bermakna pada lingkar lengan atas,berat badan dan CFF setelah 1 bulan pemberian kombinasi AARC dan LOLAsebagai makanan selingan malam hari pada pasien sirosis hati.

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ABSTRACTAim : To determine the effect of L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA) and branchchain amino acids (BCAA) as a combination supplementation on nutritional statusand minimal hepatic encephalopathy improvement in liver cirrhosis patient.Methods : Liver cirrhosis patient in walk-in clinic of Cipto MangunkusumoHospital in June 2011 – June 2012 were evaluated by critical flicker frequency(CFF) test. Encephalopathy is defined when CFF < 38 Hz. All subjects whofulfilled the inclusion criteria received education for an adequate diet based on theESPEN Guidelines. They were divided into two groups based on randomization.One group was given the combination supplement as day snacks, while the othergroup as late evening snacks. The evaluation based on anamnesis, physicalfinding, laboratory result and CFF test after 1 month of interventions. Statisticalanalysis conducted for this single blind randomized clinical trial was independentt-test.Results : Thirty two patients who fit the inclusion criteria were divided into twogroups, group A : day snacks (7.30 am and 12.30 pm) and group B : late eveningsnacks groups (07.30 am and 10.30 pm), each groups has 16 subjects. Statisticalanalysis obtained the statistically significant (p = 0.001) of increasing of the meanmid arm circumference in group B (26.1±6.0 cm) compared to group A (25.5±4.0cm). Statistically significant (p = 0.001) were also revealed in mean CFF value ingroup B (39.5±3.9 Hz) compared to group A (38.4±4.2 Hz). However, the meanprealbumin level and SGA score after 1 month intervention in both groups wasnot met statistically significant, caused by the small subjects.Conclusion : The randomization process was not able to make a good comparisonin both groups. There is a significant increasing level of mid arm circumference,body weight and CFF after 1 month combination of LOLA and BCAA as lateevening snacks for liver cirrhosis patient."

"Pendahuluan: Sirosis hati merupakan penyebab mortalitas dan morbiditas global, terutama melalui komplikasi hipertensi porta yang menyebabkan perdarahan varises esofagus (VE). Pasien yang pernah mengalami perdarahan pertama memiliki tingkat kejadian perdarahan berulang yang tinggi dengan angka survival yang rendah. Meskipun endoskopi dapat memprediksi perdarahan berulang, pendekatan ini mahal dan bersifat invasif. Oleh karena itu, pemeriksaan non invasif lain dengan tingkat akurasi yang tinggi perlu dipelajari.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi prediktor non-invasif perdarahan berulang VE (kekakuan hati, kekakuan limpa, skor Child Pugh, dan jumlah trombosit) pada pasien sirosis hati.Metode: Sebanyak 102 sampel pasien sirosis hati yang mengalami riwayat perdarahan VE. Variabel prediktor dalam memprediksi kejadian perdarahan berulang varises esofagus pada penelitian ini meliputi kekakuan hati, kekakuan limpa, skor Child Pugh, serta jumlah trombosit. Analisa multivariat dan uji skor dengan validasi internal untuk mendapatkan model performa terbaik sebagai prediktor perdarahan VE berulang.Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kekakuan hati, kekakuan limpa, skor Child Pugh, dan trombositopenia signifikan sebagai prediktor perdarahan berulang VE. Dengan menggabungkan variabel ini, model prediksi dihasilkan dengan AUC 0,870. Diperoleh uji skor dengan validasi bahwa keempat variabel tersebut signifikan sebagai faktor yang berhubungan dengan perdarahan berulang varises esofagus. Kesimpulan: kombinasi kekakuan hati, kekakuan limpa, skor Child Pugh, dan jumlah trombosit memiliki performa baik dalam memprediksi risiko perdarahan varises esofagus berulang pada pasien sirosis hati.

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Background: Liver cirrhosis is a global cause of mortality and morbidity, especially through complications of portal hypertension which causes esophageal variceal (VE) bleeding. Patients who have experienced a first bleed have a high rate of recurrent bleeding with a low survival rate. Although endoscopy can predict recurrent bleeding, this approach is expensive and invasive. Therefore, other non- invasive examinations with a high accuracy need to be researched.

Objective: This study aims to identify non-invasive predictors of recurrent VE bleeding (liver stiffness, spleen stiffness, Child Pugh score, and platelet count) in liver cirrhosis patients.

Methods: A total of 102 samples of liver cirrhosis patients who had a history of VE bleeding were included in this study. Predictor variables in predicting the incidence of recurrent esophageal variceal bleeding in this study include liver stiffness, spleen stiffness, Child Pugh score, and platelet count. Multivariate analysis and internal validity test were used to obtain the best performance model as a predictor of recurrent VE bleeding.

Results: The results showed that liver stiffness, spleen stiffness, Child Pugh score, and thrombocytopenia were significant as predictors of recurrent VE bleeding. By combining these variables, a prediction model was generated with an AUC of 0.870. Validity test of these four variables were significant as factors associated with recurrent esophageal variceal bleeding.

Conclusion: The combination of liver stiffness, spleen stiffness, Child Pugh score, and platelet count has good performance in predicting the risk of recurrent esophageal variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis."