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"Dewasa ini, pengembangan baterai sebagai bahan penyimpan energi yang tinggi, ringan, mampu pakai dalam jangka waktu yang lama, telah banyak dilakukan . Baterai berbasis ion lithium mampu menghasilkan energi yang besar, dan reservoir ion lithium pada baterai adalah elektroda. Pada penelitian ini elektroda yang dikembangkan adalah partikel nano LiCoO2 ditambahkan 5, 10, 15, 20 % v/v PVDF, sintesa partikel nano LiCoO2 dilakukan menggunakan teknik planetary milling dan ultra sonic. Partikel nano LiCoO2 + x PVDF, dikarakterisasi menggunakan SEM-EDX, XRD, TEM, PSA dan analisa konduktifitas. Pembentukan lapisan tipis katoda, Pt/np-LiCoO2+xPVDF/Pt dilakukan menggunakan metoda magnetron sputter deposition (MSD). Baterai mikro Si/Pt/LiCoO2/C6/Cu hasil pembentukan MSD dianalisa menggunakan metode SEM-EDX, XRD, analisa konduktifitas, Four Probe Analyzer. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa, nano partikel LiCoO2 + 10 %v/v PVDF memiliki konduktifitas terbaik, memiliki struktur rhombohedral R-3m, dengan parameter kissi a = b = 2,8213 Å, c = 14,0446 Å. Lapisan tipis Pt/np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF/Pt dibentuk menggunakan metoda MSD pada arus 20 A dengan tegangan 0,7 kV, ditumbuhkan pada substrat Si(111), dimana partikel np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF membentuk morphologi ekuaksial. Perlakuan anil pada temperatur 600oC selama 1 jam pada lapisan tipis Pt/np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF/Pt menunjukan bahwa butir kristal np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF tumbuh dengan pada orientasi [107]. Lapisan tipis np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF pada sistem lapisan Pt/np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF/Pt, memiliki impendansi, kapasitansi dan konduktansi yang relatif baik.

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Nowadays, battery as a high energy storage, which is lightweight and capable of use in a long period of time, has been developed. Lithium ion battery is well known, where lithium ion is capable to produce large energy and electrode is used as reservoir of lithium ions. In this study, nano particle of LiCoO2 added with 5, 10, 15, and 20% of PVDF have been developed. nano particle of LiCoO2 was synthesized by using planetary milling and ultra sonic methods. Nano particle LiCoO2 + xPVDF was characterized by using SEM-EDX, XRD, TEM, PSA and conductivity analysis. The formation of micro battery was carried out by using magnetron sputter deposition (MSD) method. Micro battery of Si/Pt/LiCoO2/C6/Cu resulted from MSD was analyzed by using SEM-EDX, XRD, conductivity analysis, and Four Probe Analyzer. The results showed that nano particle of LiCoO2 + 10% v/v PVDF has the best conductivity, belong to the structure of rhombohedral with space group R-3m, with lattice parameter a = b = 2.8213 Å, c = 14.0446 Å. Thin film of Pt/np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF/Pt system have been formed successfully at a current of 20 A and potential of 0.7 kV, on Si(111) substrate, where particle of np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF formed an equaxial morphology. Annealing of Pt/np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF/Pt at 600oC for 1 hour resulted in the growth of np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF crystal grain at orientation of [107]. Thin film of np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF on the system of Pt/np-LiCoO2+10%v/vPVDF/Pt showed fairly good impedance, capacitance and conductivity."

"Pada penelitian ini, sintesis nanopartikel ZnO, nanopartikel SmFeO3 dan nanokomposit ZnO/SmFeO3 berhasil dilakukan dengan ekstrak daun kembang merak (Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw.) yang berperan sebagai sumber basa lemah dan capping agent. Hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan instrumen spektrofotometer UV –Vis, UV–Vis DRS, spektroskopi FTIR, XRD, PSA, SEM EDX dan TEM. Hasil karakterisasi spektroskopi UV–Vis menunjukkan adanya puncak serapan UV–Vis nanopartikel ZnO pada panjang gelombang 370 nm. Hasil karakterisasi UV–Vis DRS menunjukkan nilai band gap nanopartikel ZnO, nanopartikel SmFeO3 dan nanokomposit ZnO/SmFeO3 berturut–turut sebesar 3,2 Ev ; 1,95 eV dan 2,90 eV. Hasil karakterisasi XRD membuktikan bahwa nanopartikel ZnO memiliki struktur heksagonal wurtzite, nanopartikel SmFeO3 memiliki struktur orthorombic. Hasil karakterisasi PSA menunjukkan bahwa distribusi rata–rata ukuran partikel ZnO pada 66,71 nm. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi TEM ukuran rata–rata partikel SmFeO3 73,27 nm.Nanopartikel ZnO, nanopartikel SmFeO3 dan naokomposit ZnO/SmFeO3 diuji aktivitas fotokatalitiknya untuk mendegradasi senyawa zat warna malasit hijau dibawah sinar tampak. Persentase degradasi malasit menggunakan nanopartikel ZnO, nanopartikel SmFeO3 dan nanokomposit ZnO/SmFeO3 beturut – turut sebesar 91,77% ; 85,41% dan 94,42% selama 2 jam waktu penyinaran. Perhitungan kinetika reaksi fotodegradasi malasit hijau menggunakan bahwa nanokomposit ZnO/SmFeO3 mengikuti reaksi orde satu semu."

"This book covers the recent developments in the production of micro and nano size products, which cater to the needs of the industry. The processes to produce the miniature sized products with unique characteristics are addressed. Moreover, their application in areas such as micro-engines, micro-heat exchangers, micro-pumps, micro-channels, printing heads and medical implants are also highlighted. The book presents such microsystem-based products as important contributors to a sustainable economy. The recent research in this book focuses on the development of new micro and nano manufacturing platforms while integrating the different technologies to manufacture the micro and nano components in a high throughput and cost effective manner. The chapters contain original theoretical and applied research in the areas of micro- and nano-manufacturing that are related to process innovation, accuracy, and precision, throughput enhancement, material utilization, compact equipment development, environmental and life-cycle analysis, and predictive modeling of manufacturing processes with feature sizes less than one hundred micrometers. "

"Handbook of Nano to Macro Damage Mechanics provides a comprehensive reference for the topics of damage and healing mechanics. Appropriate for an audience of graduate students and faculty, researchers, and professioals in the fields of Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Materials Science, and Engineering Mechanics,the volume covers all types of materials that the engineers may encounter including metals, composites, ceramics, polymers, biomaterials, and nanomaterials. The internationally recognized team of contributors employ a consistent and systematic approach offering readers a user friendly reference ideal for frequent consultation.This second edition adds newly established techniques and materials properties codified in the past ten years to this authoritative reference. The volume retains its comprehensive coverage of damage and healing mechanics with updates to core topics and references and addition of other types of damages not covered in the first edition, including thermo-elastoviscoplastic damage-healing model for bituminous materials, damage in granular materials, damage in biological tissue, damage in rubber materials, damage crashworthiness in cars and airplanes, risk analysis in damage structures, and evaluating damage with digital image correlation. The Handbook details computational modeling of constitutive equations as well as solved examples in engineering applications. A wide range of materials that engineers may encounter are covered, including metals, composites, ceramics, polymers, biomaterials, and nanomaterials. The internationally recognized team of contributors employs a consistent and systematic approach, offering readers a user-friendly reference that is ideal for frequent consultation. The Handbook of Damage Mechanics: Nano to Macro Scale for Materials and Structures, second edition is ideal for graduate students and faculty, researchers, and professionals in the fields of Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Materials Science, and Engineering Mechanics."

"This volume focuses on the state-of-the-art micro/nanofabrication technologies for creating miniature structures with high precision. These multidisciplinary technologies include mechanical, electrical, optical, physical, and chemical methods, as well as hybrid processes, covering subtractive and additive material manufacturing, as well as net-shape manufacturing. The materials the volume deals with include metals, alloys, semiconductors, polymers, crystals, glass, ceramics, composites, and nanomaterials. The volume is composed of 30 chapters, which are grouped into five parts. Engaging with the latest research in the field, these chapters provide important perspectives on key topics, from process developments at the shop level to scientific investigations at the academic level, offering both experimental work and theoretical analysis. Moreover, the content of this volume is highly interdisciplinary in nature, with insights from not only manufacturing technology but also mechanical/material science, optics, physics, chemistry, and more."

"ABSTRAKProses fabrikasi Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) dilakukan dengan metode solid state yaitu dengan menggiling bahan baku kemudian hasil penggilingan tersebut disinter. Bahan baku yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah LiOH, TiO2 A (ukuran partikel 37 nm) dan TiO2 R (ukuran partikel 264 nm). Campuran bahan baku yang digunakan adalah LiOH­-TiO2 A dan LiOH-TiO2 R dengan perbandingan LiOH:TiO2 4:5. Penggilingan dilakukan menggunakan vibrating high speed milling (VHSM) dengan kecepatan rotasi penggilingan 2000 RPM. Variasi waktu penggilingan yang digunakan adalah 30 menit, 60 menit dan 90 menit. Sampel yang telah digiling sebagian dikompaksi dengan tekanan 200 MPa untuk mendapatkan variasi sampel dalam bentuk serbuk dan tablet. Kedua jenis sampel tersebut kemudian disinter dengan temperatur 800o C selama 240 menit dan preheat pada 480o C. Pengaruh perbedaan ukuran partikel TiO2, waktu penggilingan dan proses kompaksi diamati. Sampel yang terbetuk diuji dengan Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Braunner-Emmet-Teller (BET), Particle Size Analysis (PSA) dan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).

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ABSTRACTLi4Ti5O12 (LTO) was synthesized by solid state method with milling the starting material then sintering the milling product. LiOH, TiO2 A (particle size 37 nm) and TiO2 R (particle size 264 nm) are used as starting materials. There are two kind of mixture in this research, LiOH-TiO2 A and LiOH-TiO2 R with LiOH-TiO2 ratio 4:5. Milling of mixture has been done by vibrating high speed milling (VHSM) with rotation speed 2000 RPM. LiOH-TiO2 mixture milled in three different time (30 minute, 60 minute and 90 minute). Half part of milled sample are compacted by 200 MPa pressure to make a different sample condition, tablet and powder sampel. Two kind of sampel are sintered in 800o C for 240 minute and preheat at 480o C. Effect of TiO2 particle size, milling time and compaction process are investigated. Sample were obtained by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Braunner-Emmet-Teller (BET), Particle Size Analysis (PSA) dan X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)."

"Penggunaan litium hidroksida (LiOH) sebagai bahan thickener dalam proses pembuatan gemuk lumas sangat umum digunakan. Gemuk sabun litium merupakan gemuk sabun sederhana yang banyak digunakan untuk aplikasi tujuan umum di mana suhu tidak melebihi 130 °C dengan nilai dropping point biasanya 180°C. Dalam proses pembuatan sabun litium, LiOH tidak dapat larut dalam minyak, sehingga dibutuhkan air untuk melarutkannya. Sementara banyaknya air yang digunakan dalam pencampuran LiOH dapat berpengaruh terhadap ketidakstabilan gemuk lumas. Oleh sebab itu LiOH perlu dihaluskan untuk dapat menghasilkan suspensi LiOH dalam air yang jumlahnya terbatas. Penghalusan LiOH dilakukan dalam variasi waktu milling 0 jam, 1 jam, 2 jam, 3 jam, 5 jam dan 10 jam yang menghasilkan gemuk lumas dengan karakteristik yang berbeda-beda. Dari hasil-hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa dengan waktu milling selama 3 jam, diperoleh nilai karakteristik gemuk lumas yang optimum. Dengan perlakuan milling terhadap serbuk LiOH selama tiga jam, gemuk lumas bio mampu diaplikasikan pada suhu tinggi. Pada kondisi ini, gemuk lumas tersebut mempunyai dropping point sebesar 2220C dan scar diameter 0,39 mm.

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Lythium hydoxide (LiOH) powder is commonly used as a raw material in the manufacturing process of grease thickener. Lithium soap greases are simple soap greases which are widely used for general purpose applications, where the temperature does not exceed 130 °C and dropping point values of approximately 180 °C. However, during the manufacture process of lithium soap, LiOH is not quite soluble in oil, consequently some water is requred to dissolve this compound. On the other hand, the amount of water used in dissolving LiOH may affect the instability of greases. Milling of LiOH, therefore , is needed to produce a refined suspension of LiOH in limited water. LiOH treatments were conducted with a variable milling time of 0, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 5 hours and 10 hours. These treatments produce greases with different characteristics. Based on the experimental results, the optimum characteristic of greases is obtained at the milling time of 3 hours. By using LiOH treated for 3 hours milling, bio greases can be applied for high temperature operation. In such circumtances, the bio greases have dropping point and scar diameter of 222°C and 0.39 mm respectively."

" ABSTRAK Baterai lithium ion merupakan baterai yang sedang dikembangkan untuk menjadi tempat penyimpanan energi khususnya untuk mobil listrik. Anoda Li4Ti5O12 LTO atau lithium titanat merupakan anoda yang cukup menjanjikan untuk aplikasi ini karena sifat zero-strain yang dimiliki sehingga dapat tahan pada high rate. Namun, kapasitas yang dimiliki LTO masih tergolong rendah. Oleh karena itu LTO perlu dikombinasikan dengan bahan lain yang memiliki kapasitas tinggi seperti Si. Silikon memiliki kapasitas yang sangat tinggi yaitu 4200mAh/g namun volume ekpansinya pun tinggi. Ukuran nano juga dapat membantu meningkatkan kapasitas. Oleh karena itu komposit LTO/nano Si dibuat untuk mendapat anoda dengan kapasitas yang tinggi dan bersifat stabil. Nano Si yang ditambahkan dengan variasi 1 , 5 , dan 10 . Komposit LTO/nano Si dikarakterisasi dengan XRD, SEM-EDX, dan TEM-EDX. Lalu, untuk mengetahui performa baterai, pengujian yang dilakukan adalah EIS, CV, dan CD. Hasil yang didapat adalah Si meningkatkan konduktivitas, namun tidak signifikan. Penambahan Si menghasilkan kapasitas baterai yang lebih besar yaitu 262,54 mAh/g pada LTO-10 Si. Stabilitas dari komposit LTO/nanoSi baik, dibuktikan dengan efisiensi coulomb pada high rate yang mendekati 100 .

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ABSTRACT The lithium ion battery is a battery that is being developed to become a repository of energy, particularly for electric cars. Li4Ti5O12 LTO anode or lithium titanate anodes are quite promising for this application because of its zero strain properties so it can withstand the high rate. However, the capacity of LTO is still relatively low. Therefore, the LTO needs to be combined with other materials that have high capacity such as Si. Silicon has a very high capacity which is 4200mAh g but, it has a high volume of the expansion. Nano size can also help increase the capacity. Therefore composite of LTO nano Si is made to create an anode with a high capacity and also stable. Nano Si is added with a variation of 1 , 5 and 10 . LTO nano Si composite is characterized using XRD, SEM EDX, and TEM EDX. Then, to determine the battery performance, EIS, CV, and CD tests were conducted. From those tests, it is studied that Si improves the conductivity of the anode, but not significantly. The addition of Si results a greater battery capacity which is 262.54 mAh g in the LTO 10 Si. Stability of composite LTO nanoSi is good, evidenced by the coulomb efficiency at the high rate of close to 100 ."